考满分 ielts

C12-Test 8

听力阅读写作

Part 1

Read the text below and answer questions 1-13.
The History of Glass

From our earliest origins, man has been making use of glass. Historians have discovered that a type of natural glass -obsidian -formed in places such as the mouth of a volcano as a result of the intense heat of an eruption melting sand-was first used as tips for spears. Archaeologists have even found evidence of man-made glass which dates back to 4000 BC;this took the form of glazes used for coating stone beads. It was not until 1500 BC, however, that the first hollow glass container was made by covering a sand core with a layer of molten glass.

Glass blowing became the most common way to make glass containers from the first century BC.The glass made during this time was highly coloured due to the impurities of the raw material. In the first century AD, methods of creating colourless glass were developed, which was then tinted by the addition of colouring materials. The secret of glass making was taken across Europe by the Romans during this century. However, they guarded the skills and technology required to make glass very closely, and it was not until their empire collapsed in 476 AD that glass-making knowledge became widespread throughout Europe and the Middle East. From the 10th century onwards, the Venetians gained reputation for technical skill and artistic ability in the making of glass bottles, and many of the city's craftsmen left Italy to set up glassworks throughout Europe.

A major milestone in the history of glass occurred with the invention of lead crystal glass by the English glass manufacturer George Ravenscroft (1632-1683). He attempted to counter the effect of clouding that sometimes occurred in blown glass by introducing lead to the raw materials used in the process. The new glass he created was softer and easier to decorate,and had a higher refractive index, adding to its brilliance and beauty, and it proved invaluable to the optical industry. It is thanks to Ravenscroft's invention that optical lenses, astronomical telescopes, microscopes and the like became possible.

In Britain, the modern glass industry only really started to develop after the repeal of the Excise Act in 1845. Before that time, heavy taxes had been placed on the amount of glass melted in a glasshouse, and were levied continuously from 1745 to 1845. Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace at London's Great Exhibition of 1851 marked the beginning of glass as a material used in the building industry. This revolutionary new building encouraged the use of glass in public,domestic and horticultural architecture. Glass manufacturing techniques also improved with the advancement of science and the development of better technology.

From 1887 on wards, glass making developed from traditional mouth-blowing to a semi-automatic process, after factory-owner HM Ashley introduced a machine capable of producing 200 bottles per hour in Castleford, Yorkshire, England - more than three times quicker than any previous production method. Then in 1907, the first fully automated machine was developed in the USA by Michael Owens - founder of the Owens Bottle Machine Company (later the major manufacturers Owens Illinois) - and installed in its factory. Owens' invention could produce an impressive 2,500 bottles per hour. Other developments followed rapidly, but it was not until the First World War, when Britain became cut off from essential glass suppliers, that glass became part of the scientific sector. Previous to this, glass had been seen as a craft rather than a precise science.

Today, glass making is big business. It has become a modem, hi-tech industry operating in a fiercely competitive global market where quality, design and service levels are critical to maintaining market share. Modem glass plants are capable of making millions of glass containers a day in many different colours, with green, brown and clear remaining the most popular. Few of us can imagine modem life with out glass. It features in almost every aspect of our lives - in our homes, our cars and whenever we sit down to eat or drink. Glass packaging is used for many products, many beverages are sold in glass, as are numerous foodstuffs,as well as medicines and cosmetics.

Glass is an ideal material for recycling, and with growing consumer concern for green issues,glass bottles and jars are becoming ever more popular.Glass recycling is good news for the environment. It saves used glass containers being sent to landfill. As less energy is needed to melt recycled glass than to melt down raw materials,this also saves fuel and production costs. Recycling also reduces the need for raw materials to be quarried,thus saving precious resources.
Questions 1-8

Complete the notes below.
Choose
ONE WORD ONLY
from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet.

· Early humans used a material called to make the sharp points of their .

· 4000 BC: made of stone were covered in a coating of man-made glass.

· First century BC: glass was coloured because of the in the material.

· Until 476 AD: Only the knew how to make glass.

· From 10th century: Venetians became famous for making bottles out of glass.

· 17th century: George Ravenscroft developed a process using to avoid the occurrence of in blown glass.

· Mid-19th century: British glass production developed after changes to laws concerning .

我的答案： 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

正确答案： 1.obsidian   2.spears   3.beads   4.impurities   5.Romans   6.lead   7.clouding   8.taxes

查看解析

1 解析

题干：Early humans used a material called __1__ to make the sharp points of their __2__ .
定位词：Early humans、materials
答案句：Historians have discovered that a type of natural glass – obsidian – … was first used as tips for spears.
历史学家发现，一种天然玻璃——黑曜石——最早被用作长矛的尖端。
同义替换：
early humans = historians have discovered
material called = a type of natural glass
sharp points = tips

2 解析

题干：Early humans used a material called __1__ to make the sharp points of their __2__ .
定位词：Early humans、materials
答案句：Historians have discovered that a type of natural glass – obsidian – … was first used as tips for spears.
历史学家发现，一种天然玻璃——黑曜石——最早被用作长矛的尖端。
同义替换：
early humans = historians have discovered
material called = a type of natural glass
sharp points = tips

3 解析

题干：4000 BC: __3__ made of stone were covered in a coating of man-made glass.
定位词：4000 BC、man-made、stone
答案句：evidence of man-made glass which dates back to 4000 BC; this took the form of glazes used for coating stone beads.
考古学家发现，公元前 4000 年的人造玻璃以釉层的形式覆盖在石制珠子上。
同义替换：
made of stone = stone beads
covered in a coating = glazes used for coating

4 解析

题干：First century BC: glass was coloured because of the __4__ in the material.
定位词：First century BC、coloured
答案句：The glass made during this time was highly coloured due to the impurities of the raw material.
这一时期制造的玻璃颜色较深，是由于原材料中的杂质。
同义替换：
coloured because of = due to
in the material = of the raw material

5 解析

题干：Until 476 AD: Only the __5__ knew how to make glass.
定位词：476 AD
答案句：The secret of glass making was taken across Europe by the Romans… they guarded the skills and technology required to make glass very closely…
玻璃制造的秘密由罗马人传播，但他们严密守护这些技术。
同义替换：
knew how to make glass = guarded the skills and technology

6 解析

题干：17th century: George Ravenscroft developed a process using __6__ to avoid the occurrence of __7__ in blown glass.
定位词：17th century、George Ravenscroft
答案句：
by introducing lead to the raw materials used in the process.
他通过在原材料中加入铅来改进玻璃制造工艺。
He attempted to counter the effect of clouding that sometimes occurred in blown glass…
他试图解决吹制玻璃中有时出现的浑浊问题。
同义替换：
process using = introducing
avoid the occurrence of = counter the effect of

7 解析

题干：17th century: George Ravenscroft developed a process using __6__ to avoid the occurrence of __7__ in blown glass.
定位词：17th century、George Ravenscroft
答案句：
by introducing lead to the raw materials used in the process.
他通过在原材料中加入铅来改进玻璃制造工艺。
He attempted to counter the effect of clouding that sometimes occurred in blown glass…
他试图解决吹制玻璃中有时出现的浑浊问题。
同义替换：
process using = introducing
avoid the occurrence of = counter the effect of

8 解析

题干：Mid-19th century: British glass production developed after changes to laws concerning __8__ .
定位词：Mid-19th century、British glass
答案句：
developed after the repeal of the Excise Act in 1845. Before that time, heavy taxes had been placed on the amount of glass melted…
英国玻璃工业在 1845 年废除消费税法后才真正发展起来，此前玻璃生产被征收高额税费。
同义替换：
changes to laws = repeal of the Excise Act

Questions 9-13

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE
if the statement agrees with the information given in the text.
FALSE
if the statement contradicts the information.
NOT GIVEN
if there is no information on this.

9 In 1887, HM Ashley had the fastest bottle-producing machine that existed at the time.

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

10 Michael Owens was hired by a large US company to design a fully-automated bottle manufacturing machine for them

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

11 Nowadays, most glass is produced by large international manufacturers.

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

12 Concern for the environment is leading to an increased demand for glass containers.

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

13 It is more expensive to produce recycled glass than to manufacture new glass.

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

我的答案：

正确答案： 9.TRUE   10.FALSE    11.NOT GIVEN   12.TRUE   13.FALSE

查看解析

9 解析

译文：在1887年，HM Ashley拥有当时最快的玻璃瓶生产机器。
定位词：1887, HM Ashley
第五段第一句：From 1887 onwards, glass making developed from traditional mouth-blowing to a semi-automatic process, after factory owner HM Ashley introduced a machine capable of producing 200 bottles per hour in Castleford, Yorkshire, England - more than three times quicker than any previous production method.
本题的定位非常容易，无论是时间1887还是人名HM Ashley 都出现在同一个句子里，给出相应信息的也是这一句话。考生只需耐心阅读分析，看懂这种方法的细节修饰是“比任何先前的生产方法都快了三倍还多”，便可得出正确答案为TRUE。

10 解析

译文：Michael Owens受雇于一家大型美国公司来为其设计一种全自动的玻璃瓶生产机器。
定位词：Michael Owens
第五段第二句: Then in 1907, the first fully automated machine was developed in the USA by Michael Owens - founder of the Owens Bottle Machine Company (later the major manufacturers Owens-Illinois)- and installed in its factory.
本题可直接根据大写人名定位，然后考生只需大致分析句子结构，得出原文所表述的意思是:第一部全自动机器由Owens改进建成，而Owens本人还创立了玻璃瓶生产机厂,该厂后来发展成为大型制造商。可知建造机器和发展工厂都是由Owens本人完成，并非受雇于其他机构，这否定了题干信息，因此答案为FALSE。

11 解析

译文：今天，大多数玻璃都是由大型国际生产商所生产制造的。
定位词：nowadays, most, large International manufacturers
本题的句意并不难懂，考生只需耐心读题便可正确理解，再回到原文定位，会发现文章中确实没有提及与此相关的信息，第六段中说玻璃制造是大产业、全球市场竞争激烈、现代工厂生产大量玻璃制品等信息，都与题干并不直接相关，可判断此题答案为NOT GIVEN。

12 解析

译文：对环境的关注正在导致对玻璃容器的需求量增加。
定位词：environment, increased demand
第七段第一句：Glass is an ideal material for recycling, and with growing consumer concern for green issues, glass bottles and jars are becoming ever more popular.
本题的定位关键在于考生需知道green一词除了字面的“绿色"词义外，还可以指“环保的"，即可准确将题干定位到相应原文,进而得出本题答案为TRUE。

13 解析

译文：要生产回收玻璃比制造新玻璃更昂责。
定位词：more expensive, recycled, new
第七段倒数第二句：As less energy is needed to melt recycled glass than to melt down raw materials, this also saves fuel and production costs.
本题无论是题干句还是对应原文句，句式结构都不复杂，所用词汇也都非常基础，原文说回收玻璃消耗能量更少因而节约燃料和生产成本,题干则说生产回收玻璃比制造新玻璃更贵，二者明显相悖，因此答案为FALSE。
Part 2

Read the text below and answer questions 14-26.
Bring back the big cats

34It's time to start returning vanished native animals to Britain, says John Vesty

There is a poem, written around 598 AD, which describes hunting a mystery animal called a llewyn. But what was it? Nothing seemed to fit, until 2006, when an animal bone, dating from around the same period, was found in the Kinsey Cave in northern England. Until this discovery,the lynx - a large spotted cat with tasselled ears - was presumed to have died out in Britain at least 6,000 years ago, before the inhabitant of these islands took up farming. But the 2006 find, together with three others in Yorkshire and Scotland, is compelling evidence that the lynx and the mysterious llewyn were ,in fact one and the same animal. If this is so, it would bring forward the tassel-eared cat's estimated extinction date by roughly 5,000 years.

However, this is not quite the last glimpse of the animal in British culture. A 9th-Century stone cross from the Isle of Eigg shows, alongside the deer, boar and aurochs pursued by a mounted hunter, a speckled cat with tasselled ears. Were it not for the animal's backside having worn away with time, we could have been certain, as the lynx's stubby tail is unmistakable. But even without this key feature, it's hard to see what else the creature could have been. The lynx is now becoming the totemic animal of a movement that is transforming British environmentalism: rewilding.

Rewilding means the mass restoration of damaged ecosystems. It involves letting trees return to places that have been denuded, allowing parts of the seabed to recover from trawling and dredging,permitting rivers to flow freely again.Above all, it means bringing back missing species. One of the most striking findings of modern ecology is that ecosystems without large predators behave in completely different ways from those that retain them. Some of them drive dynamic processes that resonate through the whole food chain,creating niches for hundreds of species that might other else struggle to survive. The killers turn out to be bringers of life.

Such findings present a big challenge to British conservation, which has often selected arbitrary assemblages of plants and animals and sought, at great effort and expense, to prevent them from changing. It has tried to preserve the living world as if it were a jar of pick, letting nothing in and nothing out, keeping nature in a state of arrested development. But ecosystems are not merely collections of species; they are also the dynamic and ever-shifting relationships between them. And this dynamism often depends on large predators.

At sea the potential is even greater:by protecting large areas from commercial fishing, we could once more see what 18th-century literature describes: vast shoals of fish being chased by fin and sperm whales, with in sight of the English shore. This policy would also greatly boost catches in the surrounding seas; the fishing industry`S insistence on scouring every inch of seabed, leaving no breeding reserves, could not be more damaging to its own interests.

Rewilding is a rare example of an environmental movement in which campaigners articulate what they are for rather than only what they are against. One of the reasons why the enthusiasm for rewilding is spreading so quickly in Britain is that it helps to create a more inspiring vision than the green movement`s usual promise of `Follow us and the world will be slightly less awful than it would otherwise have been.`

The lynx presents no threat to human beings: there is no known instance of one preying on people. It is a specialist predator of roe deer, a species that has exploded in Britain in recent decades, holding back, by intensive browsing, attempts to re-establish forests. It will also winkle out sika deer: an exotic species that is almost impossible for human beings to control, as it hides in impenetrable plantations of young trees.The attempt to reintroduce this predator marries well with the aim of bringing.forests back to parts of our bare and barren uplands. The lynx requires deep cover, and as such presents little risk to sheep and other livestock, which are supposed, as a condition of farm subsidies, to be kept out of the woods.

On a recent trip to the Cairngorm Mountains, I heard several conservationists suggest that the lynx could be reintroduced there within 20 years. If trees return to the bare hills elsewhere in Britain, the big cats could soon follow. There is nothing extraordinary about these proposals, seen from the perspective of anywhere else in Europe. The lynx has now been reintroduced to the Jura Mountains, the Alps, the Vosges in eastern France and the Harz mountains in Germany, and has re-established itself in many more places. The European population has tripled since 1970 to roughly 10,000. As with wolves, bears, beavers, boar , bison, moose and many other species, the lynx has been able to spread as farming has left the hills and people discover that it is more lucrative to protect charismatic wildlife than to hunt it, as tourists will pay for the chance to see it. Large-scale rewilding is happening almost everywhere - except Britain.

Here, attitudes are just beginning to change.Conservationists are starting to accept that the old preservation-jar model is failing, even on its own terms. Already, projects such as Trees for Life in the Highlands provide a hint of what might be coming. An organisation is being set up that will seek to catalyse the rewilding of land and sea across Britain, its aim being to reintroduce that rarest of species to British ecosystems: hope.
Questions 14-18

Choose the correct letter
A, B, C
or
D
.
Write your answers in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.

14 What did the 2006 discovery of the animal bone reveal about the lynx?

A .
Its physical appearance was very distinctive.

B .
Its extinction was linked to the spread of farming.

C .
It vanished from Britain several thousand years ago.

D .
It survived in Britain longer than was previously thought.

15 What point does the writer make about large predators in the third paragraph?

A .
Their presence can increase biodiversity.

B .
They may cause damage to local ecosystems.

C .
Their behaviour can alter according to the environment.

D .
They should be reintroduced only to areas where they were native.

16 What does the writer suggest about British conservation in the fourth paragraph?

A .
It has failed to achieve its aims.

B .
It is beginning to change direction.

C .
It has taken a misguided approach.

D .
It has focused on the most widespread species.

17 Protecting large areas of the sea from commercial fishing would result in

A .
practical benefits for the fishing industry.

B .
some short-term losses to the fishing industry.

C .
widespread opposition from the fishing industry.

D .
certain changes to techniques within the fishing industry.

18 According to the author, what distinguishes rewilding from other environmental campaigns?

A .
Its objective is more achievable.

B .
Its supporters are more articulate.

C .
Its positive message is more appealing.

D .
It is based on sounder scientific principles.

我的答案：

正确答案： 14. D   15. A   16. C   17. A   18. C

查看解析

14 解析

译文：2006年发现的那块动物骨头揭示了关于猞猁的什么信息?
定位词：2006, bone
第一段：整段内容
本题虽然可以根据数字2006定位到第一段的第三句话，但如果考生仅读这一句是无法得出结论的，因为本句只说了“在某地发现一块与前文时代相同的骨头“，这与选项的任何一条信息都无法匹配。再顺序阅读下一句话时，考生可以从句中的was presumed得到暗示，表明“曾经以为是这样”"，亦即是暗示“事情并非如此”，但单凭这点些微信息似乎也不能锁定答案;直到再读两句大意，也就是基本完成了全段的阅读，才能完全肯定答案为D项:它在英国生存的时间比原先人们所以为的要更久。
A项“它的外观体征非常独特”，这确实是第一段内所提到的信息，却不是2006年发现的那块骨头所揭示的内容: B项“它的灭绝与农业的发展传播有关”，与段中“人类还没开始农耕它们就灭绝了”相矛盾，虽说这是曾经被认为的看法，并不正确，但也不能就此说明二者存在关联性; C项“它在好几千年前就从英国消失了”结合段意可知按照2006年的证据，猞猁的灭绝要推迟大约5000年，这样一来就并非是 “灭绝了好几千年”那么久。

15 解析

译文：作者在第三段里关于大型猎食动物提出了什么看法?
定位词：third paragraph, large predators
第三段后三句：One of the most striking findings of modem ecology is that ecosystems without large predators behave incompletely different ways from those that retain them. Some of them drive dynamic processes that resonate through the wholefood chain, creating niches for hundreds of species that might otherwise struggle to survive. The killers turn out to be bringers of life.
考生可直接根据题干的提示前往第三段，再依据“大型猎食动物”具体定位到本段的倒数第三句话。本句的句式结构略显复杂，详细分析可以参见前文“佳句赏析”中的第二句。本句主旨在于点出“大型猎食动物能够使得生态系统大有不同”，但这种不同到底是什么，则需要考生继续向下阅读。后两句以不同的方式表达了相同的信息:因为有它们，才带动了多样的物种。由此可得正确答案为选项A:它们的存在可以增加生物多样性。
B项说“它们有可能对本地生态系统造成破坏”，与原文内容恰好矛盾对立C项说“它们的行为可以根据环境条件而改变”；D项说“它们应该只被重新放归到那些它们原来土生土长的地方去”，这两个选项都并未在文中被提及。

16 解析

译文：在第四段里，作者关于英国的环境保护提出了什么看法?
定位词：fourth paragraph, British conservation
第四段：整段内容
本段篇幅不长，句式也都不算复杂，但如果考生只看段首第一旬，则只能得出“新的发现为英国环保提出了新挑战”这个结论：至于作者究竟对原先的环保做法持什么态度，今后到底该如何调整改变，都需再向下多阅读两句，然后才能得出正确答案应为选项C：它采取了一个错误方针指导下的办法。
A项说“它没能达成其目的" ; B项说“它开始转变了方向”，对这两项如果不进行仔细分辨的话，似乎可以作为从原文的“提出了一个大挑战”中似是而非地推导出来的引申含义：面临挑战意味着目的没有达成，应当调整方向；然而接下F来的几句话却是在进一步批评英国环保的错误做法，因此C项才是更精准的对应。D项说“它主要关注的是分布最广泛的物种”，这与原文中的“随机选取"相矛盾。

17 解析

译文：保护大面积海域不受商业捕捞打扰将会造成什么结果?
定位词：sea, Commercial fishing
第五段：整段内容
本段篇幅短小，一共只有两个句子。其中第一句话的结构略复杂，详细分析可以参见前文“佳句赏析”中的第三句。虽然考生可以根据题干中的sea和commercial fishing 定位到第一句话，这句里却并不包含可以与四个选项相对应的信息，需继续阅读到第二句话，明白此句说“目前的商业捕捞方式对其自身利益最为有害”，进而推理出“改变这种模式对其有好处”，从而得出正确答案为A项:对捕鱼业有着现实的好处。
B项说“给捕鱼业造成一些短期的损失”，考生切忌在此进行过度推理:既然不让清扫所有海域来捕鱼，那么势必会使短期内捕捞的鱼量下降.这并非原文想表达的重点; C项说“来自捕鱼业的广泛反对”; D项说“捕鱼业内部的一些技术方面的改变”，这两项在本段中都完全不曾被提及。

18 解析

译文：按照作者的看法，是什么将“重归乡野”区别于其他环保活动的?
定位词：distinguishes, other
第六段：整段内容
本段与上一段的情况类似，篇幅虽短但其中的两个句子结构却略复杂，关于第二句的详细分析可以参见前文“佳句赏析"中的第四句，对比文意可知“重归乡野”运动所展示的前景更为光明，由此得出正确答案为选项C:它的积极信息更有吸引力。
A项说 “它的目标更好实现” ;B项说 “它的支持者更大声地发表主张”; D项说“它基于更可靠的科学原理”。这三项的内容在本段中都完全不曾被提及。

Questions 19-22

Complete the summary using the list of words,
A-F
below.
Write the correct letter,
A-F
, in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.

A. trees

B. endangered species

C. hillsides

D. wild animals

E. humans

F. farm animals

There would be many advantages to reintroducing the lynx to Britain. While there is no evidence that the lynx has ever put 19 in danger, it would reduce the numbers of certain 20 whose populations have increased enormously in recent decades. It would present only a minimal threat to 21, provided these were kept away from lynx habitats. Furthermore, the reintroduction programme would also link efficiently with initiatives to return native 22 to certain areas of the country.

我的答案： 19. 20. 21. 22.

正确答案： 19.E   20.D   21.F   22.A

查看解析

19 解析

定位词：no evidence, danger
第七段第一句：The lynx presents no threat to human beings: there is no known instance of one preying on people.
题干说“没有任何证据表明猞猁曾经使____身陷危险之中”，题干中的danger与原文中的threat都是阅读文章中的高频词汇，考生要找到这个对应的同义替换应该并不困难，原文答案为human beings,对应E项:humans。

20 解析

定位词：reduce the numbers, increased, recent decades
第七段第二句：It is a specialist predator of roe deer, a species that has exploded in Britain in recent decades, ....
题干说“它(猞猁)能减少某些____的数量，它们的种群数目在近几十年里大量增长”，考生可直接凭借题干中的recent decades定位到相应文章句中，确认roe deer正是被猞猁捕食的对象，且其数量近几十年来呈爆炸式增长，应为本题答案，对应D项: wild animals。

21 解析

定位词：minimal threat, kept away from
第七段最后一句：The lynx requires deep cover, and as such presents little risk to sheep and other livestock, which are supposed, as a condition of farm subsidies, to be kept out of the woods.
题干说“猞猁只会对___造成最小的威胁，只要它们被限制在猞俐栖息地之外的地方”。本句的理解难点在于provided一词: provide这个动词的原形表示“提供”，而加了"ed"之后的provided则指“在某条件被满足的情况之下”，与动词意思差别较大，如果考生对此不熟悉的话可能会难以理解句意。不过minimal threat 与原文中little risk的同义替换倒是雅思阅读中的常客，依据这一组对应考生也有可能锁定原文答案为sheep and other livestock，对应F项: farm animals。

22 解析

定位词：link efficiently with, return
第七段倒数第二句：The attempt to reintroduce this predator marries well with the aim of bringing forests back to parts of our bare and barren uplands.
题干说“将猞猁重新引人野外环境的项目还能有效地关联于将____重新还给这个国家(英国)中某些地区的政策”；原文中用了marry well with来替换表达题干中的link efficiently with,虽然并不常见，但marry在此显然不可能是“结婚”的意思，作为本句的谓语动词，连接attempt与aim，结合上下文而引申为“结合”的意思，对于考生来说应该不算太难理解；题干中的return 与原文bring back的对应倒是比较简单，考生只要不盲目根据“顺序原则”一味向21题定位原文的后面去寻找，耐心在第七段里阅读对比，即可锁定原文答案为forests,对应A项：trees。

Questions 23-26

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet, write
YES
if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer.
NO
if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer.
NOT GIVEN
if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.

23 Britain could become the first European country to reintroduce the lynx.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

24 The large growth in the European lynx population since 1970 has exceeded conservationists' expectations.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

25 Changes in agricultural practices have extended the habitat of the lynx in Europe.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

26 It has become apparent that species reintroduction has commercial advantages.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

我的答案：

正确答案： 23.NO   24.NOT GIVEN   25.YES   26.YES

查看解析

23 解析

译文：英国可以成为第一个将猞猁重新放归自然的欧洲国家。
定位词：first European country
第八段第三句：There is nothing extraordinary about these proposals, seen from the perspective of anywhere else in Europe.
由于前文一直在陈述英国环保的各种相关信息，考生在做到本题时应当已经明白本文通篇都在重点以“英国”为说明表述对象，因此应忽略题干中的Britain一同而直接依据European去定位，从而找到第八段内的相关内容。单从定位句意思已经可知“这些情况在除英国之外的其他欧洲各地都不稀奇”，言下之意也就是“英国必定不是第一个有这些情况的欧洲国家”;而考生如果不能青定these proposals是否真的指英国情况，则可以向前文中去阅读，确定正是在说放归猞猁的建议，仍可确定答案为NO。

24 解析

译文：large growth, 1970, exceeded, expectations
定位词：欧洲猞用种群数量自1970年以来的大规模增加超过了环保主义者们的预期。
第八段第四、五句：The lynx has now been reintroduced to the Jura Mountains, the Alps, the Vosges in eastern France and the Harz mountains in Germany, and has re-established itself in many more places. The European population has tripled since 1970 to roughly 10,000.
本题虽然是最不好把握的“原文未给出”类型，但在此处却不会给考生造成太多困扰，原因是可直接用1970定位到相关原文句，发现只是在说猞利种群数量大幅度增长，却并未提及是否“超出了环保家的预期”;如果不敢只看这一句就确认答案，可以向上看，发现距离上一道题对应的原文只差一句话，说的是猞猁已经在很多地方成功地生存发展;也可以向下看，而下一句是后面25题的答案出处。由于判断题一般都是顺序出题，因此多方确认或排除之后都可得出答案为NOT GIVEN。
温馨提示：由于判断题存在NOT GIVEN的选项，因此为了避免“前一道题确实未曾出现而后一道题已经出现却没有被发现”的情况，考生最好一次记住相邻两道题中的关键词回文定位，确保尽可能地不漏掉信息点。

25 解析

译文：农业行为的改变使得欧洲的猞猁栖息地面积有所扩张。
定位词：Changes in agricultural practices, extended, habitat
第八段倒数第二句：As with wolves, bears, beavers, boar, bison, moose and many other species, the lynx has been able to spread as farming has left the hills and people discover that it is more lucrative to protect charismatic wildlife than to hunt it, as tourists will pay for the chance to see it.
本题的难度在这组判断题中相对较高:虽然题干中的agricultural与原文中的farming是一对比较容易的对应，但据此找到的文章原句本身比较复杂，连用三个意思各不相同的“as" ，给考生的阅读理解提出了一定挑战。关于这句的详细分析,可以参见前文“佳句赏析”中的第五句。本句中的as farming has left the hills暗指题干中的“农业行为发生变化”;句意说“猞猁有能力发展并四散到各处"则是暗指题干中的“栖息地扩展”，信息皆可两两对应，因此答案为YES。

26 解析

译文：鼓励物种回归野外繁殖有其商业上的好处，这一点已变得显而易见。
定位词：Commercial advantages
第八段倒数第二句：As with wolves, bears, beavers, boar, bison, moose and many other species, the lynx has been able to spread as farming has left the hills and people discover that it is more lucrative to protect charismatic wildlife than to hunt it, as tourists will pay for the chance to see it.
本题与上一道题共用同一个定位句，这回考查的则是考生对lucrative一词的认知:保护野生动物比猎捕更“有利可图”，即可轻松得出答案为YES。如果不认识该词，那么耐心分析全句看出“游客会付费来看野生动物”，用pay来对应于commercial advantages,也能得出正确答案。
Part 3

Read the text below and answer questions 27-40.
UK companies need more effective boards of directors

27

A After a number of serious failures of governance (that is, how they are managed at the highest level), companies in Britain, as well as elsewhere, should consider radical changes to their directors' roles. It is clear that the role of a board director today is not an easy one. Following the 2008 financial meltdown, which resulted in a deeper and more prolonged period of economic downturn than anyone expected, the search for explanations in the many post-mortems of the crisis has meant blame has been spread far and wide. Governments regulators,central banks and auditors have all been in the frame. The role of bank directors and management and their widely publicised failures have been extensively picked over and examined in reports. Inquiries and commentaries.

28

B The knock-on effect of this scrutiny has been to make the governance of companies in general an issue of intense public debate and has significantly increased the pressures on, and the responsibilities of, directors. At the simplest and most practical level, the time involved in fulfilling the demands of a board directorship has increased significantly, calling into question the effectiveness of the classic model of corporate governance by part-time.independent non-executive directors. Where once a board schedule may have consisted of between eight and ten meetings a year, in many companies the number of events requiring board input and decisions has dramatically risen. Furthermore,the amount of reading and preparation required for each meeting is increasing.Agendas can become overloaded and this can mean the time for constructive debate must necessarily be restricted in favour of getting through the business.

29

C Often, board business is devolved to committees in order to cope with the workload,which may be more efficient but can mean that the board as a whole is less involved in fully addressing some of the most important issues. It is not uncommon for the audit committee meeting to last longer than the main board meeting itself. Process may take the place of discussion and be at the expense of real collaboration, so that boxes are ticked rather than issues tackled.

30

D A radical solution, which may work for some very large companies whose businesses are extensive and complex, is the professional board. whose members would work up to three or four days a week , supported by their own dedicated staff and advisers. There are obvious risks to this and it would be important to establish clear guidelines for such a board to ensure that it did not step on the toes of management by becoming too engaged in the day-to-day running of the company. Problems of recruitment,remuneration and independence could also arise and this structure would not be appropriate for all companies. However, more professional and better-informed boards would have been particularly appropriate for banks Where the executives had access to information that part-time non-executive directors lacked, leaving the latter unable to comprehend or anticipate the 2008 crash.

31

E One of the main criticisms of boards and their directors is that they do not focus sufficiently on longer-term matters of strategy, sustainability and governance, but instead concentrate too much on short-term financial metrics. Regulatory requirements and the structure of the market encourage this behaviour. The tyranny of quarterly reporting can distort board decision-making, as directors have to 'make the numbers' every four months to meet the insatiable appetite of the market for More data. This serves to encourage the trading methodology of a certain kind of investor who moves in and out of a stock without engaging in constructive dialogue with the company about strategy or performance,and is simply seeking a short-term financial gain. This effect has been made worse by the changing profile of investors due to the globalisation of capital and the increasing use of automated trading systems. Corporate culture adapts and management teams are largely incentivised to meet financial goals.

32

F Compensation for chief executives has become a combat zone where pitched battles between investors,management and board members are fought, often behind closed doors but increasingly frequently in the full glare of press attention. Many would argue that this is in the interest of transparency and good governance as shareholders use their muscle in the area of pay to pressure boards to remove underperforming chief executives. Their powers to vote down executive Remuneration policies increased when binding votes came into force. The chair of the remuneration committee can be an exposed and lonely role, as Alison Carnwath, chair of Barclays Bank`s remuneration committee, found when she had to resign, having been roundly criticised for trying to defend the enormous bonus to be paid to the chief executive; the irony being that she was widely understood to have spoken out against it in the privacy of the committee.

33

G The financial crisis stimulated a debate about the role and purpose of the company and a heightened awareness of corporate ethics. Trust in the corporation has been eroded and academics such as Michael Sandel, in his thoughtful and bestselling book What Money Can`t Buy, are questioning the morality of capitalism and the market economy. Boards of companies in all sectors will need to widen their perspective to encompass these issues and this may involve a realignment of corporate goals. We live in challenging times.
Questions 27-33

Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs,
A-G
.
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number
i-viii
in boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet.

I. Disputes over financial arrangements regarding senior managers

II. The impact on companies of being subjected to close examination

III. The possible need for fundamental change in every area of business

IV. Many external bodies being held responsible for problems

V. The falling number of board members with broad enough experience

VI. A risk that not all directors take part in solving major problems

VII. Boards not looking far enough ahead

VIII. A proposal to change the way the board operates

我的答案： 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.

正确答案： 27.IV   28.II   29.VI   30.VIII   31.VII   32.I   33.III

查看解析

27 解析

参考译文：许多外部实体都被认为要为出现的问题负责任
定位词：external bodies, responsible for problems
A段：考生要读懂本段颇有难度，原因是全部hi句话中有三句话的句式结构都比较长难，其中第三句话尤其如此,关于此句的详细分析可以参见前文“佳句赏析”的第一句;偏偏这种题还不能完全依赖只看段落开头结尾的方式来确保读懂段落大意。因此，平时多练长句精读、提升快速找准复杂句主干的能力至关重要。此外这篇文章还使用文中对应点了比较多的专业术语,例如external bodies如果直接按照字面意思理解为“外部身体”会相当令人费解，需结合本段的大致语境、明白文章背景知识应与企业经济管理类题材相关，才可大致揣摩出应当就是指文中government, regulators, central banks and auditors这类“实体”或“团体”，再大致读懂本段的几句话都在重复大众对一些管理者失职的问责和不满，从而得出正确选项为iv。

28 解析

参考译文：被暴露在近距离检视下对各公司所产生的影响
定位词：impact, subjected to close examination
B段：本段的第一句话就直接点明了段落主题:“ 上一段所说的这场近距离检视所产生的效应都有哪些”;不过前提是考生需认识scrutiny这个已在阅读文章中考过若干次的必背词汇。本段是一个典型的“总-分”结构，在第一句的主旨背景下，后面的每一句话都是在从一个方面说明“人们探索经济衰退的原因，从而开始检视公司运营管理机制，于是所造成的影响”，例如第二句说“人们开始质疑传统的非执行董事管理模式”，本句语法结构略复杂，详细解析可以参见前文“佳句赏析”中的第二句;第三句说“董事会碰头会议时间大幅度增加”；第四句说“需提前完成的工作也增多”；最后一句则给出了这些变化所造成的结果。后四句都是在进一步延伸说明第一句话的主题，因此正确答案为ii。

29 解析

参考译文：有个风险在于并非所有管理者都参与解决重大问题
定位词：risk, not all, solving major problems
C段：本段相对难度较低，最主要原因是段落篇幅短小，一共只有三句话，全部围绕文中着“董事会工作移交给其他委员会，因此董事们常常没有参与真正解决最重要的问题”这个主题展开，正确答案为vi。

30 解析

参考译文：一项改变董事会运作方式的建议
定位词：change, way, operates
D段：本段也是在第一句话里就直接开宗明义地给出了radical solution “激进的解决办法”这个主题。接下来的三句话都是就这一主题进一步展开细节描述,例如这个方法存在一定风险和问题，也未必适用于所有公司，但对于银行系统来说会非常有效，等等，也是个典型的“总-分”结构。考生面临的问题仍是找准句子主干、理解四句话之间的关联。其中最后一句话结构较为复杂，其详细分析可以参见前文“佳句赏析”中的第三旬。理解了这几句话的意思和关联即可得知正确答案为viii。

31 解析

参考译文：董事会对未来看得不够长远
定位词：not looking far enough ahead
E段：本段虽然篇幅比较长，但难度并不算高,因为第一句话就点明了中心:人们批评董事会的一个重要原因是太过短视，不去关注长远发展而是太过专注短期收益。只要考生认真读懂此句，即可获得全段大意的提示。本句的句型结构略显复杂,细节分析可以参见前文“佳句赏析”中的第四句。值得一提的是，这句原文里同时还包含了后面第39题的答案，着实值得考生花一点时间精力来真正弄懂。接下来的段落结构依然采取“总-分”的模式，进一步细述各种经营压力、市场变化和投资者成员变动都进一步鼓励了这种行为，可知正确答案为vii。

32 解析

参考译文：关于高级经管者财政收入安排的不同意见
定位词：disputes, financial arrangements, senior managers
F段：本段仍遵循“总-分”的结构，在第一句话里就表明“一个各方争论的主战场在于首席执行官们的薪酬”，这其中compensation表示“薪酬”的意思考生可能不太熟悉，但“首席执行官chief executives”与“高级经管者senior managers"的对应理应不难看出。当然，如果考生在此并未完全读懂句子，那么继续向下阅读另外几句内容，也可以从pay, bonus, to be paid这样的信息中看出端倪，从而得出正确答案为i。

33 解析

参考译文：商业的每个领域也许都需要进行一些根本性变革
定位词：possible need, fundamental change, every area
G段：本段篇幅不长，一共只有四句话;作为总结段，其“回顾全文大意”的功能也毫无悬念。通读全段可知作者正是在总结前文的叙述，重申“问题引起人们思考和质疑，目前公司的经营管理方法需要改变”这个全文主题，由此对应于正确答案iii。

Questions 34-37

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 34-37 on your answer sheet, write
YES
if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer.
NO
if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer.
NOT GIVEN
if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.

34 Close scrutiny of the behaviour of boards has increased since the economic downturn.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

35 Banks have been mismanaged to a greater extent than other businesses.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

36 Board meetings normally continue for as long as necessary to debate matters in full.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

37 Using a committee structure would ensure that board members are fully informed about significant issues.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

我的答案：

正确答案： 34.YES   35.NOT GIVEN   36.NO   37.NO

查看解析

34 解析

译文：自从经济低迷以来，对董事会行为的严密检视加强了。
定位词：close scrutiny, behaviour of boards, economic downturn
从A段第二句开始到B段第一句：...the role of a board director... Following the 2008 financial meltdown, ... The knock-on effect of this scrutiny...
本题如果不参考文章背景而孤立来解答，就会显得难度很高，主要是由于题干中的几个关键信息是分散在多个句子中给出的: board 一词在A段第二句中可以找到;economic downturn则可以在第三句中找到类似的表达financial meltdown; scrutiny 却直到B段第一句话里才露身影。考生如果只一心想要靠关键词来定位寻找答案的话，必定会感到疑惑。实则本题其实与第一段的段落大意密切相关，考生如果先完成了本文第27题，应当知晓本段正是在说“人们开始更加密切地审视和问责各种实体机构，董事会作为其中之一也不例外”。B段第一句话中的this scrutiny 也是在进一步确认这一点，由此可知答案为YES。

35 解析

译文：银行业内存在着比其他企业内部更高程度的错误管理。
定位词：banks, greater extent
本题的定位倒是不算难，可以在A段倒数第二句里直接看到原词banks,但此句说的是各种实体和组织都受到人们的检视和问责,并没有提及“银行的错误管理程度更高”这个信息。然而本题的麻烦之处在于:虽然本句没有，但考生却不能仅凭这一句就判定答案是“未被提及”，而是还需向后再阅读几句，方能肯定确实如此，由此会增加一定的阅读量负担；且下一道题定位在C段之中，这就意味着考生在上一道34题和下一道36题所划定的较大文章范围内，需几经定位尝试才能肯定答案为NOT GIVEN。

36 解析

译文：董事会议通常会一直持续进行下去，充分讨论辩证各项事务需要多长时间就开多久。
定位词：board meetings, debate matters in full
C段第二、三句：It is not uncommon for the audit committee meeting to last longer than the main board meeting itself. Process may take the place of discussion and beat the expense of real collaboration, so that boxes are ticked rather than issues tackled.   题目: Board meetings normally continue for as long as necessary to debate matters in full.
本题的准度与前两道相比稍低一些。考生可直接利用board meeting 这一关键词定位到相应原文，且由于本段还需考生做答List of Headings题型、选出段落大意，结合方才对段落内容的阅读理解可知，董事会议往往还不如行使执行功能的某个委员会开会时间长，原文与题干信息相矛盾抵触，因此答案为NO。

37 解析

译文：启用一个委员会结构将会确保董事会成员能对重要问题有着充分了解。
定位词：committee structure, ensure, fully informed
从C段到D段
本题的难度比较高，其中一个重要原因在于:考生如果单纯依靠题干中的若干关键词回原文中定位，就会感到似乎没有找到而无所适从，这个情况与第34题类似。committee一词实际出现在C段之中，但C段并未明确提及“确保董事会足够了解重大事态”这条信息,相反还提及了“董事会开会时长不足，主要精力放在了走流程而非探讨解决问题上”.暗示这种操作方法显然无法确保董事们都获得充分信息;如果耐心读到D段还会发现，董事会成员如果是兼职和非执行性的，那么他们确实就缺乏信息和知识来理解和预见未来事态，更好的解决办法应当是组建一个专业董事会来更好地执行，由此可推知，启用委员会结构也无法确保董事会成员充分了解事态，题干与此相矛盾，因此答案为NO。

Questions 38-40

Complete the sentence below.
Choose
ONE WORD ONLY
from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.

38 Before 2008, non-executive directors were at a disadvantage because of their lack of.

39 Boards tend to place too much emphasis on considerations that are only of short-term relevance.

40 On certain matters, such as pay, the board may have to accept the views of .

我的答案： 38. 39. 40.

正确答案： 38.information   39.financial   40.shareholders,investors

查看解析

38 解析

Before 2008, non-executive directors were at a disadvantage because of their lack of ____ .
定位词：Before 2008, disadvantage, lack of
答案句：However, more professional and better-informed boards would have been particularly appropriate for banks where the executives had access to information that part-time non-executive directors lacked, leaving the latter unable to comprehend or anticipate the 2008 crash.
然而，对于银行来说，更专业、信息更充分的董事会本会特别合适，因为银行高管能够接触到兼职非执行董事所缺乏的信息，使后者无法理解或预见 2008 年的危机。
同义替换：
Before 2008 = anticipate the 2008 crash
non-executive directors = part-time non-executive directors / the latter
were at a disadvantage = unable to comprehend or anticipate

39 解析

Boards tend to place too much emphasis on ____ considerations that are only of short-term relevance.
定位词：too much emphasis, short-term relevance
答案句：One of the main criticisms of boards and their directors is that they do not focus sufficiently on longer-term matters of strategy, sustainability and governance, but instead concentrate too much on short-term financial metrics.
对董事会及其董事的主要批评之一是，他们没有充分关注战略、可持续性和治理等长期问题，而是过度专注于短期财务指标。
同义替换：
tend to place too much emphasis on = concentrate too much on
considerations = metrics

40 解析

On certain matters, such as pay, the board may have to accept the views of ____ .
定位词：certain matters, pay, accept the views of
答案句：Many would argue that this is in the interest of transparency and good governance as shareholders use their muscle in the area of pay to pressure boards to remove underperforming chief executives.
许多人会认为，这有利于透明度和良好治理，因为股东在薪酬领域利用自己的影响力向董事会施压，要求撤换表现不佳的首席执行官。
同义替换：
On certain matters, such as pay = in the area of pay
the board may have to accept the views of = shareholders … pressure boards to …

Review

Part 1

Part 2

Part 3

考满分 ielts

C12-Test 8

Part 1

1 解析

2 解析

3 解析

4 解析

5 解析

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Part 2

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Part 3

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39 解析

40 解析