Part A :

In the last few weeks, we've been looking at various aspects of the social history of London, and this morning we're continuing with a look at life in the area called the East End.

在过去的几周里，我们一直在看伦敦的社会历史的各个方面，今天上午我们继续在一个地区，所谓的“东”的生活。

I'll start with a brief history of the district, and then focus on life in the first half of the twentieth century.

我将从一个简短的地区的历史开始，然后集中于第二十世纪上半的生活。

Back in the first to the fourth centuries AD, when the Romans controlled England, London grew into a town of 45,000 people, and what's now the East End - the area by the river Thames, and along the road heading north - east from London to the coast - consisted of farmland with crops and livestock which helped to feed that population.

在公元前第一至第四世纪，当罗马人统治英国，伦敦发展成了一个45000人的小镇，和现在的东区泰晤士河边的地区，并沿公路向东北方从伦敦到海岸有作物和牲畜的饲料，这帮助养育人口。

The Romans left in 410, at the beginning of the fifth century, and from then onwards the country suffered a series of invasions by tribes from present - day Germany and Denmark, the Angles, Saxons and Jutes, many of whom settled in the East End.

在410罗马人离开，在第五个世纪开始，从那时起，该国遭受了一系列的部落入侵，从今天的德国和丹麦，盎格鲁撒克逊人和朱特人，许多定居在东区。

The technology they introduced meant that metal and leather goods were produced there for the first time.

他们介绍的技术意味着金属和皮革制品在那里第一次生产。

And as the East End was by the river, ships could transport goods between there and foreign markets.

东方的尽头是河，船可以在那里和国外市场之间运送货物。

In the eleventh century, in 1066 to be precise, the Normans conquered England, and during the next few centuries London became one of the most powerful and prosperous cities in Europe.

在第十一世纪，精确的说是1066，诺曼人征服了英国，并在接下来的几个世纪，伦敦成为欧洲最强大和繁荣的城市。

The East End benefited from this, and because there were fewer restrictions there than in the city itself, plenty of newcomers settled there from abroad, bringing their skills as workers, merchants or money - lenders during the next few hundred years.

东方的最终得益于此，因为在城市本身有更少的限制，许多来自国外的移民在那里定居，在未来的几百年里，他们的技能是工人、商人或是钱的贷款。

In the sixteenth century the first dock was dug where ships were constructed, eventually making the East End the focus of massive international trade.

在第十六个世纪，挖了第一个码头，船就开始的建造，最终使得东方成为了大规模的国际贸易的焦点。

And in the late sixteenth century, when much of the rest of England was suffering economically, a lot of agricultural workers came to the East End to look for alternative work.

在第十六世纪末，当英国许多其他地区的经济低迷，许多农业工人来到东区寻找工作。

In the seventeenth century, the East End was still a series of separate, semi - rural settlements.

在第十七世纪．东方的最后还是一系列的独立、半乡村的聚落。

There was a shortage of accommodation, so marshland was drained and built on to house the large numbers of people now living there.

住宿不足，所以抽干沼泽地上建房子，现在依然有大量的人住在那里。

By the nineteenth century London was the busiest port in the world, and this became the main source of employment in the East End.

到了第十九世纪，伦敦是世界上最繁忙的港口，而这也成为了东部地区就业的主要来源。

Those who could afford to live in more pleasant surroundings moved out, and the area became one where the vast majority of people lived in extreme poverty, and suffered from appalling sanitary conditions.

那些能负担得起在更令人愉快的环境中居住的人，这一地区绝大多数人生活在极端贫困中，并遭受了可怕的卫生条件。