AAll around the world, nations are already preparing for, and adapting to, climate change and its impacts. Even if we stopped all CO2 emissions tomorrow, we would continue to see the impact of the CO2 already released since industrial times, with scientists forecasting that global warming would continue for around 40 years. In the meantime, ice caps would continue to melt and sea levels rise. Some countries and regions will suffer more extreme impacts from these changes than others. It's in these places that innovation is thriving.

A 全球各地的国家已经开始为气候变化及其影响做做准备并进行适应。即使我们明天停止所有二氧化碳排放，我们仍然会看到自工业时代以来已经释放的二氧化碳的影响，科学家预测全球变暖将持续大约40年。与此同时，冰盖将继续融化，海平面上升。一些国家和地区将比其他地方遭受更为极端的影响。正是在这些地方，创新正蓬勃发展。

BIn Miami Beach, Florida, USA, seawater isn't just breaching the island city's walls, it's seeping up through the ground, so the only way to save the city is to lift it up above sea level. Starting in the lowest and most vulnerable neighbourhoods, roads have been raised by as much as 61 centimetres. The elevation work was carried out as part of Miami Beach's ambitious but much-needed stormwater-management programme. In addition to the road adaptations, the city has set up new pumps that can remove up to 75,000 litres of water per minute. In the face of floods, climate-mitigation strategies have often been overlooked, says Yanira Pineda, a senior sustainability coordinator. She knows that they're essential and that the job is far from over. 'We know that in 20, 30, 40 years, we'll need to go back in there and adjust to the changing environment,' she says.

B 在美国佛罗里达州的迈阿密海滩，海水不仅突破了这座岛屿城市的墙壁，还通过地面渗透上来，因此拯救这座城市的唯一办法就是将其提升到海平面之上。从最低且最脆弱的街区开始，部分道路已经被抬升了多达61厘米。这项抬升工作是迈阿密海滩雄心勃勃且迫切需要的雨水管理计划的一部分。除了道路改建外，城市还安装了新泵每分钟可排出多达75,000升的水。面对洪水，气候缓解策略往往被忽视，资深可持续发展协调员亚尼拉·皮内达表示。她知道这些措施至关重要，且工作远未完成。“我们知道，在20年、30年、40年后，我们还需要回去并调整以适应变化的环境，“她说。

CSeawalls are a staple strategy for many coastal communities, but on the soft, muddy northern shores of Java, Indonesia, they frequently collapse, further exacerbating coastal erosion. There have been many attempts to restore the island's coastal mangroves: ecosystems of trees and shrubs that help defend coastal areas by trapping sediment in their net-like root systems, elevating the sea bed and dampening the energy of waves and tidal currents. But Susanna Tol of the not-for-profit organisation Wetlands International says that, while hugely popular, the majority of mangrove-planting projects fail. So, Wetlands International started out with a different approach, building semi-permeable dams, made from bamboo poles and brushwood, to mimic the role of mangrove roots and create favourable conditions for mangroves to grow back naturally. The programme has seen moderate success, mainly in areas with less subsidence. “Unfortunately, traditional infrastructure is often single-solution focused,' says Tol. 'For long-term success, it's critical that we transition towards multifunctional approaches that embed natural processes and that engage and benefit communities and local decision-makers.”

C 海堤是许多沿海社区的基本策略，但在印度尼西亚爪哇岛的柔软泥泞的北岸，它们经常倒塌，进-步加剧了海岸侵蚀。岛屿的滨海红树林生态系统--这些树木和灌木通过其网状根系捕捉沉积物、提升海床并减少波浪和潮流的能量，帮助捍卫沿海地区。然而，来自非营利组织湿地国际的苏珊娜·托尔表示，尽管红树林种植项目极为受欢迎，但大多数项目都失败了。因此，湿地国际采用了不同的方法，建造了由竹竿和灌木构成的半透水坝，模拟红树林根系的作用，为红树林自然恢复生长创造有利条件。该项目在一些沉降较小的地区取得了适度的成功。托尔说:“不幸的是，传统的基础设施往往是单一解决方案导向的。为了长期成功，我们必须转向多功能方法，融入自然过程，并吸引和惠及社区和地方决策者。

DAs the floodwaters rose in the rice fields of the Mekong Delta in September 2018, four small houses rose with them. Homes in this part of Vietnam are traditionally built on stilts but these ones had been built to float. The modifications were made by the Buoyant Foundation Project, a not-for-profit organisation that has been researching and retrofitting amphibious houses since 2006. 'When I started this,' explains founder Elizabeth English, 'climate change was not on the tip of everybody's tongue, but this technology is becoming necessary in places that didn't previously need it.' It's much cheaper than permanently elevating houses, English explains – about a third of what it would cost to completely replace a building's foundations. It also avoids the problem of taller houses being at greater risk from wind damage. Another plus comes from the fact that amphibious structures can be sensitively adapted to meet cultural needs and match the kind of houses that are already common in a community.

D 2018年9月，湄公河三角洲的稻田水位上升时四座小房子也随之上升。这些房子建在越南该地区的传统高脚架上，但这些房子是为了能够浮动而建造的。这些改造由浮动基金会项目(Buoyant Foundation Project)进行，这个非营利组织自2006年起一直在研究和改造两栖住宅。“当我开始这个项目时，“创始人伊丽莎白·英格丽丝解释说，“气候变化还不是每个人的热门话题，但这种技术现在在一些过去不需要它的地方变得不可或缺。“英格丽丝解释说，这比永久抬高房屋便宜得多--大约是完全替换建筑基础的三分之一。E还避免了高楼房屋面临更大风害风险的问题。另一个好处是，两栖结构可以根据文化需求进行敏感的改建，并与社区中已经常见的房屋类型相匹配。

EBangladesh is especially vulnerable to climate change. Most of the country is less than a metre above sea level and 80 per cent of its land lies on floodplains. 'Almost 35 million people living on the coastal belt of Bangladesh are currently affected by soil and water salinity,' says Raisa Chowdhury of the international development organisation ICCO Cooperation. Rather than fighting against it, one project is helping communities adapt to salt-affected soils. ICCO Cooperation has been working with 10,000 farmers in Bangladesh to start cultivating naturally salt-tolerant crops in the region. Certain varieties of carrot, potato, kohlrabi, cabbage and beetroot have been found to be better suited to salty soil than the rice and wheat that is typically grown there. Chowdhury says that the results are very visible, comparing a barren plot of land to the 'beautiful, lush green vegetable garden' sitting beside it, in which he and his team have been working with the farmers. Since the project began, farmers trained in saline agriculture have reported increases of two to three more harvests per year.

E 孟加拉国特别容易受到气候变化的影响。该国大部分地区低于海平面一米，80%的土地位于洪泛区。“孟加拉国沿海带约有3500万人受到土壤和水的盐碱化影响，“国际发展组织ICCO合作的瑞莎·乔杜里表示。与其与之抗争，一个项目正在帮助社区适应盐碱化士壤。ICCO合作组织与孟加拉国的10,000名农民合作，开始在该地区种植天然耐盐作物。某些品种的胡萝卜、土豆、甘蓝、卷心菜和甜菜被发现比通常种植的稻米和小麦更适合盐碱士壤。乔杜里表示，结果非常明显，他将一片荒地与其旁边的“美丽、郁郁葱葱的蔬菜园进行了对比，他和他的团队一直在与农民合作。自项目开始以来，接受盐碱农业培训的农民报告称每年多收获两到三季。

FGreg Spotts from Los Angeles (LA) in the USA is chief sustainability officer of the city's street services department. He leads the Cool Streets LA programme, a series of pilot projects, which include the planting of trees and the installation of a 'cool pavement' system, designed to help reach the city's goal of bringing down its average temperature by 1.5°C. 'Urban cooling is literally a matter of life and death for our future in LA,' says Spotts. Using a Geographic Information System data mapping tool, the programme identified streets with low tree canopy cover in three of the city's neighbourhoods and covered them with a light-grey, light-reflecting coating, which had already been shown to lower road surface temperature in Los Angeles by 6°C. Spotts says one of these streets, in the Winnetka neighbourhood of San Fernando Valley, can now be seen as a pale crescent, the only cool spot on an otherwise red thermal image, from the International Space Station.

F 来自美国洛杉矶(LA)的格雷格·斯波茨是该市街道服务部门的首席可持续发展官。他领导着“凉爽街道LA”项目，这是一系列试点项目，内容包括植树和安装”凉爽路面“系统，旨在帮助实现洛杉矶,将平均气温降低1.5°C的目标。斯波茨表示:“城市降温实际上关系到我们洛杉矶未来的生死存“通过使用地理信息系统数据映射工具，该项亡。目确定了市区三个街区树冠覆盖较少的街道，并在这些街道上涂覆了浅灰色的反光涂层，已证明这种涂层可以将洛杉矶的路面温度降低6°C。斯波茨表示，在圣费尔南多谷的温内特卡街区，其中一条街道如今在国际空间站拍摄的热图中显示为浅弯月状，是唯一一个冷区。