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Part 1
Read the text below and answer questions 1-13.
The Impact of Hearing Loss on Young Children
AHearing impairment or other auditory function deficit in young children can have a major impact on their development of speech and communication, resulting in a detrimental effect on their ability to learn at school. This is likely to have major consequences for the individual and the population as a whole. The New Zealand Ministry of Health has found from research carried out over two decades that 6-10% of children in that country are affected by hearing loss.
BA preliminary study in New Zealand has shown that classroom noise presents a major concern for teachers and pupils. Modern teaching practices, the organisation of desks in the classroom, poor classroom acoustics, and mechanical means of ventilation such as air-conditioning units all contribute to the number of children unable to comprehend the teacher's voice. Education researchers Nelson and Soli have also suggested that recent trends in learning often involve collaborative interaction of multiple minds and tools as much as individual possession of information. This all amounts to heightened activity and noise levels, which have the potential to be particularly serious for children experiencing auditory function deficit. Noise in classrooms can only exacerbate their difficulty in comprehending and processing verbal communication with other children and instructions from the teacher.
CChildren with auditory function deficit are potentially failing to learn to their maximum potential because of noise levels generated in classrooms. The effects of noise on the ability of children to learn effectively in typical classroom environments are now the subject of increasing concern. The International Institute of Noise Control Engineering (l-INCE), on the advice of the World Health Organization, has established an international working party, which includes New Zealand, to evaluate noise and reverberation control for school rooms.
DWhile the detrimental effects of noise in classroom situations are not limited to children experiencing disability, those with a disability that affects their processing of speech and verbal communication could be extremely vulnerable. The auditory function deficits in question include hearing impairment, autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention deficit disorders (ADD/ADHD).
EAutism is considered a neurological and genetic life-long disorder that causes discrepancies in the way information is processed. This disorder is characterised by interlinking problems with social imagination, social communication and social interaction. According to Janzen, this affects the ability to understand and relate in typical ways to people, understand events and objects in the environment, and understand or respond to sensory stimuli. Autism does not allow learning or thinking in the same ways as in children who are developing normally. Autistic spectrum disorders often result in major difficulties in comprehending verbal information and speech processing. Those experiencing these disorders often find sounds such as crowd noise and the noise generated by machinery painful and distressing. This is difficult to scientifically quantify as such extra-sensory stimuli vary greatly from one autistic individual to another. But a child who finds any type of noise in their classroom or learning space intrusive is likely to be adversely affected in their ability to process information.
FThe attention deficit disorders are indicative of neurological and genetic disorders and are characterised by difficulties with sustaining attention, effort and persistence, organisation skills and disinhibition. Children experiencing these disorders find it difficult to screen out unimportant information, and focus on everything in the environment rather than attending to a single activity. Background noise in the classroom becomes a major distraction, which can affect their ability to concentrate.
GChildren experiencing an auditory function deficit can often find speech and communication very difficult to isolate and process when set against high levels of background noise. These levels come from outside activities that penetrate the classroom structure, from teaching activities, and other noise generated inside, which can be exacerbated by room reverberation. Strategies are needed to obtain the optimum classroom construction and perhaps a change in classroom culture and methods of teaching. In particular, the effects of noisy classrooms and activities on those experiencing disabilities in the form of auditory function deficit need thorough investigation. It is probable that many undiagnosed children exist in the education system with 'invisible' disabilities. Their needs are less likely to be met than those of children with known disabilities.
HThe New Zealand Government has developed a New Zealand Disability Strategy and has embarked on a wide-ranging consultation process. The strategy recognises that people experiencing disability face significant barriers in achieving a full quality of life in areas such as attitude, education, employment and access to services. Objective 3 of the New Zealand Disability Strategy is to Provide the Best Education for Disabled People' by improving education so that all children, youth learners and adult learners will have equal opportunities to learn and develop within their already existing local school. For a successful education, the learning environment is vitally significant, so any effort to improve this is likely to be of great benefit to all children, but especially to those with auditory function disabilities.
IA number of countries are already in the process of formulating their own standards for the control and reduction of classroom noise. New Zealand will probably follow their example. The literature to date on noise in school rooms appears to focus on the effects on schoolchildren in general, their teachers and the hearing impaired. Only limited attention appears to have been given to those students experiencing the other disabilities involving auditory function deficit. It is imperative that the needs of these children are taken into account in the setting of appropriate international standards to be promulgated in future.Questions 1-6
Reading Passage 1 has nine sections,A-l.Which section contains the following information?Write the correct letterA-lin boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.A B C D E F G H I 1.an account of a national policy initiative 2.a description of a global team effort 3.a hypothesis as to one reason behind the growth in classroom noise 4.a demand for suitable worldwide regulations 5.a list of medical conditions which place some children more at risk from noise than others 6.the estimated proportion of children in New Zealand with auditory problems Questions 我的答案： 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
正确答案： 1.H 2.C 3.B 4.I 5.D 6.A
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1 解析
参考译文：对于一场全国性的政策运动的描述
定位词：national policy
文中对应点 H段：The New Zealand Government has developed a New Zealand Disability Strategy and has embarked on a wide-ranging consultation process.
这一段的首句就以一种叙事口吻向考生交代了新西兰全国上下正在开展的一场为残疾人服务的战略，该句含义为“新西兰政府已经制定出一项‘新西兰残疾人事业发展战略’，并开始进入广泛咨询意见的阶段。”此外，在该段其他语句中也提到the strategy recognises..., Objective 3…is to provide...等信息，非常符合题干中account一词的含义。2 解析
参考译文：对于国际团队合作的描述
定位词：global team
文中对应点 C段：此题需要在文章中寻找与定位词意思相近的词，对应C段中The International Institute of Noise Control Engineering (I-INCE), on the advice of the World Health Organization, has established an international working party, which...
含义为“在世界卫生组织的建议下，国际噪声控制工程学会（I-INCE）成立了一个国际工作小组来……”这句话中的international可以对应题干中的global，而working party可以对应team。这是对应关系非常明显的一道题目。3 解析
参考译文：关于教室噪音增长原因的一项假说
定位词：hypothesis, reason, growth in classroom noise
文中对应点 B段：在该段首句中就出现了classroom noise这个词，因此该段有可能就是本题的对应段落。在接下来的叙述Nelson and Soil have also suggested... 中，suggest一词可以对应题干中的hypothesis。后一句中的This all amounts to heightened activity and noise levels，与题干中的one reason相对应。4 解析
参考译文：对于全球通用标准的需求
定位词：worldwide regulations
文中对应点 I段：It is imperative that the needs of these children are taken into account in the setting of appropriate international standards to be promulgated in future.
全文只有此句中提及国际标准，含义为“今后在制定和颁布国际标准时，必须把这些孩子的需求考虑进去。”句中的international对应题干中的worldwide，standards对应题干中的regulations。这道题属于考点明晰、词语替换幅度也不大的简单题型。5 解析
参考译文：哪些身体状况会使一部分孩子比其他孩子更容易受到噪音影响
定位词：medical conditions, more at risk
文中对应点 D段：该段第一句话就明确说出了题干中的意思。While引导让步状语从句，不必细看，直接跳到主句，those with a disability that affects their processing of speech and verbal communication could be extremely vulnerable，含义为“那些在语言沟通方面有障碍的孩子们显然是噪音的更大受害者”。disability that affects their processing of speech and verbal communication对应题干中的medical conditions，extremely vulnerable对应题干中的more at risk。此外，下文罗列出的hearing impairment, autistic spectrum disorders and attention deficit disorders可与a list of medical conditions相对应。6 解析
参考译文：新西兰听力障碍患儿的大致比例
定位词：proportion, with auditory problems
文中对应点 A段：此题相对来说比较简单，看到题干中proportion“比例”一词，马上扫描文章，寻找带有百分比的段落。显然，只有A段最后一句带有明显的百分比。接着需要验证百分比所在的句子是否在讲新西兰听力残障患儿的比例，然后确认选择就可以了。该句中affected by hearing loss与题干中的with auditory problems相对应。
TIPS：一般题干中若带有proportion / rate / ratio / percentage等词，都对应文中带有百分比的段落，有时候百分比以阿拉伯数字形式呈现，有时则是英文字母，考生应该加以注意。Questions 7-10
Answer the questions below.ChooseNO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBERfrom the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.7 For what period of time has hearing loss in schoolchildren been studied in New Zealand?
8 In addition to machinery noise, what other type of noise can upset children with autism?
9 What term is used to describe the hearing problems of schoolchildren which have not been diagnosed?
10 What part of the New Zealand Disability Strategy aims to give schoolchildren equal opportunity?
我的答案： 7. 8. 9. 10.
正确答案： 7.two decades 8.crowd noise|crowd 9.invisible disability|invisible disabilities|invisible 10.Objective 3
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7 解析
定位词：For what period of time, been studied
题目解析：The New Zealand Ministry of Health has found from research carried out over two decades that...
在这句话中，有的考生会认为答案是over two decades，他们会把over翻译成“超过”。实际上，在雅思阅读中，over大多数情况下是during的意思，表示“在某段时间内”。况且此处若填over two decades，也不符合题目要求。故正确答案为two decades。（注意不要把decades误写成decade）8 解析
定位词：machinery noise, autism
题目解析：此题的难度就是对应点和上一题离得太远，不太好找。但是考生如果能循着autism（自闭症）这个词，同时再留意一下它的变形，如autistic，就能快速定位到E段首句Autism这个词，然后再找到such as和the noise generated by machinery。这样就不难猜测正确答案就是和the noise generated by machinery并列的crowd noise。
故正确答案为crowd（noise）。9 解析
定位词：term, schoolchildren which have not been diagnosed
题目解析：此题按照顺序原则较易定位，考生可以判断出此题应该在E段以后的段落出现，而term一词是“术语”的意思，一般对应文中特殊字体或加引号的词。按这个思路找下去，考生很快可以找到G段倒数第二句的引号。接下来只需判断一下在引号周围的内容是否是在谈which have not been diagnosed。文中提到...many undiagnosed children exist in the education system with ‘invisible' disabilities，undiagnosed一词即使不认识也可以根据构词法利用前缀un猜测为“未经……的"，完全可以与题目have not been diagnosed对应。故正确答案为invisible （disabilities/disability）。
10 解析
定位词：What part, New Zealand Disability, equal opportunity
题目解析：首先利用大写New Zealand Disability Strategy定位到H段，然后开始寻找equal opportunity，很快将目标锁定在H段倒数第二句。读完这个词所在的整句话，不难发现是这个战略中的Objective 3专门针对平等机会问题。
故正确答案为Objective 3。（有的考生可能会纠结要不要把Objective 3写成Objective Three，这种纠结完全没有必要，按照文中写即可）Questions 11-12
ChooseTWOletters,A-F.Write the correct letters in boxes 11 and 12 on your answer sheet.11-12 The list below includes factors contributing to classroom noise. Which TWO are mentioned by the writer of the passage?
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A.
current teaching methods
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B.
echoing corridors
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C.
cooling systems
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D.
large class sizes
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E.
loud-voiced teachers
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F.
playground games
我的答案： 11-12
正确答案： 11-12 A C
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11 解析
选项：A
题目翻译：当今教学方式
试题解析：B段第二行出现的Modern teaching practices以及第五行出现的...recent trends in learning...都可以对应该选项。故选项A正确。
选项：B
题目翻译：走廊回音
试题解析：没有提到，不要因为B段第三行提到poor classroom acoustics就联想是这个选项，这只是指教室中的音响效果差。
选项：C
题目翻译：制冷系统
试题解析：B段第三行中提到...mechanical means of ventilation such as air-conditioning，指空调通风口产生的噪音。故选项C正确。
选项：D
题目翻译：班级学生数量太多
试题解析：完全未提及。
选项：E
题目翻译：老师声音洪亮
试题解析：文中只是提到老师，但是没有说老师声音洪亮。
选项：F
题目翻译：操场游戏
试题解析：完全没有提到。
Questions 13
Choose the correct letterA, B, CorD.Write your answers in boxes 13 on your answer sheet.13 What is the writer's overall purpose in writing this article?
我的答案：
正确答案： 13. C
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13 解析
定位词：overall purpose
题目解析：
题目：作者写本文的主要目的是什么？
A比较应对听觉障碍的不同措施
B为过分嘈杂的学习环境提供解决方法
C提高对听觉障碍儿童现状的关注
D把新西兰作为其他国家学习的榜样
首先排除D，因为I段前两句话表明新西兰实际上要效仿其他国家，而不是被其他国家效仿，这个选项与文中信息矛盾。接着I段提到：Only limited attention appears to have been given to those students experiencing the other disabilities involving auditory function deficit. It is imperative that the needs of these children are taken into account...这句话明确表示本文的目的是让更多人关注听觉障碍儿童的现状。故正确答案是C。 -
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Part 2
Read the text below and answer questions 14-26.
Venus in transit
June 2004 saw the first passage, known as a `transit`, of the planet Venus across the face of the Sun in 122 years. Transits have helped shape our view of the whole Universe, as Heather Cooper and Nigel Henbest explain
AOn 8 June 2004, more than half the population of the world were treated to a rare astronomical event. For over six hours, the planet Venus steadily inched its way over the surface of the Sun. This `transit` of Venus was the first since 6 December 1882. On that occasion, the American astronomer Professor Simon Newcomb led a party to South Africa to observe the event. They were based at a girls` school, where - it is alleged - the combined forces of three schoolmistresses outperformed the professionals with the accuracy of their observations.
BFor centuries, transits of Venus have drawn explorers and astronomers alike to the four corners of the globe. And you can put it all down to the extraordinary polymath Edmond Hailey. In November 1677,Hailey observed a transit of the innermost planet, Mercury, from the desolate island of St Helena in the South Pacific. He realised that, from different latitudes, the passage of the planet across the Sun`s disc would appear to differ. By timing the transit from two widely-separated locations, teams of astronomers could calculate the parallax angle - the apparent difference in position of an astronomical body due to a difference in the observers position. Calculating this angle would allow astronomers to measure what was then the ultimate goal: the distance of the Earth from the Sun. This distance is known as the astronomical unit` or AU.
CHailey was aware that the AU was one of the most fundamental of all astronomical measurements. Johannes Kepler, in the early 17th century, had shown that the distances of the planets from the Sun governed their orbital speeds, which were easily measurable. But no-one had found a way to calculate accurate distances to the planets from the Earth. The goal was to measure the AU; then, knowing the orbital speeds of all the other planets round the Sun, the scale of the Solar System would fall into place. However, Hailey realised that Mercury was so far away that its parallax angle would be very difficult to determine. As Venus was closer to the Earth, its parallax angle would be larger, and Hailey worked out that by using Venus it would be possible to measure the Suns distance to 1 part in 500. But there was a problem: transits of Venus, unlike those of Mercury, are rare, occurring in pairs roughly eight years apart every hundred or so years. Nevertheless, he accurately predicted that Venus would cross the face of the Sun in both 1761 and 1769 - though he didn't survive to see either.
DInspired by Haileys suggestion of a way to pin down the scale of the Solar System, teams of British and French astronomers set out on expeditions to places as diverse as India and Siberia. But things weren't helped by Britain and France being at war. The person who deserves most sympathy is the French astronomer Guillaume Le Gentil. He was thwarted by the fact that the British were besieging his observation site at Pondicherry in India. Fleeing on a French warship crossing the Indian Ocean, Le Gentil saw a wonderful transit - but the ships pitching and rolling ruled out any attempt at making accurate observations. Undaunted, he remained south of the equator, keeping himself busy by studying the islands of Mauritius and Madagascar before setting off to observe the next transit in the Philippines. Ironically after travelling nearly 50,000 kilometres, his view was clouded out at the last moment, a very dispiriting experience.
EWhile the early transit timings were as precise as instruments would allow, the measurements were dogged by the 'black drop' effect. When Venus begins to cross the Suns disc, it looks smeared not circular - which makes it difficult to establish timings. This is due to diffraction of light. The second problem is that Venus exhibits a halo of light when it is seen just outside the Suns disc. While this showed astronomers that Venus was surrounded by a thick layer of gases refracting sunlight around it, both effects made it impossible to obtain accurate timings.
FBut astronomers laboured hard to analyse the results of these expeditions to observe Venus transits. Johann Franz Encke, Director of the Berlin Observatory, finally determined a value for the AU based on all these parallax measurements: 153,340,000 km. Reasonably accurate for the time, that is quite close to today`s value of 149,597,870 km, determined by radar, which has now superseded transits and all other methods in accuracy. The AU is a cosmic measuring rod, and the basis of how we scale the Universe today. The parallax principle can be extended to measure the distances to the stars. If we look at a star in January - when Earth is at one point in its orbit - it will seem to be in a different position from where it appears six months later. Knowing the width of Earth`s orbit, the parallax shift lets astronomers calculate the distance.
GJune 2004,s transit of Venus was thus more of an astronomical spectacle than a scientifically important event. But such transits have paved the way for what might prove to be one of the most vital breakthroughs in the cosmos - detecting Earth-sized planets orbiting other stars.Questions 14-17
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs,A-G.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letterA-Gin boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.A B C D E F G 14.examples of different ways in which the parallax principle has been applied 15.a description of an event which prevented a transit observation 16.a statement about potential future discoveries leading on from transit observations 17.a description of physical states connected with Venus which early astronomical instruments failed to overcome 我的答案： 14. 15. 16. 17.
正确答案： 14.F 15.D 16.G 17.E
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14 解析
参考译文：通过不同方法应用视差原理的例子
定位词：examples of different ways, parallax principle, applied
文中对应点 F段：The parallax principle can be extended to measure the distances to the stars.
这句话含义为“视差原理可以延伸应用到恒星之间距离的测量中。”句中的be extended to就可以理解为视差原理之前是用在别的地方，现在又被延伸应用到恒星间距离的测量，可以与题干中applied相对应。考生如果阅读得足够仔细的话，就会发现在前文中提到了利用视差原理测出了天文单位，即相当于地球到太阳的距离。所以此题难度不在语句，关键在于寻找。作为本文第一大题中的第一小题，学生很容易没有耐心，在看到F段之前就作出判断。比如有的考生可能会在B段倒数第四行看到parallax angle，就简单判断该段是此题的答案；还有的考生可能在C段也见到了parallax一词，也就顺着作出错误判断。因此，解答这种类型题目时候一定要有足够的耐心。故答案选F。15 解析
参考译文：对于一起阻碍观测金星凌日的事件的描述
定位词：prevented, transit observation
文中对应点 D段：该段叙述了倒霉的法国人Le Gentil两次不成功的观测经历。一次是在乘坐一艘法国军舰穿越印度洋逃亡的时候，他看到了一次凌日现象，但是船的颠簸摇晃使他完全没有机会进行精确观测。第二次是在跋涉了将近五万公里之后到达菲律宾准备观测，但是他的视野居然被一片乌云给遮住了。
由于这段文字叙述故事性较强，所以比较容易选择。该段中像ruled out, clouded out这样的词组，都能够对应题干中的prevent。最后的dispiriting experience“令人沮丧的经历”也可以体现观测受阻后的遗憾。故答案选D。16 解析
参考译文：对凌日观测可能带来的新发现的陈述
定位词：potential future discoveries
文中对应点 G段：如果在段落信息配对题中出现future一词，则该信息点一般都出现在文章的最后一段。本文最后一段中用pave the way for这样的词组表明transit observation的确为宇宙终极探索——寻找类地行星提供了可能性。故答案选G。17 解析
参考译文：对早期因受天文研究器材限制而无法探测的金星现象的描述
定位词：astronomical instruments, failed
文中对应点 E段：While the early transit timings were as precise as instruments would allow, the measurements were dogged by the 'black drop' effect.
该句中出现的instruments和dogged与题干中的定位词分别对应。句子含义为“虽然早期对凌日时间的观测就当时所用的器材而言已足够精确，但是其测量结果却受到“黑滴”效应的困扰。”词组be dogged by表示“为……所困扰”。这一段的确是在讲早期金星凌日观测中的不尽如人意的方面，故答案选E。Questions 18-21
Look at the following statements (Questions 18-21) and the list of people below.Match each statement with the correct person,A, B, CorD.Write the correct letter,A, B, CorD, in boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet.-
A. Edmond Hailey
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B. Johannes Kepler
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C. Guillaume Le Gentil
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D. Johann Franz Encke
18 He calculated the distance of the Sun from the Earth based on observations of Venus with a fair degree of accuracy.18
19 He understood that the distance of the Sun from the Earth could be worked out by comparing observations of a transit.19
20 He realised that the time taken by a planet to go round the Sun depends on its distance from the Sun.20
21 He witnessed a Venus transit but was unable to make any calculations.21
我的答案： 18. 19. 20. 21.
正确答案： 18.D 19.A 20.B 21.C
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18 解析
解题关键词 ：distance of the Sun from the Earth, a fair degree of accuracy
题目解析：翻译：此人通过观测金星，相当精确地测出了太阳到地球的距离。
显然对应文章F段出现的数字，通过阅读F段前五行，可以找出reasonably! accurate对应a fair degree of accuracy, a value for the AU“天文单位的数值”，即太阳到地球的距离，对应distance of the Sun from the Earth。所以此题应选D。19 解析
解题关键词 ：comparing observations of a transit
题目解析：翻译：此人发现通过观测凌日现象可以计算出太阳到地球的距离。文中B段Halley第一次提出通过观测凌日现象可以计算出视差角度。视差角度是指天体的位置由于观测者的位置不同而产生的明显差异。计算视差角度让天文学家得以实现当时最终目标一算出地球与太阳之间的距离，这个距离就是所谓的“天文单位”找到Halley名字所在的地方，再顺着向下阅读,很容易找到答案。所以此题应选A。
20 解析
解题关键词 ：time, go round the Sun, distance
题目解析：翻译：此人发现行星与太阳的距离决定了其绕太阳运行的时间。文章中C段第二句提到了Johannes Kepler，他提出the distances of the planets from the Sun governed their orbital speeds，其中orbital speed就等同于题中的the time taken by a planet to go round the Sun。所以此题应选B。
Questions 22-26
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet, writeTRUEif the statement agrees with the information given in the text.FALSEif the statement contradicts the information.NOT GIVENif there is no information on this.22 Hailey observed one transit of the planet Venus.
23 Le Gentil managed to observe a second Venus transit.
24 The shape of Venus appears distorted when it starts to pass in front of the Sun.
25 Early astronomers suspected that the atmosphere on Venus was toxic.
26 The parallax principle allows astronomers to work out how far away distant stars are from the Earth.
我的答案：
正确答案： 22.FALSE 23.FALSE 24.TRUE 25.NOT GIVEN 26.TRUE
查看解析
22 解析
参考译文：Halley观测到了一次金星凌日现象。
定位词：Halley
文中对应点 C段：Nevertheless, he accurately predicted that Venus would cross the face of the Sun in both 1761and 1769—though he didn't survive to see either.
该句含义为“尽管如此，Halley还是准确预测出金星会在1761年与1769年两次穿过太阳表面，只可惜他有生之年一次也没看到。”此题考点明显，比较好定位，考生在阅读过程中对Halley印象深刻，因此很容易看到C段最后的这句话。
答案：FAISE23 解析
参考译文：Le Gentil设法观测到了第二次金星凌日现象。
定位词：Le Gentil
文中对应点 D段：Ironically after travelling nearly 50,000 kilometres, his view was clouded out at the last moment, a very dispiriting experience.
这一段上文提到在逃亡的船上，Le Gentil的第一次观测没能成功；接着他去了菲律宾，准备第二次观测，但是对应句表明在最后一刻，天空多云，他又没成功，正好和题目中的说法相反。
答案：FALSE24 解析
参考译文：当金星开始越过太阳表面时，它的形状看上去有些变形。
定位词：Venus, starts to pass in front of the Sun
文中对应点 E段：When Venus begins to cross the Sun's disc, it looks smeared not circular—which makes it difficult to establish timings.
根据句中begins to Cross the Sun's disc和题目中的starts to pass in front of the Sun相对应找到此题定位处，此时考生会发现对应句中的looks和题目中的appears可以完全对应，另外可以根据句中的not circular来推测前面的smear的意思，not表示转折，所以smear意思应与circular相反，不是圆的。如果考生不认识circular，则可以通过cir这个词根来联想circle，进而猜测。
TIPS：当然了，考生也可以最后用全TRUE法解决此题。
答案：TRUE25 解析
参考译文：早期天文学家怀疑金星上的大气有毒。
定位词：atmosphere, Venus, toxic
文中对应点 E段：根据TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN题型顺序出题原则，此题考点应在24题之后。顺着找下去，很快发现在E段倒数第二行提到了Venus was surrounded by a thick layer of gases，但是这里仅仅是说金星被厚厚的大气层所围绕，并未提到这个大气层是否是toxic（有毒的）。
答案：NOT GIVEN26 解析
参考译文：天文学家能够根据视差原理判断出遥远的恒星到地球的距离。
定位词：parallax principle, distant stars
文中对应点 F段：The parallax principle can be extended to measure the distances to the stars. 视差原理可以延伸应用到恒星之间距离的测量中。利用parallax principle和顺序法则很容易定位此题，而且此题考点与第14题相似，不管先做哪个题目，另外一题都会很容易得出正确答案。
答案：TRUE -
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Part 3
Read the text below and answer questions 27-40.
A neuroscientist reveals how to think differently
In the last decade a revolution has occurred in the way that scientists think about the brain. We now know that the decisions humans make can be traced to the firing patterns of neurons in specific parts of the brain. These discoveries have led to the field known as neuroeconomics, which studies the brain's secrets to success in an economic environment that demands innovation and being able to do things differently from competitors. A brain that can do this is an iconoclastic one. Briefly, an iconoclast is a person who does something that others say can't be done.
This definition implies that iconoclasts are different from other people, but more precisely, it is their brains that are different in three distinct ways: perception, fear response, and social intelligence. Each of these three functions utilizes a different circuit in the brain. Naysayers might suggest that the brain is irrelevant, that thinking in an original, even revolutionary, way is more a matter of personality than brain function. But the field of neuroeconomics was born out of the realization that the physical workings of the brain place limitations on the way we make decisions. By understanding these constraints, we begin to understand why some people march to a different drumbeat.
The first thing to realize is that the brain suffers from limited resources. It has a fixed energy budget, about the same as a 40 watt light bulb, so it has evolved to work as efficiently as possible. This is where most people are impeded from being an iconoclast. For example, when confronted with information streaming from the eyes, the brain will interpret this information in the quickest way possible. Thus it will draw on both past experience and any other source of information, such as what other people say, to make sense of what it is seeing. This happens all the time. The brain takes shortcuts that work so well we are hardly ever aware of them.We think our perceptions of the world are real, but they are only biological and electrical rumblings. Perception is not simply a product of what your eyes or ears transmit to your brain. More than the physical reality of photons or sound waves, perception is a product of the brain.
Perception is central to iconoclasm. Iconoclasts see things differently to other people. Their brains do not fall into efficiency pitfalls as much as the average person's brain. Iconoclasts, either because they were born that way or through learning, have found ways to work around the perceptual shortcuts that plague most people. Perception is not something that is hardwired into the brain. It is a learned process, which is both a curse and an opportunity for change. The brain faces the fundamental problem of interpreting physical stimuli from the senses. Everything the brain sees, hears, or touches has multiple interpretations. The one that is ultimately chosen is simply the brain's best theory. In technical terms, these conjectures have their basis in the statistical likelihood of one interpretation over another and are heavily influenced by past experience and, importantly for potential iconoclasts, what other people say.
The best way to see things differently to other people is to bombard the brain with things it has never encountered before. Novelty releases the perceptual process from the chains of past experience and forces the brain to make new judgments. Successful iconoclasts have an extraordinary willingness to be exposed to what is fresh and different. Observation of iconoclasts shows that they embrace novelty while most people avoid things that are different.
The problem with novelty, however, is that it tends to trigger the brain's fear system. Fear is a major impediment to thinking like an iconoclast and stops the average person in his tracks. There are many types of fear, but the two that inhibit iconoclastic thinking and people generally find difficult to deal with are fear of uncertainty and fear of public ridicule. These may seem like trivial phobias. But fear of public speaking, which everyone must do from time to time, afflicts one-third of the population. This makes it too common to be considered a mental disorder. It is simply a common variant of human nature, one which iconoclasts do not let inhibit their reactions.
Finally, to be successful iconoclasts, individuals must sell their ideas to other people. This is where social intelligence comes in. Social intelligence is the ability to understand and manage people in a business setting. In the last decade there has been an explosion of knowledge about the social brain and how the brain works when groups coordinate decision making. Neuroscience has revealed which brain circuits are responsible for functions like understanding what other people think, empathy, fairness, and social identity. These brain regions play key roles in whether people convince others of their ideas. Perception is important in social cognition too. The perception of someone's enthusiasm, or reputation, can make or break a deal. Understanding how perception becomes intertwined with social decision making shows why successful iconoclasts are so rare.
Iconoclasts create new opportunities in every area from artistic expression to technology to business. They supply creativity and innovation not easily accomplished by committees. Rules aren't important to them. Iconoclasts face alienation and failure, but can also be a major asset to any organization. It is crucial for success in any field to understand how the iconoclastic.Questions 27-31
Choose the correct letterA, B, CorD.Write your answers in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.27 Neuroeconomics is a field of study which seeks to
28 According to the writer, iconoclasts are distinctive because
29 According to the writer, the brain works efficiently because
30 The writer says that perception is
31 According to the writer, an iconoclastic thinker
我的答案：
正确答案： 27. C 28. B 29. D 30. C 31. B
查看解析
27 解析
定位词：Neuroeconomics
题目：神经经济学作为一个研究领域，旨在
A改变科学家对脑化学的解读。
B了解大脑如何做出正确决定。
C了解在激烈的竞争中大脑与成功的关系。
D追踪大脑不同部分中神经元的具体放电模式。
利用定位词可以将此题定位至文章第一段的第三句，然后和四个选项进行比较。句中的success可以对应题中的achievement，competitors可以对应题中的compettiive。句中which引导的非限制性定语从句对先行词neuroeconomics起了解释说明的作用。故答案应该选择C。选项D在第一段虽然被提及，但并非是神经经济学研究目的之所在，故排除。选项B根本未被提及，也可以排除。选项A貌似有道理，但实际上是对第一段某些词语的过度解读。
因此正确答案是C。28 解析
定位词:iconoclasts, distinctive
题目：作者认为传统叛逆者与众不同是因为
A他们的大脑可路与众不同。
B他们的大脑功能与众不同。
C他们的性格与众不同。
D他们能很快做出决定。
此题定位点在文章第二段第一句，这句话明确说明传统叛逆者之所以与众不同，主要是因为他们的大脑在三方面与众不同：认知力、恐惧反应力以及社交能力。由此可知选项B正确。同时，很容易就可以发现选项A和B实际上是一对相似选项，在单选题中，相似选项中一般存在正确选项。A和B相比，过于具体，仅仅将与众不同理解为回路不同，与文中说的三方面不同相悖，故可以排除。选项D的解释过于简单，可以直接排除。至于选项C中出现的personalities一词则出现在第二段的倒数第四行，此信息已经于本题无关。
因此正确答案是B。29 解析
定位词：brain, efficiently
题目：作者认为大脑可以高效工作，这是因为
A大脑迅速利用眼睛。
B大脑对信息的解读逻辑性强。
C大脑产生能量，自给自足。
D大脑依赖过往事件。
根据定位词efficiently可以快速将此题定位至文章中第三段第二句，然后根据该段内容对各个选项进行判断。首先可以排除选项A，这一段只是提到面对眼前源源不断输人的信息，大脑会快速解读，而不是说大脑利用眼睛干什么。选项B中提到的逻辑，文中也并未涉及。而选项C说大脑可以自己给自已提供能源，一定是对第二句中It has a fixed energy budget的误读。这样排除掉前三个选项之后，正确答案应该就是选项D，previous event可以对应该段第五行中的past experience。
因此正确答案是D。30 解析
定位词：perception
题目：作者认为认知是
A光子与声波的结合。
B感官信号的可靠产物。
C大脑处理的结果。
D一个我们通常能意识到的过程。
这道题目横跨的篇幅比较长，文中对应点在第三段和第四段。首先，在第三段倒数第二行Perception is not simply a product of what your eyes or ears transmit to your brain. 从这句话就可以知道，选项B是不对的；接着，利用最后一句话More than the physical reality of photons or sound waves, perception is a product of the brain. 可以排除选项A，同时引出选项C有可能正确。最后在第四段第四行后半句中提到Perception is not something that is hardwired into the brain. It is a learned process...正好能够和选项C中的a result of brain processes对应。
因此正确答案是C。31 解析
定位词：iconoclastic thinker
题目：作者认为传统叛逆者
A将认知思考集中于大脑一个区域。
B会避开认知陷阱。
C拥有天生就适合学习的大脑。
D会拥有比常人更多机会。
此题定位在第四段。该段第二句和第三句提到Iconoclasts see things differently to other people. Their brains do not fall into efficiency pitfalls as much as the average person's brain. 这句话实际上对应的就是选项B。但是有些粗心的同学会因为average person这个词组选择D。在单选题中，见到自己认识的词能够对应就匆忙下笔选择，是错误的做法。考生一定要读清楚所有选项，弄明白选项与文中原句的关系，再进行选择。选项D不仅不正确，反而可以根据其中不存在的比较关系直接排除。选项A中的central一词，估计是发源于第四段第一句话Perception is central to iconoclasm. 应该直接被排除掉。至于选项C中出现的hardwired，在第四段第四行中Perception is not something that is hardwired into the brain.就已经被否定了。
因此正确答案是B。Questions 32-37
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 32-37 on your answer sheet, writeYESif the statement agrees with the claims of the writer.NOif the statement contradicts with the claims of the writer.NOT GIVENif it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.32 Exposure to different events forces the brain to think differently.
33 Iconoclasts are unusually receptive to new experiences.
34 Most people are too shy to try different things.
35 If you think in an iconoclastic way, you can easily overcome fear.
36 When concern about embarrassment matters less, other fears become irrelevant.
37 Fear of public speaking is a psychological illness.
我的答案：
正确答案： 32.YES 33.YES 34.NOT GIVEN 35.NO 36.NOT GIVEN 37.NO
查看解析
32 解析
参考译文：接触新鲜事物会迫使大脑进行创新思考。
定位词：brain, think differently
文中对应点 第五段：The best way to see things differently to other people is to bombard the brain with things it has never encountered before. 要想思维方式与众不同，最佳做法就是往大脑里塞其闻所未闻的东西。这道题目实际上需要利用上一大题来确定其大位置是在第五段，这里考生一定要注意每个大题之间的衔接，雅思考试中大多数题目都是按顺序出的。
在确定大致位置之后,再用定位词确定该题的确切位置是在第一句。 bombard 一词是“轰炸”的意思，此处有强迫大脑接收信息的含义，对应题目中的forces；encounter可以对应题目中的exposure。
答案：YES33 解析
参考译文：传统叛逆者特别愿意体验新鲜事物。
定位词：Iconoclasts, new experiences
文中对应点 第五段：Successful iconoclasts have an extraordinary willingness to be exposed to what is fresh and different. 成功的传统叛逆者非常乐意接受新鲜事物。
此题定位十分简单，只要根据上一题的位置在第五段顺着找就可以。
文中的have an extraordinary willingness to be exposed to与题目中的are unusually receptive to相对应, what is fresh and different与题目中的new experiences相对应。这基本属于一道同义词替换型的YES题，对于同义词量比较小的同学也许会造成障碍，但是只要根据上下文稍微推测一下就会发现，传统叛逆者肯定是乐于接受新鲜事物的。
答案：YES34 解析
参考译文：大多数人都太害羞了，以至于不愿意尝试新鲜事物。
定位词：shy
文中对应点 ：此题是一道完全没有提及型的NOT GIVEN题目。接着上一题的定位句往下找，无法找到题干中所叙述的shy这个概念，而且全文也没有提及。只在第六段中提到阻止人们创新思维的是两种恐惧：对不确定性的恐惧以及对沦为笑柄的担忧。
答案：NOT GIVEN35 解析
参考译文 ：如果你以一种反传统的方式思考,便能轻松克服恐惧。
定位词：fear
文中对应点 第六段：Fear is a major impediment to thinking like an iconoclast and stops the average person in his tracks. 恐惧是阻止人们像传统叛逆者那样思考的主要障碍，它使普通人在创新思考的道路上踌躇不前。
此题出题思路有点绕，对应句的意思是说恐惧阻止了普通人像传统叛逆者那样进行思考。而且整个第六段都是在讲恐惧，尤其是对公开演讲的恐惧，是如此常见，甚至被认为是人性之一，显然，传统叛逆者也对公开演讲有恐惧，只是他们不会让这种恐惧在公开演讲时对自己产生阻碍。并不是像本题所叙述那样，传统叛逆者可以克服恐惧。
答案：NO36 解析
参考译文：当人们不再担心尴尬局面时，其他恐惧也就无关紧要了。
定位词：embarrassment, fears
文中对应点 此题也是一道完全没有提及型的NOT GIVEN题。如果考生可以顺利完成上一道题，就能知道这道题应该顺着上一题向下找，但是直到找到第37题的考点，也没有出现embarrassment一词。
答案：NOT GIVEN37 解析
参考译文： 对公开演讲的恐惧是一种心理疾病。
定位词：public speaking
文中对应点 第六段：But fear of public speaking, which everyone must do from time to time, afflicts one third of the population. This makes it too common to be considered a mental disorder. 但是，对公开演讲的恐惧则折磨着超过三分之一的人。因为人时不时就要讲一讲，所以这种恐惧太常见了，很难被视作一种精神疾病。
这句话明确指出，对于公开演讲的恐惧由于涉及人群广、十分常见，所以很难被视作一种精神疾病。这就和题干的陈述直接抵触。
在这里考生一定 要能够理解too... to ... “太……以至于不能……”这个结构。
答案：NOQuestions 38-40
Complete each sentence with the correct ending,A-E, below.Write the correct letter,A-E, in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.-
A. requires both perceptual and social intelligence skills.
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B. focuses on how groups decide on an action.
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C. works in many fields, both artistic and scientific.
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D. leaves one open to criticism and rejection.
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E. involves understanding how organisations manage people.
38 Thinking like a successful iconoclast is demanding because it38
39 The concept of the social brain is useful to iconoclasts because it39
40 Iconoclasts are generally an asset because their way of thinking40
我的答案： 38. 39. 40.
正确答案： 38.A 39.B 40.C
查看解析
38 解析
定位词：successful iconoclast
第七段：从段首Finally, to be successful iconoclasts, individuals must sell their ideas to other people. This is where social intelligence comes in. 可以看出要成为successful iconoclasts, social intelligence必不可少。段末最后一句话Understanding how perception becomes intertwined with social decision making shows why successful iconoclasts are so rare.表明如果要成为成功的传统叛逆者，就必须知道认知和社会决策之间千丝万缕的联系。
所以总结一下, a successful iconoclast既需要social intelligence，也需要perception。故此题应选A。39 解析
定位词：social brain
第七段：In the last decade there has been an explosion of knowledge about the social brain and how the brain works when groups coordinate decision making.
根据定位词可以迅速定位到第七段第四句，该句含义为“在过去的十年里，人们对社会型大脑的认知突飞猛进，对这种大脑在团队协作共同决策时所起的作用也了如指掌。”
这句话提到的groups coordinate decision making，正好与选项B当中提到的how groups decide on an action相对应。故此题应选B。40 解析
定位词：an asset
第八段：第八段整个一段都是对iconoclasts的评价。在第一句中就提到了iconoclasts是跨领域的人才，纵横艺术、技术、商业领域。正是他们的创造力和革新能力使得他们成为a major asset to any organization。只有选项C中提到in many fields, both artistic and scientific。故此题应选C。
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