Question 1
正确答案: G
题干关键词:account(记述), method(方法), researchers(研究者), a particular study(一个特别的实验)
原文定位:G段第三句开始到本段结尾“In one experiment, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn … unless other cues such as movement are present.”(在一个实验中,Lewis和Brooks-Gunn ...除非有运动等其他线索存在),本句描述了一个experiment,研究人员通过在小孩的鼻子上涂抹红色的粉末来观察小孩的反映。
解析:原文中对整个实验的细节描述对应了题干中的account(记述),涂抹粉末这个方法就对应了题干中的method,原文中的“experiment” 对应题干的study,人名Lewis and Brooks-Gunn 对应题干中的researchers。故答案锁定为G。
Question 2
正确答案: C
题干关键词:imitation(仿制)
原文定位:C段第二行“mimic”,C段第一句“Another powerful source of information for infants about the effects they can have on the world around them is provided when others mimic them.”(当其他人模仿他们时,提供了另一个强大的信息来源,为婴儿提供有关他们到底能对周围的环境产生多大影响的信息。)。
解析:首句中的mimic对应题干中的imitation,因此答案为C段。
Question 3
正确答案: G
题干关键词:age(年龄), identify(认出), static image(静止的画面)
原文定位:F段第一句和第二句“Lewis and Brooks-Gunn argued that an important developmental ... to recognize themselves visually without the support of seeing contingent movement. This recognition occurs around their second birthday.”(刘易斯和布鲁克斯-贡恩认为,一个重要的发展...在视觉上认识自己,而不借助偶然的运动的支持。 这种对自己的认识在他们的第二个生日左右产生。)
解析:第一句中的recognize对应题干中的identify,without the support of seeing contingent movement对应题干中的static,因此答案为G。
Question 4
正确答案: D
题干关键词:reason(原因), limitations(局限), scientific research(科学研究), self-as-subject(自己作为研究对象)
原文定位:D段最后一句“Empirical investigations of the self-as-subject in young children are, however, rather scarce because of difficulties of communication ...”(然而,对于幼儿自我主体的实证调查由于沟通的困难而相当稀缺)
解析:原文中的“investigation”(调查)与题干中的scientific research(科学研究)为同义替换,题干中的“limitation” (局限)与原文中的“scarce”为同义替换,原文中的“because of”与题干中的“reason”为同义替换,因此答案为D。
Question 5
正确答案: H
题干关键词:possible link(可能的联系), culture(文化), a particular form of behaviour(一种特定的行为模式)
原文定位:H段最后一句“Although it may be less marked in other societies, the link between the sense of ‘self’ and of ‘ownership’ is a notable feature of childhood in Western societies.”(虽然在其他社会中可能不太明显,但“自我”和“所有权”的联系在西方社会中是儿童的一个显着特征。)
解析:原文提到,但是在西方社会,“自我”和“所有权”的联系是童年时期的一个显著特征。所以这样的行为是因文化或社会而不同的。因此答案为H。
Question 6
正确答案: E
题干关键词:examples(例子), features(特点), contribute(贡献), sense of ‘self-as-object’(将自己作为对象的觉悟)
原文定位:E段最后一句“This has been seen by many to be the aspect … social roles (such as student, brother, colleague) and characteristics … with other people (such as trustworthiness, shyness, sporting ability) with other people ...”(许多人认为是...社会角色(如学生,兄弟,同事)和特征...与其他人(如可信赖,害羞,体育能力)...)
解析:原文中括号里的举例“ (such as trustworthiness, shyness, sporting ability) ”对应了题干的examples,原文中的“characteristics”与题干中的features可同义替换,因此答案为E。
Question 7
正确答案: D
题干关键词:relationships with other people(与他人的关系)
原文定位:F段最后一句“Mead (1934) went even further, and saw the self and the social world as inextricably bound together: ‘The self is essentially a social structure, and it arises in social experience ... it is impossible to conceive of a self arising outside of social experience.’”(米德(1934)进一步深入,把自我和社会世界看作是一个不可分割的一面:“自我本质上是一种社会结构,它在社会经验中产生... 脱离了社会经验,不可能设想出自我。)
解析:原文中的“social world”,“social structure”和“social experience”与题干中的relationships with other people为同义替换,因此答案为D。
Question 8
正确答案: B
题干关键词:child’s awareness of self(孩子的自我意识), mastery over things and people(对事物和人的主导)
原文定位:B段第?行“infant”,定位到B段第五句到最后一句“Cooley (1902) suggested that a sense of the self-as-subject was primarily concerned with being able to exercise power. He proposed that the earliest examples of this are an infant’s attempts to control physical objects, such as toys or his or her own limbs. This is followed by attempts to affect the behaviour of other people.”(科列(1902)认为自我主体的感觉主要是关于能够行使权力的。他建议,最早的例子是婴儿试图控制物体,如玩具或他或她自己的四肢。接下来就是企图影响其他人的行为。)
解析:原文中的“infant”与题干中的child为同义替换, 原文中的“sense”与awareness为同义替换,原文中的“control physical objects”和“affect the behaviour of other people”对应题干中的mastery over things and people,因此答案为B。
Question 9
正确答案: E
题干关键词:at a certain age(在一个特定的年纪), aggressive behaviour(侵略行为)
原文定位:H段第二句 “... Bronson (1975) found that the intensity of the frustration and anger in their disagreements increased sharply between the ages of 1 and 2 years.”(... Bronson(1975)发现,他们的分歧的沮丧和愤怒的强度在1和2岁之间急剧增加。)
解析:原文涉题句中的“the intensity of the frustration and anger in their disagreements increased sharply”和“disputing ownership”与题干中的 aggressive behaviour相对应,between the ages of 1 and 2 years与at a certain age 对应,因此答案为E。
Question 10
正确答案: C
题干关键词:observing(观察), reflection(反射), contributes to(造成)。
原文定位:C段最后两句“However, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) suggest that infants’ developing understanding that the movements they see in the mirror are contingent on their own, leads to a growing awareness that they are distinct from other people. This is because they, and only they, can change the reflection in the mirror.”(然而,Lewis和Brooks-Gunn(1979)认为,婴儿的理解是,他们在镜子中看到的动作取决于自己,这导致他们越来越意识到他们与别人不同。 这是因为他们,也只有他们,才能改变镜子的反射)
解析:原文中的 “the reflection in the mirror”对应题干中的reflection,原文中的“lead to”与contribute to可同义替换,因此答案为C。
Question 11
正确答案: mirror
题干关键词:effect on the world around them(对他们周围的世界的影响), handling objects(抓住物体), image to move(使画面移动)
原文定位:C段第三句至第五句“In addition, young children enjoy looking in mirrors, where the movements they can see are dependent upon their own movements. This is not to say that infants recognize the reflection as their own image.”(此外,幼儿喜欢看镜子,因为他们可以看到的取决于自己的动作。 这并不是说婴儿认出了镜中是自己的影子。)
解析:空格处需要填写一个名词单数。根据题目的第一句they can have an effect on the world around them,能够定位到原文的C段,然后定位词image和move在C段第三句和第四句找到对应词。根据意思可以判断是在mirror中看到自己的图像在移动。
Question 12
正确答案: communication
题干关键词:self-awareness(自我意识), difficult to research directly(难以直接研究), because of(因为)。
原文定位:D段第三句“Empirical investigations of the self-as-subject in young children are, however, rather scarce because of difficulties of communication: even if young infants can reflect on their experience, they certainly cannot express this aspect of the self directly.”(然而,对于幼儿自我主体的实证调查由于沟通困难而相当匮乏:即使年轻的婴儿能够体会到自己的经验,他们也不能直接表达自己这方面的看法。)
解析:根据题干定位词可快速在原文的D段找到定位,而且原文中“investigations,difficulties”和“because of”分别对应题干中的research,difficult和because of。空格处需要填写的是因果关系中的原因,因此答案是because of后面的comrminication。
Question 13
正确答案: ownership
题干关键词:Western societies(西方社会), self awareness(自我意识), linked to(联系), disputes(争议)
原文定位:H段最后一句“Although it may be less marked in other societies, the link between the sense of ‘self’ and ‘ownership’ is a notable feature of childhood in J Western societies.”(虽然在其他社会可能不那么明显,但是在“西方社会”中,“自我”和“所有权”之间的联系是儿童时代的一个显着特征。)
解析:首先根据特殊短语Western societies定位到文章最后一句,原文中“link”和“sense of ‘self’”与题干中的link和self awareness对应,确定答案是ownership。