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Part 1
Read the text below and answer questions 1-13.
Ant Intelligence
When we think of intelligent members of the animal kingdom, the creatures that spring immediately to mind are apes and monkeys. But in fact the social lives of some members of the insect kingdom are sufficiently complex to suggest more than a hint of intelligence. Among these, the world of the ant has come in for considerable scrutiny lately, and the idea that ants demonstrate sparks of cognition has certainly not been rejected by those involved in these investigations.
Ants store food, repel attackers and use chemical signals to contact one another in case of attack. Such chemical communication can be compared to the human use of visual and auditory channels (as in religious chants, advertising images and jingles, political slogans and martial music) to arouse and propagate moods and attitudes. The biologist Lewis Thomas wrote, 'Ants are so much like human beings as to be an embarrassment. They farm fungi, raise aphids* as livestock, launch armies to war, use chemical sprays to alarm and confuse enemies, capture slaves, engage in child labour, exchange information ceaselessly. They do everything but watch television.' However, in ants there is no cultural transmission everything must be encoded in the genes - whereas in humans the opposite is true. Only basic instincts are carried in the genes of a newborn baby, other skills being learned from others in the community as the child grows up. It may seem that this cultural continuity gives us a huge advantage over ants. They have never mastered fire nor progressed. Their fungus farming and aphid herding crafts are sophisticated when compared to the agricultural skills of humans five thousand years ago but have been totally overtaken by modern human agribusiness.
Or have they? The farming methods of ants are at least sustainable. They do not ruin environments or use enormous amounts of energy. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that the crop farming of ants may be more sophisticated and adaptable than was thought.
Ants were farmers fifty million years before humans were. Ants can't digest the cellulose in leaves - but some fungi can. The ants therefore cultivate these fungi in their nests, bringing them leaves to feed on, and then use them as a source of food. Farmer ants secrete antibiotics to control other fungi that might act as 'weeds', and spread waste to fertilise the crop.
It was once thought that the fungus that ants cultivate was a single type that they had propagated, essentially unchanged from the distant past. Not so. Ulrich Mueller of Maryland and his colleagues genetically screened 862 different types of fungi taken from ants' nests. These turned out to be highly diverse: it seems that ants are continually domesticating new species. Even more impressively, DNA analysis of the fungi suggests that the ants improve or modify the fungi by regularly swapping and sharing strains with neighbouring ant colonies.
Whereas prehistoric man had no exposure to urban lifestyles - the forcing house of intelligence - the evidence suggests that ants have lived in urban settings for close on a hundred million years, developing and maintaining underground cities of specialised chambers and tunnels.
When we survey Mexico City, Tokyo, Los Angeles, we are amazed at what has been accomplished by humans. Yet Hoelldobler and Wilson's magnificent work for ant lovers, The Ants, describes a supercolony of the ant Formica yessensis on the Ishikari Coast of Hokkaido. This 'megalopolis' was reported to be composed of 360 million workers and a million queens living in 4,500 interconnected nests across a territory of 2.7 square kilometres.
Such enduring and intricately meshed levels of technical achievement outstrip by far anything achieved by our distant ancestors. We hail as masterpieces the cave paintings in southern France and elsewhere, dating back some 20,000 years. Ant societies existed in something like their present form more than seventy million years ago. Beside this, prehistoric man looks technologically primitive. Is this then some kind of intelligence, albeit of a different kind?
Research conducted at Oxford, Sussex and Zürich Universities has shown that when desert ants return from a foraging trip, they navigate by integrating bearings and distances, which they continuously update in their heads. They combine the evidence of visual landmarks with a mental library of local directions, all within a framework which is consulted and updated. So ants can learn too.
And in a twelve-year programme of work, Ryabko and Reznikova have found evidence that ants can transmit very complex messages. Scouts who had located food in a maze returned to mobilise their foraging teams. They engaged in contact sessions, at the end of which the scout was removed in order to observe what her team might do. Often the foragers proceeded to the exact spot in the maze where the food had been. Elaborate precautions were taken to prevent the foraging team using odour clues. Discussion now centres on whether the route through the maze is communicated as a 'left-right' sequence of turns or as a 'compass bearing and distance' message.
During the course of this exhaustive study, Reznikova has grown so attached to her laboratory ants that she feels she knows them as individuals - even without the paint spots used to mark them. It's no surprise that Edward Wilson, in his essay, 'In the company of ants', advises readers who ask what to do with the ants in their kitchen to: 'Watch where you step. Be careful of little lives.'
*aphids:small insects of a different species from antsQuestions 1-6
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, writeTRUEif the statement agrees with the information given in the text.FALSEif the statement contradicts the information.NOT GIVENif there is no information on this.1 Ants use the same channels of communication as humans do.
2 City life is one factor that encourages the development of intelligence.
3 Ants can build large cities more quickly than humans do.
4 Some ants can find their way by making calculations based on distance and position.
5 In one experiment, foraging teams were able to use their sense of smell to find food.
6 The essay, 'In the company of ants', explores ant communication.
我的答案：
正确答案： 1.FALSE 2.TRUE 3.NOT GIVEN 4.TRUE 5.FALSE 6.NOT GIVEN
查看解析
1 解析
参考译文：蚂蚁使用的沟通渠道与人类相同。
定位词：channels, communication, humans
第二段：Such chemical communication can be compared to the human use of visual and auditory channels to…‘Ants are much like human beings as to be embarrassment…’
此题可以通过定位词迅速定位第二段的这两句话。两句话中都是说明蚂蚁的生物行为与人类非常相似，而题目中则说是“相同”，与原文相悖，因此答案很明显应该是FALSE。
2 解析
参考译文：城市生活是促进智能发展的一个因素。
定位词：city life, intelligence
第七段:Whereas prehistoric man had no exposure to urban lifestyle—the forcing house of intelligence—...此题的定位比较有难度，定位词并未以原形出现。但若根据顺序原则由第3题的定位段落(第八段)向前查找会比较容易。文章与题目出现同义转换:urban life—city life; forcing house—encourages该题的解题关键在于是否能正确理解文中短语forcing house的含义它的含义为“温床"，与题中解题关键字encourages完全吻合。因此此题答案为TRUE。
3 解析
参考译文：蚂蚁可以比人类更快地修建大型城市。
定位词：build large cities
第八段:…we're amazed at what has been accomplished by humans.第九段:Such enduring and intricately meshed levels of technical achievement outstrip by far anything achieved by our distant ancestors.文章第八段提到了人类建造城市的例子，第九段指出蚂蚁的技术远远超过我们的祖先，但是文章并未提到蚂蚁和人类的建造速度，也未对此作任何的比较。此题属于典型的文章未提及型题目，因此应该选择NOTGIVEN。TIPS：由于蚂蚁与人类的建造速度本身就属于两个无法比较的项目,因此该题属于典型的“不存在的比较关系”类，在考场上可以凭解题技巧直接将其判定为NOT GIVEN。
4 解析
参考译文：一些蚂蚁可以通过基于距离和位置而进行的计算来寻找路线。
定位词：find their way, making calculations
第十段:…they navigate by integrating bearings and distances…译文：它们通过整合方向和距离来导航。此题通过定位词可以迅速定位到第十段该句，且该句含义与题目一致。文章与题目出现同义转换:find their way—navigate; making calculations integrating; bearings—position因此此题答案为TRUE。
5 解析
参考译文：在一个实验里，寻找食物的蚂蚁能够通过嗅觉找到食物。
定位词：foraging teams
第十一段：Elaborate precautions were taken to prevent the foraging team using odour clues.
此题利用定位词很容易定位，且文中定位处出现prevent…using odour clues,其含义为防止使用气味线索，而题干中的解题要点为蚂蚁使用嗅觉寻找食物。很明显，此题题干与原文内容相悖，因此答案为FALSE。
6 解析
参考译文：题目为《与蚂蚁相伴》的文章探究了蚂蚁的信息交流。
定位词：In the company of ants”
末段:…in his essay, 'In the company of ants '，advises readers who ask what to do with the ants in their kitchen to: ‘Watch where you step. Be careful of little lives.’
此题定位非常容易。在定位句中，作者仅仅强调了需要将蚂蚁视为有智能的生命来对待，对于题干中的解题点“蚂蚁的信息交流”是否进行研究并未提及。此题属于典型的“题干信息文章部分提及”，因此此题答案为NOT GIVEN。
Questions 7-13
Complete the summary using the list of words,A-Obelow.Write the correct letter,A-O, in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.-
A. aphids
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B. agricultural
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C. cellulose
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D. exchanging
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E. energy
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F. fertilizers
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G. food
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H. fungi
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I. growing
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J. interbreeding
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K. natural
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L. other species
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M. secretions
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N. sustainable
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O. environment
Ants have sophisticated methods of farming, including herding livestock and growing crops, which are in many ways similar to those used in human agriculture. The ants cultivate a large number of different species of edible fungi which convert 7 into a form which they can digest. They use their own natural 8 as weed-killers and also use unwanted materials as 9 . Genetic analysis shows they constantly upgrade these fungi by developing new species and by 10 species with neighbouring ant colonies. In fact, the farming methods of ants could be said to be more advanced than human agribusiness, since they use 11 methods, they do not affect the 12 and do not waste 13 .
我的答案： 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
正确答案： 7.C 8.M 9.F 10.D 11.N 12.O 13.E
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7 解析
定位词：cultivate，they can digest
第五段：Ants can’t digest the cellulose in leave—but some fungi can. The ants therefore cultivate these fungi in their nests.此题通过在定位段落第五段中扫描定位词，可以将其定位在第二至四行，其含义为“蚂蚁不能消化叶子中的纤维素，但是一些真菌可以。因此蚂蚁在自己的巢中培养这些真菌”。题干中此题应填一个名词，且根据其后信息判断出该名同在经过转变后能被蚂蚁消化，于是可以直接选出答案C。
8 解析
定位词：weed-killers
第五段：Farmer ants secrete antibiotics to control other fungi that might act as "weeds"...按照顺序原则在第7题后扫描定位词可以迅速定位。通过阅读此空之后的题干信息可推出所填单词应为名间，且其行为为kill weeds；通过扫描定位句，其中满足条件的词为antibiotics，但在同库中并未出现，此时只能选出其上下义词，即为选项M。
9 解析
定位词：unwanted materials
第五段：…and spread waste to fertilise the crop.此题在文中定位紧接着上一题。通过题干中空格之前的信息可以判断出所填词为复数名词，且其等价于unwanted materials在文中定位处找到其对应词waste，且其作用为fertilise the crop：在题目所给同库中的复数名词里进行快速扫描，答案只能为F。
10 解析
定位词：new species, neighbouring ant colonies
第六段：…the ants improve or modify the fungi by regularly swapping and sharing strains with neighbouring ant colonies.-通过分析空格判断出所填词应为v+ing形式( and前后结构相同)，在文中定位句中对应词为swapping and sharing (交换和分享)；在题目所给同库中满足v+ing形式的词里进行快速扫描，答案只能为D。
11 解析
定位词：agribusiness, methods
第四段：The farming methods of ants are at least sustainable. They do not ruin environments or use enormous amounts of energy.-此题出现了乱序，但是通过扫描定位词还是可以迅速在文中找到对应词。首先是出现在第三段最后一句话中的agribusiness，接下来才是第四段第二句中的farming methods，通过分析题干中空格前后的信息，判定所填单词应为形容词，且其修饰对象为methods；在文中定位处的对应词为sustainable，对应答案N。
12 解析
定位词：Affect
此题定位同第1 1题。由于空格之前为动词，所以应回原文找寻该动词或其同义词；在文中定位处对应词为ruin，所以答案为其后单词environment，即O选项。
13 解析
定位词：waste
定位方法及解题技巧同上题。文中定位处对应词为use enormous amounts of，所以答案为其后单词energy，即E选项。
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Part 2
Read the text below and answer questions 14-26.
Population movements and genetics
14AStudy of the origins and distribution of human populations used to be based on archaeological and fossil evidence. A number of techniques developed since the 1950s, however, have placed the study of these subjects on a sounder and more objective footing. The best information on early population movements is now being obtained from the 'archaeology of the living body', the clues to be found in genetic material.
15BRecent work on the problem of when people first entered the Americas is an example of the value of these new techniques. North-east Asia and Siberia have long been accepted as the launching ground for the first human colonisers of the New World1. But was there one major wave of migration across the Bering Strait into the Americas, or several? And when did this event, or events, take place? In recent years, new clues have come from research into genetics, including the distribution of genetic markers in modern Native Americans2.
16CAn important project, led by the biological anthropologist Robert Williams, focused on the variants (called Gm allotypes) of one particular protein immunoglobin G - found in the fluid portion of human blood. All proteins 'drift', or produce variants, over the generations, and members of an interbreeding human population will share a set of such variants. Thus, by comparing the Gm allotypes of two different populations (e.g. two Indian tribes), one can establish their genetic 'distance', which itself can be calibrated to give an indication of the length of time since these populations last interbred.
17DWilliams and his colleagues sampled the blood of over 5,000 American Indians in western North America during a twenty-year period. They found that their Gm allotypes could be divided into two groups, one of which also corresponded to the genetic typing of Central and South American Indians. Other tests showed that the Inuit (or Eskimo) and Aleut3 formed a third group. From this evidence it was deduced that there had been three major waves of migration across the Bering Strait. The first, Paleo-Indian, wave more than 15,000 years ago was ancestral to all Central and South American Indians. The second wave, about 14,000-12,000 years ago, brought Na-Dene hunters, ancestors of the Navajo and Apache (who only migrated south from Canada about 600 or 700 years ago). The third wave, perhaps 10,000 or 9,000 years ago, saw the migration from North-east Asia of groups ancestral to the modern Eskimo and Aleut.
18EHow far does other research support these conclusions? Geneticist Douglas Wallace has studied mitochondrial DNA4 in blood samples from three widely separated Native American groups: Pima-Papago Indians in Arizona, Maya Indians on the Yucatán peninsula, Mexico, and Ticuna Indians in the Upper Amazon region of Brazil. As would have been predicted by Robert Williams's work, all three groups appear to be descended from the same ancestral (Paleo-Indian)population.
19FThere are two other kinds of research that have thrown some light on the origins of the Native American population; they involve the study of teeth and of languages. The biological anthropologist Christy Turner is an expert in the analysis of changing physical characteristics in human teeth. He argues that tooth crowns and roots5 have a high genetic component, minimally affected by environmental and other factors. Studies carried out by Turner of many thousands of New and Old World specimens, both ancient and modern, suggest that the majority of prehistoric Americans are linked to Northern Asian populations by crown and root traits such as incisor6 shoveling (a scooping out on one or both surfaces of the tooth), single-rooted upper first premolars6 and triple-rooted lower first molars6.
According to Turner, this ties in with the idea of a single Paleo-lndian migration out of North Asia, which he sets at before 14,000 years ago by calibrating rates of dental micro-evolution. Tooth analyses also suggest that there were two later migrations of Na-Denes and Eskimo-Aleut.
GThe linguist Joseph Greenberg has, since the 1950s, argued that all Native American languages belong to a single 'Amerind' family, except for Na-Dene and Eskimo-Aleut - a view that gives credence to the idea of three main migrations. Greenberg is in a minority among fellow linguists, most of whom favour the notion of a great many waves of migration to account for the more than 1,000 languages spoken at one time by American Indians. But there is no doubt that the new genetic and dental evidence provides strong backing for Greenberg's view. Dates given for the migrations should nevertheless be treated with caution, except where supported by hard archaeological evidence.
1 New World: the American continent, as opposed to the so-called Old World of Europe, Asia and Africa
2 modern Native American: an American descended from the groups that were native to America
3 Inuit and Aleut: two of the ethnic groups native to the northern regions of North America (i.e. northern Canada and Greenland)
4 DNA: the substance in which genetic information is stored
5 crown/root: parts of the tooth
6 incisor/premolar/molar: kinds of teeth
Questions 14-19
Reading Passage 2 has seven sections,A-G.Choose the correct heading for sectionsA-Ffrom the list of headings below.Write the correct number,i-xin boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.-
I. The results of the research into blood-variants
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II. Dental evidence
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III. Greenberg's analysis of the dental and linguistic evidence
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IV. Developments in the methods used to study early population movements
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V. Indian migration from Canada to the U.S.A.
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VI. Further genetic evidence relating to the three-wave theory
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VII. Long-standing questions about prehistoric migration to America
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VIII. Conflicting views of the three-wave theory, based on non-genetic evidence
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IX. Questions about the causes of prehistoric migration to America
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X. How analysis of blood-variants measures the closeness of the relationship between different populations
我的答案： 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
正确答案： 14.IV 15.VII 16.X 17.I 18.VI 19.II
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14 解析
A段：A number of techniques developed since the 1950s, however, have placed the study of these subjects on a sounder and more objective footing.A段中间部分出现转折句，主要含义为一系列的新技术使得该研究变得更加良性和客观。在段义选项中只有iv选项中的关键词developments能与之匹配，因此答案为iv。
15 解析
B段首句：Recent work on the problem of when people first entered the Americas is an example of the value of these new techniques.B段首句引出了首次进人美洲大陆人口的问题，在段义选项中只有vii和ix满足条件，但是B段并未提到人类迁移的原因，而只是在段落后半部分提出了一系列的问题，所以ix不对，答案应该为vii。
16 解析
C段末句：C段中提出了一种研究方法，即研究variants，并在最后由thus引出了结论，通过比较两类不同人群就能建立他们之间的“遗传距离”。在段义选项中只有最后一个满足要求，其中对应关键词为blood-variants, closeness，between different populations，因此答案为x。
17 解析
D段：They found that their Gm allotypes could be divided into two groups, …此段大意其实可以按照逻辑发展顺序迅速地确定为i，这是因为上一段介绍了一个研究，此段应该介绍研究结果,而段义选项中只有为研究结果。或者通过通读全段，得出主题句为：他们发现这些Gm可以分为两大类。这就是研究的结论，从其后文字均为介绍性文字，也可以判定此段段义为选项i。
18 解析
E段：How far does other research support these conclusions?E段首句即提出了其他研究是否能支持上一段结论的问题，然后列举出了其他实验的例子。在段义选项中，只有vi选项中提到了其他研究(further genetic evidence)，故答案是vi。
19 解析
F段次句：The biological anthropologist Christy Turner is an expert in the analysis of changing physical characteristics in human teeth.此段首句极具迷惑性，其含义为另两种关于牙齿和语言的研究也能解释这个问题，所以可能错选iii因为其中包含关键词dental and linguistic evidence，但是iii中人物Greenberg仅出现在下一段，故排除此选项。此段真正主题句为第二句，此句介绍了研究牙齿也能解释问题，其后文字全部为介绍牙齿研究的文字，故答案为ii。
Questions 20-21
The discussion of Williams's research indicates the periods at which early people are thought to have migrated along certain routes. There are six routes,A-F, marked on the map below.Complete the table below.Choose the correct answer and move it into the gap.
20
21
我的答案： 20. 21.
正确答案： 20.e 21.d
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20 解析
定位词：15,000 or more
D段中部：…three major waves of migration across the Bering Strait. The first, Paleo-Indian, wave more than 15, 000 years ago was ancestral to all Central and South American Indians.定位处说明了此处的wave应该across the Bering Strait，所以答案应该在B、C、E中筛选，在图中可以很明显地定位出原文相关词Central American和South American，故答案为其对应选项E。
21 解析
定位词：600 to 700
D段后半部：… and Apache (who only migrated south from Canada about 600 or 700 years ago).定位处的说明为：仅仅在600或700年前从加拿大向南部迁移。在图中各条箭头中只有D的起点在Canada，且箭头方向向南，故答案为D。
Questions 22-25
Reading Passage 2 refers to the three-wave theory of early migration to the Americas. It also suggests in which of these three waves the ancestors of various groups of modern native Americans first reached the continent.Choose the correct answer and move it into the gap.
22
23
24
25
我的答案： 22. 23. 24. 25.
正确答案： 22.c 23.b 24.a 25.a
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22 解析
定位词：Inuit
D段第9行：Other tests showed that the Inuit ( or Eskimo) and Aleut formed a third group.
由此句可以明显地判断出Inuit属于第三类，因此答案为C。
23 解析
定位词：Apache
D段倒数第7行：The second wave, about 14, 000-12, 000 years ago, brought Na-Dene hunters, ancestors of the Navajo and Apache.由此句可以很明显地判断出Apache属于第二类，因此答案为B。
24 解析
定位词：Pima-Papago
E段第5行、D段第13行：…blood samples from three widely separated Native American groups: Pima-Papago Indians in Arizona, … , and Ticuna Indians...all three groups appear to be descended from the same ancestral (Paleo-Indian) population.通过定位句可判断Pima-Papago属于“three groups”中的一种，且均来自于Paleo-Indian;Paleo-Indian在D段定位出原文：The first，Paleo-Indian，wave…故答案为A。
25 解析
定位词：Ticuna
E段倒数第6行：同第24题。答案为A。
Questions 26
Choose the correct letterA, B, CorD.Write your answers in boxes 26 on your answer sheet.26 Christy Turner's research involved the examination of
我的答案：
正确答案： 26. A
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26 解析
定位词：Christy Turner
题目:特纳的研究包含了对于什么的检查：
A.史前和当代的美洲人及亚洲人的牙齿
B.生活在新世纪或旧世纪的数以万计的人
C.从大多数史前美洲人那里得到的牙齿样本
D.美洲及亚洲人的饮食习惯通过题干粗定位于文章F段：
第6行：Christy Turner is an expert in the analysis of changing physical characteristics in human teeth.特纳的研究主要是分析人类牙齿的生理特征，因此可以排除未提及牙齿的选项B和D。第12行: Studies carried out by Turner of many thousands of New and Old World specimens, both ancient and modem, suggest that the majority of prehistoric Americans are linked to Northern Asian populations by....C选项极具迷惑性，其中“the majority of prehistoric Americans"与全文一致，但是这一内容只是实验结果“suggest"的，而并非特纳真正的实验内容；或者按照选择题“排除与文章看似一致的选项”的原则，直接将C排除掉。A选项与原文“Studies…of many thousands of New and Old World specimens, both ancient and modem"含义完全一致。故正确答案为A。
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Part 3
Read the text below and answer questions 27-40.
Forests are one of the main elements of our natural heritage. The decline of Europe's forests over the last decade and a half has led to an increasing awareness and understanding of the serious imbalances which threaten them. European countries are becoming increasingly concerned by major threats to European forests, threats which know no frontiers other than those of geography or climate: air pollution, soil deterioration, the increasing number of forest fires and sometimes even the mismanagement of our woodland and forest heritage. There has been a growing awareness of the need for countries to get together to co-ordinate their policies. In December 1990, Strasbourg hosted the first Ministerial Conference on the protection of Europe's forests. The conference brought together 31 countries from both Western and Eastern Europe. The topics discussed included the co-ordinated study of the destruction of forests, as well as how to combat forest fires and the extension of European research programs on the forest ecosystem. The preparatory work for the conference had been undertaken at two meetings of experts. Their initial task was to decide which of the many forest problems of concern to Europe involved the largest number of countries and might be the subject of joint action. Those confined to particular geographical areas, such as countries bordering the Mediterranean or the Nordic countries therefore had to be discarded. However, this does not mean that in future they will be ignored.
As a whole, European countries see forests as performing a triple function: biological, economic and recreational. The first is to act as a 'green lung' for our planet; by means of photosynthesis, forests produce oxygen through the transformation of solar energy, thus fulfilling what for humans is the essential role of an immense, non-polluting power plant. At the same time, forests provide raw materials for human activities through their constantly renewed production of wood. Finally, they offer those condemned to spend five days a week in an urban environment an unrivalled area of freedom to unwind and take part in a range of leisure activities, such as hunting, riding and hiking. The economic importance of forests has been understood since the dawn of man - wood was the first fuel. The other aspects have been recognised only for a few centuries but they are becoming more and more important. Hence, there is a real concern throughout Europe about the damage to the forest environment which threatens these three basic roles.
The myth of the 'natural' forest has survived, yet there are effectively no remaining 'primary' forests in Europe. All European forests are artificial, having been adapted and exploited by man for thousands of years. This means that a forest policy is vital, that it must transcend national frontiers and generations of people, and that it must allow for the inevitable changes that take place in the forests, in needs, and hence in policy. The Strasbourg conference was one of the first events on such a scale to reach this conclusion. A general declaration was made that 'a central place in any ecologically coherent forest policy must be given to continuity over time and to the possible effects of unforeseen events, to ensure that the full potential of these forests is maintained'.
That general declaration was accompanied by six detailed resolutions to assist national policy-making. The first proposes the extension and systematisation of surveillance sites to monitor forest decline. Forest decline is still poorly understood but leads to the loss of a high proportion of a tree's needles or leaves. The entire continent and the majority of species are now affected: between 30%and 50% of the tree population. The condition appears to result from the cumulative effect of a number of factors, with atmospheric pollutants the principal culprits. Compounds of nitrogen and sulphur dioxide should be particularly closely watched. However, their effects are probably accentuated by climatic factors, such as drought and hard winters, or soil imbalances such as soil acidification, which damages the roots. The second resolution concentrates on the need to preserve the genetic diversity of European forests. The aim is to reverse the decline in the number of tree species or at least to preserve the 'genetic material' of all of them. Although forest fires do not affect all of Europe to the same extent, the amount of damage caused the experts to propose as the third resolution that the Strasbourg conference consider the establishment of a European databank on the subject. All information used in the development of national preventative policies would become generally available. The subject of the fourth resolution discussed by the ministers was mountain forests. In Europe, it is undoubtedly the mountain ecosystem which has changed most rapidly and is most at risk. A thinly scattered permanent population and development of leisure activities, particularly skiing, have resulted in significant long-term changes to the local ecosystems. Proposed developments include a preferential research program on mountain forests. The fifth resolution relaunched the European research network on the physiology of trees, called Eurosilva. Eurosilva should support joint European research on tree diseases and their physiological and biochemical aspects. Each country concerned could increase the number of scholarships and other financial support for doctoral theses and research projects in this area. Finally, the conference established the framework for a European research network on forest ecosystems. This would also involve harmonising activities in individual countries as well as identifying a number of priority research topics relating to the protection of forests. The Strasbourg conference's main concern was to provide for the future. This was the initial motivation, one now shared by all 31 participants representing 31 European countries. Their final text commits them to on-going discussion between government representatives with responsibility for forests.Questions 27-33
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet, writeTRUEif the statement agrees with the information given in the text.FALSEif the statement contradicts the information.NOT GIVENif there is no information on this.27 Forest problems of Mediterranean countries are to be discussed at the next meeting of experts.
28 Problems in Nordic countries were excluded because they are outside the European Economic Community.
29 Forests are a renewable source of raw material.
30 The biological functions of forests were recognised only in the twentieth century.
31 Natural forests still exist in parts of Europe.
32 Forest policy should be limited by national boundaries.
33 The Strasbourg conference decided that a forest policy must allow for the possibility of change.
我的答案：
正确答案： 27.NOT GIVEN 28.FALSE 29.TRUE 30.FALSE 31.FALSE 32.FALSE 33.TRUE
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27 解析
参考译文：地中海国家的森林问题将在下一次专家会议中讨论。
定位词：Mediterranean countries
第一段末：..., such as counties bordering Mediterranean or the Nordic countries therefore had to be discarded. However, this dose not mean that in future they will be ignored.此题通过定位词可以迅速定位到第一段最后两句话，其含义为地中海国家在日后不一定被忽略；而题干则为在下次会议中会讨论，显然为文中未提及内容。故此题答案为NOT GIVEN。
28 解析
参考译文：北欧国家的问题未被考虑是因为它们不属于欧洲经济共同体。
定位词：Nordic countries
第一段末：Their initial task was to decide which of the many forest problems of concern to Europe involved the largest number of countries and might be the subject of joint action. Those confined to particular geographical areas, such as counties bordering Mediterranean or the Nordic countries therefore had to be discarded.此题定位点与第一题相同。考生可能单纯依据European Economic Community在文中未出现而错误地判断答案为NOT GIVEN;其实该题考查因果关系，由定位句中的因果关系词therefore推出解题句为定位句的前一句Nordic countries 不被考虑是因为会议要决定哪些森林问题涉及的国家最多并且能够成为联合行动的主题，这与题干中的原因不同，而考查因果关系时要求文章与题目精确对应，故此题答案为FALSE。
29 解析
参考译文：森林是可再生原材料的来源。
定位词：raw material
第二段：...forests provide raw materials for human activities through their constantly renewed production of wood.此题的定位词在文中以原词出现，按照顺序原则可以迅速定位。文中定位处含义为：通过其不断再生的木材，森林给人类活动提供了原材料。文章与题目含义一致。故此题答案为TRUE。
30 解析
参考译文：森林的生物学功能在20世纪才被认可。
定位词：biological functions, recognized
第二段：The economic importance of forests has been... The other aspects have been recognised only for a few centuries.此题先通过biological functions定位于第二段首句，其中提到森林的三种功能为biological, economic和recreational；然后由recognised精确定位到解题句,其中提到除了economic之外的两方面都已经被认可了几个世纪，而题目却认为其仅仅是在20世纪才被认可的。题目明显与文章相悖，故此题答案为FALSE。
31 解析
参考译文：原始森林仍存在于欧洲的一些地方。
定位词：natural forests
第三段：All European forests are artificial,...此题通过定位词可定位于第三段首句，通过扫读得出解题句，其含义为：欧洲所有的森林都是人工种植的。很显然题目与文章内容刚好相反，故此题答案为FALSE。
32 解析
参考译文：政策必须受到国家界限的限制。
定位词：forest policy, national boundaries
第三段：This means that a forest policy is vital, that it must transcend national frontiers and …此题通过定位词能够迅速定位。定位句的含义为：森林政策至关重要，它必须超越国家的界限。显然题目与文章内容相反，故此题答案为FALSE。
33 解析
参考译文：斯特拉斯堡会议作出决议，森林政策必须虑及可能发生的变化。
定位词：Strasbourg conference, forest policy, change
第三段：This means that a forest policy is vital, ... and that it must allow for the inevitable changes that take place in the forests, in needs, and hence in policy, The Strasbourg conference was one of the first events on such a scale to reach this conclusion.译文：这就意味着一项森林政策至关重要，它必须考虑到森林环境，人民需求，国家政策发生不可避免的变化。斯特拉斯堡会议也成为此类高规格创始会议中达成该结论的会议之一。此题通过定位词能够迅速定位。定位句指出会议达成this conclusion，此处出现指代，按“遇指代，向前看一句”的原则得到定位句首句。定位句中结论与题目含义一致,故此题答案为TRUE。
Questions 34-39
Look at the following statements issued by the conference.Which six of the following statements,A-J, refer to the resolutions that were issued?Match the statements with the appropriate resolutions (Questions 34-39).Write the correct letter,A-J, in boxes 34-39 on your answer sheet.-
A. All kinds of species of trees should be preserved.
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B. Fragile mountain forests should be given priority in research programs.
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C. The surviving natural forests of Europe do not need priority treatment.
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D. Research is to be better co-ordinated throughout Europe.
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E. Information on forest fires should be collected and shared.
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F. Loss of leaves from trees should be more extensively and carefully monitored.
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G. Resources should be allocated to research into tree diseases.
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H. Skiing should be encouraged in thinly populated areas.
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I. Soil imbalances such as acidification should be treated with compounds of nitrogen and sulphur.
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J. Information is to be systematically gathered on any decline in the condition of forests.
34 Resolution 134
35 Resolution 235
36 Resolution 336
37 Resolution 437
38 Resolution 538
39 Resolution 639
我的答案： 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39.
正确答案： 34.J 35.A 36.E 37.B 38.G 39.D
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34 解析
定位词：resolution 1
第四段第二行：The first proposes the extension and systematisation of surveillance sites to monitor forest decline.译文：第一项决议是对森林退化监测站进行扩建并使其系统化。在选项中扫描关键词，只有选项符合该含义：森林的任何退化信息都将被系统地收集。此处有两个干扰选项：F和I。F选项中出现文中原司monitored，但对loss of leaves的监测只是决议1中的项内容，不全面：I选项中出现文中原词soil imbalance, acidification, compounds of nitrogen and sulphur, 但这些词在文中分别出现于不同的例子中，而I选项却将其揉在一句话中。故答案为J。
35 解析
定位词：resolution 2
第四段第九行：The second resolution concentrates on the need to preserve the genetic diversity of European forests.译文：第二项决议的重点是保持欧洲森林基因多样性的需求。在选项中扫描关键词，只有A选项出现关键同preserve,且其含义与原文相符：所有种类的树木都必须被保存。故答案为A。
36 解析
定位词：resolution 3
第四段第十一行：Although forest fires do no..., ... third resolution that the Strasbourg conference consider the establishment of a European databank on the subject.译文：虽然森林大火对欧洲各国的影响程度不同，但是其破坏力却让专家们提出第三个决议；斯特拉斯堡会议应该专虑就此主题建立一个欧洲数据库。在选项中扫描关键词，只有E选项出现关键词forest fires，且其含义与原文相符：有关森林大火的信息需被收集并分享。故答案为E。
37 解析
定位词：resolution 4
第四段第十八行：此处应首先定位到第十五行的the fourth resolution，经过扫读后才能找到解题句：Proposed developments include a preferential research program on mountain forests.译文：建议的改进措施包括优先建立一项关于山林的研究项目。在选项中扫描关键词，只有B选项出现关键同mountain forests和priority (对应preferential)，且其含义与原文H符：脆弱的山林应该在研究项目中优先考虑。故答案为B。
38 解析
定位词：resolution 5
第四段倒数第十行：此处应首先定位到倒数第十一行的the fifth resolution，经过扫读后才能找到解题句：Eurosilva should support joint European research on the tree diseases and… Each country concerned could increase the number of scholarships and other financial support for doctoral theses and research projects in this area.译文：“森林持续发展”将支持欧洲各国联合研究树木的病害以及生理和生化方面的问题。每个参与国都可以增加奖学金以及其他经济支持来鼓励此领域博土论文的撰写以及研究项目开展。在选项中扫描关键词，只有G选项出现关键词allocated to research和tree diseases，且其含义与原文相符：资源必须分配给关于树木病害的研究。故答案为G。
39 解析
定位词：resolution 6
第四段倒数第七行：Finally, the conference established the framework for a European research network on forest ecosystems.译文：会议最终建立了欧洲森林生态系统的科研网络。在选项中扫描关键词，只有D选项出现关键词co-ordinated(对应research network)，且其含义与原文相符:研究最好在整个欧洲范围内进行，以便更好地相互协作。故答案为D。
Questions 40
Choose the correct letterA, B, CorD.Write your answers in boxes 40 on your answer sheet.40 What is the best title for Reading Passage 3?
我的答案：
正确答案： 40. B
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40 解析
Reading Passage 3的最佳标题为：
A.森林的生物、经济和娱乐角色
B.欧洲森林保护计划
C.欧洲生态系统研究的优先性
D.关于森林管理的世界性政策提案
通过分析文章首句可以得出，其中关键词为forests，从而排除不含此关键词的选项C；A选项中的三个关键词biological, economic和recreational均未在末句中提及，故排除；B和D两个选项中关键同分别为：B强调protect, D强调policy on management。文章末句中的government以及responsibility for forests强调政府对于森林的责任而并非管理，排除D选项。故正确答案为B。
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