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Part 1
Read the text below and answer questions 1-13.
The Impact of Wilderness Tourism
1AThe market for tourism in remote areas is booming as never before. Countries all across the world are actively promoting their 'wilderness' regions - such as mountains, Arctic lands, deserts, small islands and wetlands - to high-spending tourists. The attraction of these areas is obvious: by definition, wilderness tourism requires little or no initial investment. But that does not mean that there is no cost. As the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development recognized, these regions are fragile (i.e. highly vulnerable to abnormal pressures) not just in terms of their ecology, but also in terms of the culture of their inhabitants. The three most significant types of fragile environment in these respects, and also in terms of the proportion of the Earth's surface they cover, are deserts, mountains and Arctic areas. An important characteristic is their marked seasonality, with harsh conditions prevailing for many months each year. Consequently, most human activities, including tourism, are limited to quite clearly defined parts of the year.
Tourists are drawn to these regions by their natural landscape beauty and the unique cultures of their indigenous people. And poor governments in these isolated areas have welcomed the new breed of 'adventure tourist', grateful for the hard currency they bring. For several years now, tourism has been the prime source of foreign exchange in Nepal and Bhutan. Tourism is also a key element in the economies of Arctic zones such as Lapland and Alaska and in desert areas such as Ayers Rock in Australia and Arizona's Monument Valley.2BOnce a location is established as a main tourist destination, the effects on the local community are profound. When hill-farmers, for example, can make more money in a few weeks working as porters for foreign trekkers than they can in a year working in their fields, it is not surprising that many of them give up their farm-work, which is thus left to other members of the family. In some hill-regions, this has led to a serious decline in farm output and a change in the local diet, because there is insufficient labour to maintain terraces and irrigation systems and tend to crops. The result has been that many people in these regions have turned to outside supplies of rice and other foods.
In Arctic and desert societies, year-round survival has traditionally depended on hunting animals and fish and collecting fruit over a relatively short season. However, as some inhabitants become involved in tourism, they no longer have time to collect wild food; this has led to increasing dependence on bought food and stores. Tourism is not always the culprit behind such changes. All kinds of wage labour, or government handouts, tend to undermine traditional survival systems. Whatever the cause, the dilemma is always the same: what happens if these new, external sources of income dry up?
The physical impact of visitors is another serious problem associated with the growth in adventure tourism. Much attention has focused on erosion along major trails, but perhaps more important are the deforestation and impacts on water supplies arising from the need to provide tourists with cooked food and hot showers. In both mountains and deserts, slow-growing trees are often the main sources of fuel and water supplies may be limited or vulnerable to degradation through heavy use.3CStories about the problems of tourism have become legion in the last few years. Yet it does not have to be a problem. Although tourism inevitably affects the region in which it takes place, the costs to these fragile environments and their local cultures can be minimized. Indeed, it can even be a vehicle for reinvigorating local cultures, as has happened with the Sherpas of Nepal's Khumbu Valley and in some Alpine villages. And a growing number of adventure tourism operators are trying to ensure that their activities benefit the local population and environment over the long term.
In the Swiss Alps, communities have decided that their future depends on integrating tourism more effectively with the local economy. Local concern about the rising number of second home developments in the Swiss Pays d'Enhaut resulted in limits being imposed on their growth. There has also been a renaissance in communal cheese production in the area, providing the locals with a reliable source of income that does not depend on outside visitors.
Many of the Arctic tourist destinations have been exploited by outside companies, who employ transient workers and repatriate most of the profits to their home base. But some Arctic communities are now operating tour businesses themselves, thereby ensuring that the benefits accrue locally. For instance, a native corporation in Alaska, employing local people, is running an air tour from Anchorage to Kotzebue, where tourists eat Arctic food, walk on the tundra and watch local musicians and dancers.
Native people in the desert regions of the American Southwest have followed similar strategies, encouraging tourists to visit their pueblos and reservations to purchase high-quality handicrafts and artwork. The Acoma and San Ildefonso pueblos have established highly profitable pottery businesses, while the Navajo and Hopi groups have been similarly successful with jewellery.
Too many people living in fragile environments have lost control over their economies, their culture and their environment when tourism has penetrated their homelands. Merely restricting tourism cannot be the solution to the imbalance, because people's desire to see new places will not just disappear. Instead, communities in fragile environments must achieve greater control over tourism ventures in their regions, in order to balance their needs and aspirations with the demands of tourism. A growing number of communities are demonstrating that, with firm communal decision-making, this is possible. The critical question now is whether this can become the norm, rather than the exception.Questions 1-3
Reading Passage 1 has three sections,A-C.Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.Write the correct numberi-viin boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.-
I. The expansion of international tourism in recent years
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II. How local communities can balance their own needs with the demands of wilderness tourism
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III. Fragile regions and the reasons for the expansion of tourism there
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IV. Traditional methods of food-supply in fragile regions
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V. Some of the disruptive effects of wilderness tourism
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VI. The economic benefits of mass tourism
我的答案： 1. 2. 3.
正确答案： 1.III 2.V 3.II
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1 解析
As the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development recognized,... of their indigenous people. 原文A部分首段第5句的表述是：“正如在1992年联合国环境与发展大会上指出的那样，这些地区是非常脆弱的(即在异常压力下是极度容易被破坏的)。” 第2段首句又说道：“游客来到这些地方 是因为他们被优美的自然风景和当地人独一无二的文化所吸引。” 所以答案应为选项iii。
2 解析
Once a location is established as a main tourist destination, the effects on the local community are profound. 原文B部分第1段的首句的表述是：“一旦一个地区被确定为主要的旅游目的地，对当地社区的影响是意义深远的。”因此答案应为选项v。
3 解析
Instead, communities in fragile environments must achieve great control over tourism ventures in their regions, in order to balance their needs and aspirations with the demands of tourism. 原文C部分的最后1段的前几句话简要地做了总结，因此答案应为选项ii。
Questions 4-9
Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 4-9 on your answer sheet, writeYESif the statements reflects the opinion of the writer.NOif the statement contradicts the opinion of the writer.NOT GIVENif it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.4 The low financial cost of setting up wilderness tourism makes it attractive to many countries.
5 Deserts, mountains and Arctic regions are examples of environments that are both ecologically and culturally fragile.
6 Wilderness tourism operates throughout the year in fragile areas.
7 The spread of tourism in certain hill-regions has resulted in a fall in the amount of food produced locally.
8 Traditional food-gathering in desert societies was distributed evenly over the year.
9 Government handouts do more damage than tourism does to traditional patterns of food-gathering.
我的答案：
正确答案： 4.YES 5.YES 6.NO 7.YES 8.NO 9.NOT GIVEN
查看解析
4 解析
low financial 原文A部分首段第3句 题目：荒野旅游低廉的成本使得它对许多国家都极具吸引力
原文：“这些地区的吸引力是显而易见的；在从定义上看，荒野旅游只需要很少的或者完全不需要初始投入。”因此答案为YES。
5 解析
deserts, mountains and Arctic regions, ecologically, culturally 原文A部分首段第2句及第5句 题目：生态环境和文化环境都很脆弱的例子有沙漠高山和极地。
原文：“世界各国都积极地向高消费游客推广它们的‘荒野’地区——比如高山 极地森林小岛和湿地。……这些地区是非常脆弱的(即，在异常压力下是极度容易被破坏的)，而这种破坏不仅是就当地的生态学而言，而且还会影响到当地居民的文化。”因此答案为YES。
6 解析
through the year, fragile areas 原文A部分首段最后1句 题目：脆弱地区全年任何时候均可进行荒野旅游。原文：“包括旅游在内的大多数人类活动都被清楚地限定在一年中的某些时候。” 因此答案为NO。
7 解析
hill-regions, food 原文B部分首段第3句 题目：一些丘陵地区旅游业的发展导致了当地粮食产量的降。
原文：“在一些丘陵地区， 这种变化导致了粮食产量的严重下和当地饮食的改变。”因此答案为YES。
8 解析
food-gathering, over the year 原文B部分第2段第1句 原文：“处在北极和吵沙漠中的社区， 传统E,全年的生存都依常打猎捕鱼和在相当短的季节里采摘果实。然而，当一些居民开始参与旅游业之后，他们不再有时间去采摘野果，这让他们更加依赖于购买的食物和卖食物的商店。” 因此答案为NO。
9 解析
government handouts, food-gathering 原文B部分第2段第4句 题目：政府的救济物对传统的食物采集模式造成的伤害比旅游业对其造成的伤害更大。
原文：“旅游业并不是隐藏于这些变化背后惟一的‘罪魁祸首’：所有付薪资的劳动，或者政府的救济物都趋向破坏传统生存系统。”原文中没有提到题目中的比较关系，因此答案为NOT GIVEN。
Questions 10-13
Complete the table below.ChooseONE WORDfrom Reading Passage 1 for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.
10
11
12
13
我的答案： 10. 11. 12. 13.
正确答案： 10.cheese 11.tourism|tourist|tour 12.pottery 13.jewellery|jewelry
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Part 2
Read the text below and answer questions 14-26.
Flawed Beauty: the problem with toughened glass
On 2nd August 1999, a particularly hot day in the town of Cirencester in the UK, a large pane of toughened glass in the roof of a shopping centre at Bishops Walk shattered without warning and fell from its frame. When fragments were analysed by experts at the giant glass manufacturer Pilkington, which had made the pane, they found that minute crystals of nickel sulphide trapped inside the glass had almost certainly caused the failure.
The glass industry is aware of the issue,' says Brian Waldron, chairman of the standards committee at the Glass and Glazing Federation, a British trade association, and standards development officer at Pilkington. But he insists that cases are few and far between. 'It's a very rare phenomenon,' he says.
Others disagree. 'On average I see about one or two buildings a month suffering from nickel sulphide related failures,' says Barrie Josie, a consultant engineer involved in the Bishops Walk investigation. Other experts tell of similar experiences. Tony Wilmott of London-based consulting engineers Sandberg, and Simon Armstrong at CladTech Associates in Hampshire both say they know of hundreds of cases. 'What you hear is only the tip of the iceberg,' says Trevor Ford, a glass expert at Resolve Engineering in Brisbane, Queensland. He believes the reason is simple: 'No-one wants bad press.'
Toughened glass is found everywhere, from cars and bus shelters to the windows, walls and roofs of thousands of buildings around the world. It's easy to see why. This glass has five times the strength of standard glass, and when it does break it shatters into tiny cubes rather than large, razor-sharp shards. Architects love it because large panels can be bolted together to make transparent walls, and turning it into ceilings and floors is almost as easy.
It is made by heating a sheet of ordinary glass to about 620℃ to soften it slightly, allowing its structure to expand, and then cooling it rapidly with jets of cold air. This causes the outer layer of the pane to contract and solidify before the interior. When the interior finally solidifies and shrinks, it exerts a pull on the outer layer that leaves it in permanent compression and produces a tensile force inside the glass. As cracks propagate best in materials under tension, the compressive force on the surface must be overcome before the pane will break, making it more resistant to cracking.
The problem starts when glass contains nickel sulphide impurities. Trace amounts of nickel and sulphur are usually present in the raw materials used to make glass, and nickel can also be introduced by fragments of nickel alloys falling into the molten glass. As the glass is heated, these atoms react to form tiny crystals of nickel sulphide. Just a tenth of a gram of nickel in the furnace can create up to 50,000 crystals.
These crystals can exist in two forms: a dense form called the alpha phase, which is stable at high temperatures, and a less dense form called the beta phase, which is stable at room temperatures. The high temperatures used in the toughening process convert all the crystals to the dense, compact alpha form. But the subsequent cooling is so rapid that the crystals don't have time to change back to the beta phase. This leaves unstable alpha crystals in the glass, primed like a coiled spring, ready to revert to the beta phase without warning.
When this happens, the crystals expand by up to 4%. And if they are within the central, tensile region of the pane, the stresses this unleashes can shatter the whole sheet. The time that elapses before failure occurs is unpredictable. It could happen just months after manufacture, or decades later, although if the glass is heated – by sunlight, for example - the process is speeded up. Ironically, says Graham Dodd, of consulting engineers Arup in London, the oldest pane of toughened glass known to have failed due to nickel sulphide inclusions was in Pilkington's glass research building in Lathom, Lancashire. The pane was 27 years old.
Data showing the scale of the nickel sulphide problem is almost impossible to find. The picture is made more complicated by the fact that these crystals occur in batches. So even if, on average, there is only one inclusion in 7 tonnes of glass, if you experience one nickel sulphide failure in your building, that probably means you've got a problem in more than one pane. Josie says that in the last decade he has worked on over 15 buildings with the number of failures into double figures.
One of the worst examples of this is Waterfront Place, which was completed in 1990. Over the following decade the 40- storey Brisbane block suffered a rash of failures. Eighty panes of its toughened glass shattered due to inclusions before experts were finally called in. John Barry, an expert in nickel sulphide contamination at the University of Queensland, analysed every glass pane in the building. Using a studio camera, a photographer went up in a cradle to take photos of every pane. These were scanned under a modified microfiche reader for signs of nickel sulphide crystals. 'We discovered at least another 120 panes with potentially dangerous inclusions which were then replaced,' says Barry. 'It was a very expensive and time-consuming process that took around six months to complete.' Though the project cost A$1.6 million (nearly ￡700,000), the alternative - re-cladding the entire building - would have cost ten times as much.Questions 14-17
Look at the following people and the list of statements below.Match each person with the correct statement.Write the correct letterA-Hin boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.-
A. suggests that publicity about nickel sulphide failure has been suppressed
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B. regularly sees cases of nickel sulphide failure
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C. closely examined all the glass in one building
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D. was involved with the construction of Bishops Walk
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E. recommended the rebuilding of Waterfront Place
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F. thinks the benefits of toughened glass are exaggerated
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G. claims that nickel sulphide failure is very unusual
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H. refers to the most extreme case of delayed failure
14 Brian Waldron14
15 Trevor Ford15
16 Graham Dodd16
17 John Barry17
我的答案： 14. 15. 16. 17.
正确答案： 14.G 15.A 16.H 17.C
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14 解析
原文第2段末句 原文：“这是非常罕见的现象。 ”Brian Waldron说。 因此答案为选项G。
15 解析
原文第3段最后两句 原文；“公众所知道的只不过是冰山一角罢了。”昆士兰州布里斯班市Resolve工程公司的玻璃专家Trevor Ford说道。他认为原因很简单：“没人想要坏新闻。” 因此答案为选项A。
16 解析
原文第8段倒数第2句 原文: Graham Dodd，伦敦Arup顾问建筑师说，“具有讽刺意味的是，因为含有硫化镍而导致破裂的‘历史最悠久’的钢化玻璃是兰开夏那拉苏的Pilkington公司的玻璃研究大厦的玻璃，使用时间是27年。” 因此答案为选项H。
17 解析
原文末段第4句 原文：昆士兰大学的硫化镍专家Barry分析了大厦所有的钢化玻璃。因此答案为选项C。
Questions 18-23
Complete the summary with the list of wordsA-Pbelow.Write your answers in boxes 18-23 on your answer sheet.-
A. numerous
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B. detected
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C. quickly
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D. agreed
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E. warm
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F. sharp
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G. expands
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H. slowly
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I. unexpectedly
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J. removed
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K. contracts
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L. disputed
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M. cold
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N. moved
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O. small
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P. calculated
Toughened glass is favoured by architects because it is much stronger than ordinary glass, and the fragments are not as 18 when it breaks. However, it has one disadvantage: it can shatter 19 This fault is a result of the manufacturing process. Ordinary glass is first heated, then cooled very 20 The outer layer 21 before the inner layer, and the tension between the two layers which is created because of this makes the glass stronger.
However, if the glass contains nickel sulphide impurities, crystals of nickel sulphide are formed. These are unstable, and can expand suddenly, particularly if the weather is 22 If this happens, the pane of glass may break The frequency with which such problems occur is 23 by glass experts Furthermore, the crystals cannot be detected without sophisticated equipment.我的答案： 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.
正确答案： 18.F 19.I 20.C 21.K 22.E 23.L
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18 解析
定位词：break
原文第4段第3句 原文：“钢化玻璃的强度 是普通玻璃的5倍，破碎时裂成细小颗粒而不是锋利(razor sharp)的大块碎片。”因此答案为选项F。
19 解析
定位词：shatter
原文第8段第3句 原文：“破裂时间无法预测 (unpredictable) ……”因此答案为选项I。
20 解析
定位词：heated, cooled
原文第5段第1句 原文：“钢化玻璃由普通玻璃制成：把块普通玻璃加热到大约620摄氏度，使之轻度软化、结构膨胀，然后用冷气流迅速(rapidly) 将其冷却。” 因此答案为选项C。
21 解析
定位词：out layer, inner layer
原文第5段第2句 原文：“这导致玻璃的外层先于内部收缩 (contract)和凝固。”因此答案为选项K。
22 解析
定位词：expand suddenly
原文第8段第4句 原文：“尽管玻璃被日光加热(heated) 会加快晶体的转化速度。”因此答案为选项E。
23 解析
定位词：glass experts
原文第2段末及第3段第1句 原文中Brian Waldron宣称这是非常罕见的现象，而其他人如Barrie Josie等则持否定意见，由此可见专家对于问题发生的几率有争议，因此答案为选项L。
Questions 24-26
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet, writeTRUEif the statement agrees with the information given in the text.FALSEif the statement contradicts the information.NOT GIVENif there is no information on this.24 Little doubt was expressed about the reason for the Bishops Walk accident.
25 Toughened glass has the same appearance as ordinary glass.
26 There is plenty of documented evidence available about the incidence of nickel sulphide failure.
我的答案：
正确答案： 24.TRUE 25.NOT GIVEN 26.FALSE
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24 解析
定位词：doubt, Bishops, Walk
原文首段最后1句 题目：关于主教街的购物中心的事故原因几乎没有疑问
原文：“经过分析，专家几乎确定这次事故是由玻璃内部硫化镍的微型晶体引起的。”因此答案为TRUE。
25 解析
定位词：ordinary glass
题目：钢化玻璃和普通玻璃外观相同。
原文中没有出现相对应的比较。因此答案为NOT GIVEN。
26 解析
题目：关于硫化镍问题可以找到充足的可考证的证据。
定位词：documented evidence, nickel sulphide failure
原文倒数第2段首句原文：“能够表明硫化镍问题的规模的数据几乎无法找到。”因此答案为FALSE。
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Part 3
Read the text below and answer questions 27-40.
The effects of light on plant and animal species
Light is important to organisms for two different reasons. Firstly it is used as a cue for the timing of daily and seasonal rhythms in both plants and animals, and secondly it is used to assist growth in plants.
Breeding in most organisms occurs during a part of the year only, and so a reliable cue is needed to trigger breeding behaviour. Day length is an excellent cue, because it provides a perfectly predictable pattern of change within the year. In the temperate zone in spring, temperatures fluctuate greatly from day to day, but day length increases steadily by a predictable amount. The seasonal impact of day length on physiological responses is called photoperiodism, and the amount of experimental evidence for this phenomenon is considerable. For example, some species of birds' breeding can be induced even in midwinter simply by increasing day length artificially (Wolfson 1964). Other examples of photoperiodism occur in plants. A short-day plant flowers when the day is less than a certain critical length. A long-day plant flowers after a certain critical day length is exceeded. In both cases the critical day length differs from species to species. Plants which flower after a period of vegetative growth, regardless of photoperiod, are known as day-neutral plants.
Breeding seasons in animals such as birds have evolved to occupy the part of the year in which offspring have the greatest chances of survival. Before the breeding season begins, food reserves must be built up to support the energy cost of reproduction, and to provide for young birds both when they are in the nest and after fledging. Thus many temperate-zone birds use the increasing day lengths in spring as a cue to begin the nesting cycle, because this is a point when adequate food resources will be assured.
The adaptive significance of photoperiodism in plants is also clear. Short-day plants that flower in spring in the temperate zone are adapted to maximising seedling growth during the growing season. Long-day plants are adapted for situations that require fertilization by insects, or a long period of seed ripening. Short-day plants that flower in the autumn in the temperate zone are able to build up food reserves over the growing season and over winter as seeds. Day-neutral plants have an evolutionary advantage when the connection between the favourable period for reproduction and day length is much less certain. For example, desert annuals germinate, flower and seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs, regardless of the day length.
The breeding season of some plants can be delayed to extraordinary lengths. Bamboos are perennial grasses that remain in a vegetative state for many years and then suddenly flower, fruit and die (Evans 1976). Every bamboo of the species Chusquea abietifolia on the island of Jamaica flowered, set seed and died during 1884. The next generation of bamboo flowered and died between 1916 and 1918, which suggests a vegetative cycle of about 31 years. The climatic trigger for this flowering cycle is not yet known, but the adaptive significance is clear. The simultaneous production of masses of bamboo seeds (in some cases lying 12 to 15 centimetres deep on the ground) is more than all the seed-eating animals can cope with at the time, so that some seeds escape being eaten and grow up to form the next generation (Evans 1976).
The second reason light is important to organisms is that it is essential for photosynthesis. This is the process by which plants use energy from the sun to convert carbon from soil or water into organic material for growth. The rate of photosynthesis in a plant can be measured by calculating the rate of its uptake of carbon. There is a wide range of photosynthetic responses of plants to variations in light intensity. Some plants reach maximal photosynthesis at one-quarter full sunlight, and others, like sugarcane, never reach a maximum, but continue to increase photosynthesis rate as light intensity rises.
Plants in general can be divided into two groups: shade-tolerant species and shade-intolerant species. This classification is commonly used in forestry and horticulture. Shade-tolerant plants have lower photosynthetic rates and hence have lower growth rates than those of shade-intolerant species. Plant species become adapted to living in a certain kind of habitat, and in the process evolve a series of characteristics that prevent them from occupying other habitats. Grime (1966) suggests that light may be one of the major components directing these adaptations. For example, eastern hemlock seedlings are shade-tolerant. They can survive in the forest understorey under very Iow light levels because they have a Iow photosynthetic rate.Questions 27-33
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet, writeTRUEif the statement agrees with the information given in the text.FALSEif the statement contradicts the information.NOT GIVENif there is no information on this.27 There is plenty of scientific evidence to support photoperiodism.
28 Some types of bird can be encouraged to breed out of season.
29 Photoperiodism is restricted to certain geographic areas.
30 Desert annuals are examples of long-day plants.
31 Bamboos flower several times during their life cycle.
32 Scientists have yet to determine the cue for Chusquea abietifolia's seasonal rhythm.
33 Eastern hemlock is a fast-growing plant.
我的答案：
正确答案： 27.TRUE 28.TRUE 29.NOT GIVEN 30.FALSE 31.FALSE 32.TRUE 33.FALSE
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27 解析
定位词：scientific evidence, photoperiodism
原文第2段第4句 题目：支持光周期现象的科学证据十分充分。
原文：“受季节性影响的日照长度在生理学上的反应叫做光周期现象。这种现象的试验证据的数量相当可观。”因此答案为TRUE。
28 解析
定位词：bird, breed, season
原文第2段第5句 题目：一些鸟类能够被诱发在非繁殖季节进行繁殖。原文：“仅仅通过人工增加日照长度，一些鸟类甚至在冬到的时候都会被诱发繁殖(Wolfson，1964年) 。” 因此答案为TRUE。
29 解析
光周期现象被限制在一些特定地区。
定位词：photoperiodism, geographic areas
原文没有提到题目的内容，因此答案为NOT GIVEN。
30 解析
题目：沙漠植物属于长日照植物。
定位词：desert annuals, long-day plants 原文第4段最后两句
原文：“日中性植物有进化优势。对于它们而言，繁殖的最好季节和日照长度之间并没有必然的关系。例如，对于沙漠的一年生植物而言，只要有合适的雨水，它们就会生长，开花结果，不受日照长短的影响。”由此可见沙漠植物属于日中性植物而非长日照植物，因此答案为FALSE。
31 解析
题目：“竹子在其生命周期中开好几次花。”
定位词：bamboo 原文第5段第2句
原文：“竹子是多年生植物，在很多年的时间里都保持生长状态。然后突然开花结果，死亡(Evans, 1976)。”因此答案为FALSE。
32 解析
题目：科学家还没有确定关于Chusquea abietifolia竹子季节性周期的线索。
定位词：Chusquea abietifolia 原文第5段第3句至第5句
原文：“1884年，牙买加岛上的Chusquea abietifolia竹子全部开花，结果,死亡。下一代的这种竹子在1916年到1918年间也都开花、死亡了，这暗示这种竹子的生长期大约为31年。这种花期循环的气候诱因目前还不清楚……”因此答案为TRUE。
33 解析
题目：东方的芹叶钩吻幼苗是一种生长快速的植物。
定位词：Eastern hemlock 原文末段第3句及倒数第2句
原文：“耐阴植物的光合作用速率低，因此生长速度低干喜光植物。……东方的芹叶钩吻幼苗是耐阴植物，它们可以生存在森林中光照很少的林下叶层，因为它们的光合作用速率低。”因此答案为FALSE。
Questions 34-40
Complete the sentence.ChooseNO MORE THAN THREE WORDSfrom the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 34-40 on your answer sheet.34 Day length is a useful cue for breeding in areas where are unpredictable.
35 Plants which do not respond to light levels are referred to as
36 Birds in temperate climates associate longer days with nesting and the availability of
37 Plants that flower when days are long often depend on to help them reproduce.
38 Desert annuals respond to as a signal for reproduction.
39 There is no limit to the photosynthetic rate in plants such as
40 Tolerance to shade is one criterion for the of plants in forestry and horticulture.
我的答案： 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
正确答案： 34.temperatures 35.day-neutral,day-neutral plants 36.food,food resources,adequate food,adequate food resources 37.insects,fertilization by insects 38.rainfall,suitable rainfall 39.sugarcane 40.classification
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34 解析
题目：在不可预测的地区， 日照长度是繁殖的有用提示。
定位词：Day length, cue 原文第2段第1句至第3句
原文：“大多数生物体的繁殖都只发生在一年中的某些时候，因此，需要一个可靠的提示来引发生育行为。日照长度就是非常好的提示，因为它提供了一个极好的可预测的年之中变化的模式。在温带的春季，一天与一天之间气温(temperatures) 波动很大，但是日照长度却按照可预测的数量稳步增加。”
因此答案为temperatures。
35 解析
题目：对光周期没什么反应的植物被称为
定位词：Do not respond to light 原文第2段末句
原文：“那些不受光周期影响、 经过一段时间生长之后便开花的植物叫做日中性植物(day-neutral)。”因此答案为day-neutral。
36 解析
题目：温带的鸟类将日照长度与筑巢和联系起来。
定位词：Birds, nesting 原文第3段末句
原文：“因此，很多温带的鸟类将春季日照长度的增加当作开始筑巢周期的提示，因为在这个时候能保证有足够的食物(food) 来源。” 因此答案为food。
37 解析
题目：长日照植物依靠___帮助其繁殖。
定位词：Plants, days are long 原文第4段第3句
原文：“长日照植物会选择能够得到昆虫授精(fertilization by insects)或者使种子有较长成熟期的时期。”因此答案为fertilization by insects。
38 解析
题目：沙漠植物将 视为繁殖的信号。
定位词：Desert annuals 原文第4段末句
原文：“对于沙漠的一年生植物而言，只要有合适的雨水(rainfall)，它们就会生长，开花结果，不受日照长短的影响。”因此答案rainfall。
39 解析
定位词：Photosynthetic
原文第6段末句 原文：“ 一些植物在I/4全光照的时候能达到光合作用最高值；而另外些植物，比如甘蔗(sugarcane) ，从来不能达到最高值，但是随着光照强度的增加，光合作用的速率会持续增高。”因此答案为sugarcane。
40 解析
题目：能否耐阴是林业和园艺业对植物____的一个评标准。
定位词：Tolerance to shade, forestry, horticulture 原文末段第2句
原文：“总体而言，植物可以被分为两种：耐阴类和喜光类。这一分类(classification)在林业和园艺业中广泛使用。”因此答案为classification。