考满分 ielts

C8-Test 4

听力阅读写作

Part 1

Read the text below and answer questions 1-13.
Land of the Rising Sun

AJapan has a significantly better record in terms of average mathematical attainment than England and Wales. Large sample international comparisons of pupils` attainment since the 1960s have establish that not only did Japanese pupils at age 13 have better scores of average attainment, but there are also a larger portion of `low` attainers in England, where, incidentally, the variation in attainment scores was much greater. The percentage of Gross National Product spent on education is reasonably similar in the two countries, so how is this higher and more consistent attainment in maths achieved?
1
BLower secondary schools in Japan cover three school years, from the seventh grade (age 13) to ninth grade (age 15). Virtually all the pupils at this stage attend state schools: only 3 percent are in private sectors. Schools are usually modern in design, set well back from the road and spacious inside. Classrooms are large and pupils sit at single desks in rows. Lessons last standardised 50 minutes and are always followed by 10-minute break, which gives the pupils a chance to let off the stream. Teachers begin with formal address and mutual bowing, and then concentrate on whole-class teaching.
Classes are large – usually about 40 – and are unstreamed. Pupils stay in the same class for all lessons throughout the school and develop considerable class identity and loyalty. Pupils attend the school in their own neighborhood, which in theory removes ranking by school. In practice in Tokyo, because of the relative concentration of schools, there is some `competition` to get into the `better` school in particular area.
2
CTraditional ways of teaching form the basis of the lesson and remarkable quite class take their own notes of the points made and the examples demonstrated. Everyone has their own copy of the textbook supplied by the central education authority, Monbusho, as part of the concept of the free compulsory education up to age of 15. Those textbooks are, on the whole, small, presumably inexpensive to produce, but well set out and logically developed.(One teacher was particularly keen to introduce colour and pictures into maths textbooks: he felt this would make them more accessible to pupils brought up in cartoon culture.) Besides approving textbooks, Monbusho also decides the highly centralised national curriculum and how it is to be delivered.
3
DLessons all follow the same pattern. At the beginning, the pupils put solutions to the homework on the board, then the teachers comment, correct or elaborate as necessary. Pupils mark their own homework: this is an important principle in Japanese schooling as it enables pupils to see where and why they made a mistake, so that can be avoided in the future. No one minds mistakes or ignorance as long as you are prepared to learn from them.
After the homework has been discussed, the teacher explains the topic of the lesson, slowly and with a lot of repetition and elaboration. Examples are demonstrated on the board; questions from the textbooks are worked though first with the class, and then the class is set questions from the textbooks to do individually. Only rarely are supplementary worksheets distributed in a maths class. The impression is that the logical nature of the textbooks and their comprehensive coverage of different types of examples, combined with the relative homogeneity of the class, renders work sheet unnecessary. At this point, the teacher would circulate and make sure that all the pupils were coping well.
4
EIt is remarkable that large, mixed-ability classes could be kept together for maths throughout all their compulsory schooling form 6 to15. Teachers say they give individual help at the end of a lesson or after school, setting extra work if necessary. In observed lessons, any strugglers would be assited by the teacher or quietly seek help from their neighbour. Carefully fostered class identity makes pupils keen to help each other – anyway, it is in their interest since the class progress together.
This scarcely seems adequate help to enable slow learners to keep up. However, the Japanese attitude towards education runs along the lines `if you work hard enough, you can do almost anything`. Parents are kept closely informed of their children`s progress and will play a part in helping their children to keep up with class, sending them to `Juku` (private evening tuition) if extra help is needed and encourage them to work harder. It seems to work, at least for 95 percent of the school population.
5
FSo what the major contributing factors in the success of maths teaching? Clearly, attitudes are important. Education is valued greatly in Japanese culture; maths is recognised as an important compulsory subject throughout schooling; and the emphasis is on hard work coupled with a focus on accuracy.
Other relevant points relate to the supportive attitude of a class toward slower pupils, the lack of competition within a class, and the positive emphasis on learning for oneself and improving one`s own standard. And the view of repetitively boring lessons and learning the facts by heart, which is sometimes quoted in relation to Japanese classes, may be unfair and unjustified. No poor maths lessons were observed. They were mainly good and one or two were inspirational.
Questions 1-5

Reading Passage 1 has six sections,
A-F
.
Choose the correct heading for sections
B-F
from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number
i-ix
in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

I. The influence of Monbusho

II. Helping less successful students

III. The success of compulsory education

IV. Research findings concerning achievements in maths

V. The typical format of a maths lesson

VI. Comparative expenditure on maths education

VII. Background to middle-years education in Japan

VIII. The key to Japanese successes in maths education

IX. The role of homework correction

我的答案： 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

正确答案： 1.VII   2.I   3.V   4.II   5.VIII

查看解析

1 解析

定位词：background, middle-years education
文中对应Section B首句：Lower secondary schools in Japan cover...
作为LIST OF HEADINGS的第一个题目，此题还是稍有难度的，因为需要通读Section B的全部内容才能看出这是在讲日本中学的教育背景。如果单纯用首句中的lower secondary schools来对应题目中的middle years education也能够得到答案，但是需要一定程度的大胆推测。正确答案为vii。

2 解析

定位词：Monbusho
文中对应Section C：Monbusho, as part of Monbusho also decides...
Monbusho在文中第一次出现于Section C，单凭这一点就能够锁定正确答案了。如果找到本段Monbusho出现的两个地方：Everyone has their own copy of the textbook supplied by the central education authority, Monbusho...以及末句...Monbusho also decides the highly centralised national curriculum and how it is to be delivered，就可以推测出这一段在讲Monbusho的影响。故正确答案为i。

3 解析

定位词：typical format
文中对应Section D首句：Lessons all follow the same pattern.
读首句就能够判断本题答案，题干中的format与文中的pattern属于同义转述。故正确答案为v。

4 解析

定位词：less successful students
文中对应Section E第一小段：...any strugglers would be assisted by the teacher or quietly seek help from their neighbour.
文中对应Section E第二小段：Parents are kept closely informed of their children's progress and will play a part in helping their children to keep up with class, sending them to 'Juku' (private evening tuition) if extra help is needed and encouraging them to work harder.
本题稍有难度，对应信息分布较广。Section E中第一段的对应句说的是后进生在学校里得到的帮助；第二段的对应句则在讨论家长如何帮助孩子跟上班级的进度。定位词与文中的strugglers属于同义转述。故正确答案为ii。

5 解析

定位词：key, successes
文中对应Section F首句：So what are the major contributing factors in the success of maths teaching?
Section F开头设问道：“那么什么是日本数学教学成功的主要因素呢？”下面紧接着回答：显然态度是重要的，然后具体解说态度如何重要。其中的contributing factors与key相对应。故正确答案是viii。

Questions 6-9

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet, write
YES
if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer.
NO
if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer.
NOT GIVEN
if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.

6 There is a wider range of achievement amongst English pupils studying maths than amongst their Japanese counterparts.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

7 The percentage of Gross National Product spent on education generally reflects the level of attainment in mathematics.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

8 Private schools in Japan are more modern and spacious than state-run lower secondary schools.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

9 Teachers mark homework in Japanese schools.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

我的答案：

正确答案： 6.YES   7.NO   8.NOT GIVEN   9.NO

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6 解析

参考译文：在学习数学方面，英国学生比日本学生得分跨度更大。
定位词：English pupils, Japanese counterparts
解题关键词：a wider range of achievement
文中对应Section A:... have established that not only did Japanese pupils at age 13 have better scores of average attainment, but there was also a larger proportion of, low’ attainers in England, where, incidentally, the variation in attainment scores was much greater......证实，13岁的日本学生平均分数更高，同时也证实了英国表现“不佳”的学生比例更大，而且，顺便说一句，
英国学生分数的变化也比日本学生大得多。
本题解题关键是搞清楚where后面引导的定语从句。在将英日两国13岁学生的成绩进行比较时，作者先说日本学生平均成绩较高，接着说英国低分学生比较多，而且英国学生分数跨度比较大。如果不仔细看，此题目很可能选成NOT GIVEN。
答案：YES

7 解析

参考译文：花在教育上的国民生产总值比例基本可以反映数学成绩水平。
定位词：Gross National Product
解题关键词：generally reflects
文中对应本题很容易定位到Section A最后一句话:The percentage of Gross National Product spent on education is reasonably similar in the two countries, so how is this higher and more consistent attainment in maths achieved? 两个国家在教育上的国民生产总值比例十分相近，那日本是如何实现这一更高、更稳定的数学成绩的呢?
这个问句表明日本投人同样的GNP却能够产生更好的数学成绩，显然,教育水平高低不能单纯以GNP投入论之。此题也具有一定的迷惑性。
答案：NO

8 解析

参考译文：日本的私立学校比公立初中更现代、更宽敞。
定位词：private schools，state-run lower secondary schools
解题关键词：more modern and spacious
文中对应本题属于典型的比较关系不存在的NOTGIVEN题目。多个信息词文中Section B都出现过，但就是没有提到题目中所说的关系。这种类型的题目，对于经历过剑4到剑7洗礼的考生们，应该比较容易。
答案：NOT GIVEN

9 解析

参考译文：在日本的学校里，老师亲自批改作业。
定位词：mark homework
解题关键词：teacher
文中对应Section D：Pupils mark their own homework: this is an important principle in Japanese schooling ..学生自己批改作业：这在日本的学校教育中是一条重要原则......本题定位信息比较明确，可轻松判断出答案。
答案：NO

Questions 10-13

Choose the correct letter
A, B, C
or
D
.
Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.

10 Maths textbooks in Japanese schools are

A .
cheap for pupils to buy.

B .
well organised and adapted to the needs of the pupils.

C .
written to be used in conjunction with TV programmes.

D .
not very popular with many Japanese teachers.

11 When a new maths topic is introduced,

A .
students answer questions on the board.

B .
students rely entirely on the textbook.

C .
it is carefully and patiently explained to the students.

D .
it is usual for students to use extra worksheets.

12 How do schools deal with students who experience difficulties?

A .
They are given appropriate supplementary tuition.

B .
They are encouraged to copy from other pupils.

C .
They are forced to explain their slow progress.

D .
They are placed in a mixed-ability class.

13 Why do Japanese students tend to achieve relatively high rates of success in maths?

A .
It is a compulsory subject in Japan.

B .
They are used to working without help from others.

C .
Much effort is made and correct answers are emphasised.

D .
There is a strong emphasis on repetitive learning.

我的答案：

正确答案： 10. B   11. C   12. A   13. C

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10 解析

定位词：maths textbooks
题目：日本的教学教材
A．价格便宜，有利于学生购买。
B．编写合理，适应学生需求。
C．编写时考虑到和电视节目相结合。
D．在许多日本教师中不是很受欢迎。
一处在Section C中部: These textbooks are, on the whole, small, presumably inexpensive to produce, but well set out and logically developed.
另一处在Section C中部: The impression is that the logical nature of the textbooks and their comprehensive coverage of different types of examples, combined with the relative homogeneity of the class, renders work sheets unnecessary.
这两句话中的well set out, logically developed, the logical nature, comprehensive coverage就相当于选项B中的well organise。故正确答案为B。

11 解析

定位词：a new maths topic
题目：当一个新的数学题被引入时，
A．学生们回答黑板上的问题。
B．学生完全依赖教科书。
C．他会被详细耐心地解释给学生听。
D．学生通常会使用额外的练习册。
在Section D第二小段：After the homework has been discussed, the teacher explains the topic of the Iesson, slowly and with a lot of repetition and elaboration. CJÎ r É'J carefully and patiently explained是对slowly and with a lot of repetition and elaboration的同义转述，两者都是表达方式的状语，功能和意思都吻合。
选项B过于绝对，可以第一时间排除。选项A是在混淆上一小段批改作业的环节，也应该被排除。正确答案为C。

12 解析

定位词：students who experience difficulties
题目：学校如何对待学习有困难的学生?
A.给他们适当的课外辅导。
B.鼓励他们抄袭其他学生的作业。
C.强迫他们解释为什么进步那么慢。
D.把他们安排在一个能力不一的班级中。
从常识就可以判断出B、C两项不是答案。那么，A和D两个选项中，到底是哪个呢?
文章Section E第二小段提到: Parents are kept closely informed of their children's progress and will play a part in helping their children to keep up with class, sending them to 'Juku’ ( private evening tuition) if extra help is needed and encouraging them to work harder.其大意是家长会送孩子去补习学校，正好对应选项A。

13 解析

此题的问句形式
题目：为什么日本学生相对能在数学方面取得较好的成绩？
A.因为数学在日本是必修课。
B.他们习惯于没有帮助独自学习。
C.学生们付出很多努力并且正确答案很受重视。
D.特别重视重复学习。
通过题干的问句形式定位到Section F第一句，接下来的内容即为答案所在：Clearly, attitudes are important. Education is valued greatly in Japanese culture; maths is recognised as an important compulsory subject throughout schooling; and the emphasis is on hard work coupled with a focus on accuracy.其中的hard work和a focus on accuracy分别对应C项中的much effort和correct answers are emphasised。
B、D两项在Section F中根本没有提及； A项虽然提及，但不是根本原因。故正确答案是C。
Part 2

Read the text below and answer questions 14-26.
Biological control of pests

The continuous and reckless use of synthetic chemicals for the control of pests which pose a threat to agriculture crops and human health is proving to be counter-productive. Apart from engendering widespread ecological disorders, pesticides have contributed to the emergence of a new breed of chemical-resistant, highly lethal superbugs.

According to a recent study by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), more than 300 species of agriculture pests have developed resistance to a wide range of potent chemicals. Not to be left behind are the disease spreading pests, about 100 species of which have become immune to a variety of insecticides now in use.

One glaring disadvantage of pesticides` application is that, while destroying harmful pests, they also wipe out many non-targeted useful organisms, which keep the growth of the pest population in check. This result in what the agroecologists call the `treadmill syndrome`. Because of their tremendous breeding potential and genetic diversity, many pests are known to withstand synthetic chemicals and bear offspring with a built-in resistance to pesticides.

The havoc that the `treadmill syndrome` can bring about is well illustrated by what happened to cotton farmers in Central America. In the early 1940s, basking in the glory of chemical-based agriculture, the farmers avidly took to pesticides as a sure measure to boost crops yield. The insecticide was applied eight times a year in the mid-1940s, rising to 28 in a season in the mid-1950s, following the sudden proliferation of three new varieties of chemical-resistant pests.

By the mid-1960s, the situation took an alarming turn with the outbreak of four more new pests, necessitating pesticide spraying to such an extent that 50% of the financial outlay on cotton production was accounted for by pesticides. In the early 1970s, the spraying frequently reached 70 times a season as the farmers were pushed to the wall by the invasion of genetically stronger insect species.

Most of the pesticides in the market today remain inadequately tested for properties that cause cancer and mutations as well as for other adverse effects on health, say a study by United States environmental agencies. The United States National Resources Defense Council has found that DDT was the most popular of a long list of dangerous chemicals in use.

In the face of the escalating perils from indiscriminate applications of pesticides, a more effective and ecologically sound strategy of biological control, involving the selective use of natural enemies of the pest population, is fast gaining popularity – though, as yet, it is a new field with limited potential. The advantage of biological control in contrast to other methods is that it provides a relatively low cost, perpetual control system with a minimum of detrimental side-effects. When handled by experts, bio-control is safe, non-polluting and self-dispersing.

The Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control (CIBC) in Bangalore, with its global network of research laboratories and fields stations, is one of the most active, non-chemical research agencies engaged in pest control by setting natural predators for parasites. CIBC also serves as a clearing-house for the export and import of biological agents for pest control world-wide.

CIBC successfully used a seed-feeding weevil, native to Mexico, to control the obnoxious parthenium weed, known to exert devious influence on agriculture and human health in both India and Australia. Similarly the Hyderabad-based Regional Research Laboratory (RRL), supported by CIBC, is now trying out an Argentinian weevil for the eradication of water hyacinth, another dangerous weed, which has become a nuisance in many parts of the world. According to the Mrs. Karser Jamil of RRL, `the Argentinian weevil does not attack any other plant and a pair of adult bugs could destroy the weed in 4-5 days.` CIBC is also perfecting the technique for breeding parasites that prey on `disapene scale` insects – notorious defoliants of fruit trees in the US and India.

How effectively biological control can be pressed into service is proved by the following examples. In the late 1960s, When Sri Lanka`s flourishing coconut groves were plagued by leaf-mining hispides, a larval parasite imported from Singapore brought the pest under control. A natural predator indigenous to India, Neodumetia sangawani, was found useful in controlling the Rhodes grass-scale insect that was devouring forage grass in many parts of the US. By using Neochetina bruci, a beetle native to Brazil, scientists at Kerala Agriculture University freed a 12-kilometre-long canal from the clutches of the weed Salvinia molesta, popularly called `African Payal` in Kerala. About 30,000 hectares of rice fields in Kerala are infested by this weed.
Questions 14-17

Choose the correct letter
A, B, C
or
D
.
Write your answers in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.

14 The use of pesticides has contributed to

A .
a change in the way ecologies are classified by agroecologists.

B .
an imbalance in many ecologies around the world.

C .
the prevention of ecological disasters in some parts of the world.

D .
an increase in the range of ecologies which can be usefully farmed.

15 The Food and Agriculture Organisation has counted more than 300 agricultural pests which

A .
are no longer responding to most pesticides in use.

B .
can be easily controlled through the use of pesticides.

C .
continue to spread disease in a wide range of crops.

D .
may be used as part of bio-control's replacement of pesticides.

16 Cotton farmers in Central America began to use pesticides

A .
because of an intensive government advertising campaign.

B .
in response to the appearance of new varieties of pest.

C .
as a result of changes in the seasons and the climate.

D .
to ensure more cotton was harvested from each crop.

17 By the mid-1960s, cotton farmers in Central America found that pesticides

A .
were wiping out 50% of the pests plaguing the crops.

B .
were destroying 50% of the crops they were meant to protect.

C .
were causing a 50% increase in the number of new pests reported.

D .
were costing 50% of the total amount they spent on their crops.

我的答案： 14. C   15. A   16. D   17. D

正确答案： 14. B   15. A   16. D   17. D

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14 解析

定位词：pesticides, contributed to
题目:使用杀虫剂导致了
A农业生态学家给生态系统分类的方式的改变。
B世界上许多地方的生态失衡。
C世界上某些地方对生态灾害的预防。
D可以进行有效农耕的生态系统数量的增加。
理解了题干与选项后，根据定位词定位至文中第1段第2句:Apart from engendering widespread ecological disorders...，四个答案中只有B项符合该句所述内容，其中的imbalance相当于文中的disorders，所以正确答案为B。

15 解析

定位词：the Food and Agriculture, Organisation, 300
题目:联合国粮食及农业组织已经统计出超过300种农业害虫，它们
A已经不再害怕大多数正在使用的杀虫剂。
B可以通过使用杀虫剂来轻易控制。
C继续在相当多的作物中传播疾病。
D也许可以被用作杀虫剂的生物防治替代品的一部分。
根据定位词可以在第2段中找到According to...the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)，more than 300 species of agricultural pests have developed resistance to a wide range of potent chemicals.因此答案应该为A。

16 解析

定位词：cotton farmers, Central America
题目：中美洲的棉农开始使用杀虫剂
A因为政府的大力宣传。
B以应对新害虫的出现。
C由于季节更替和气候变化。
D以确保每株棉花的产量更多。
由cotton farmers in Central America可以轻易地定位至第4段，其中有这样的叙述...the farmers avidly took to pesticides as a sure measure to boost crop yield(为了确保增产，农民们疯狂地使用农药)，因此答案很明显是D。

17 解析

定位词：mid-1960s
题目:到上世纪60年代中期，中美洲的棉农发现，杀虫剂正在
A杀死百分之五十祸害庄稼的害虫。
B杀死百分之五十本该受其保护的庄稼。
C使新害虫的数量增长了百分之五十。
D占他们在庄稼上总开销的百分之五十。
这是一道让人眼花缭乱的数字题，粗心的考生一看到那四个百分之五十就乱了。唯一的解题对策就是回到文章第5段定位处，仔细看清楚50%这个数字到底指的是什么。文中写道： ...500 of the financial outlay on cotton production....可见这个数字真正修饰的是农民的花费，故正确答案为D。

Questions 18-21

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet, write
YES
if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer.
NO
if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer.
NOT GIVEN
f it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.

18 Disease-spreading pests respond more quickly to pesticides than agricultural pests do.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

19 A number of pests are now born with an innate immunity to some pesticides.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

20 Biological control entails using synthetic chemicals to try and change the genetic make-up of the pests' offspring.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

21 Bio-control is free from danger under certain circumstances.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

我的答案： 18. NOT GIVEN   19. YES   20. NOT GIVEN   21. YES

正确答案： 18.NOT GIVEN   19.YES   20.NO   21.YES

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18 解析

参考译文：传播疾病的害虫对于农药的反应比农业害虫迅速。
定位词：disease spreading, agricultural pests
解题关键词：more quickly
文中对应第2段:先找到agricultural pests,接着在下一行找到disease- spreading pests，可以发现文中分别讲了两种害虫的抗药性，但并没有进行对比。这是典型的NOT GIVEN题型。
这类题目通常是题目中的主语、宾语等关键成分在文中均有所提及,但是就是没有任何信息表明题目中所提及的关系。
答案：NOT GIVEN

19 解析

参考译文：有些害虫对某些杀虫剂具有天生的免疫功能。
定位词：顺序原则定位法; born with
解题关键词：innate immunity
其实，本题只要接着上一道题目往下找到第3段就能移顺利定位，但是解题的关键却是考生对于这句话的理解：
Because of their tremendous breeding potential and genetic diversity, many pests are known to withstand synthetic chemicals and bear of spring with a built in resistance to pesticides.
人们知道，因为许多害虫都具有强大的繁殖潜力和基因多样性，所以它们能够抵抗各种合成的化学药品，它们生育的后代则拥有与生俱来的抗药性。a built in resistance相当于题f中的an inmate immunity，本题属于典型的同义词替换型的YES题。
答案：YES

20 解析

参考译文：生物防虫法需要使用人工杀虫剂来尝试改变害虫后代的基因构成。
定位词：biological control
解题关键词：synthetic chemicals
本题定位稍有难度，如果考生只看到makeup或者offspring，那么此题的定位段就会和上一题重合。但是，如果找到了真正的定位词biological control，就会发现该题的定位点在第7段：... more effective and ecologically sound strategy of biological control, involving the selective use of natural enemies of the pest population, is fast gaining popularity...
.......一种更加行之有效而健全的生态策略，即生物防虫法，就越来越受欢迎。这种策略主要是有选择性地使用害虫的天敌.....
通过翻译该句，考生会发现生物防虫法恰恰不涉及使用人造农药，因此题目与原文叙述相反。
答案：NO

21 解析

参考译文：在某些情况下，生物防虫法是无害的。
定位词：bio control
解题关键词：under certain circumstances
本题定位比较容易，接着上一题的定位句往下找，在第7段最后一句就能找到bio-control，从而顺利定位。本题的解题关键词under certain circumstances与文中的when handled by experts相对应， free from danger与safe相对应，故答案应为YES。
答案：YES

Questions 22-26

Complete each sentence with the correct ending,
A-I
, below.
Write the correct letter,
A-I
, in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.

A. forage grass.

B. rice fields.

C. coconut trees.

D. fruit trees.

E. water hyacinth.

F. parthenium weed.

G. Brazilian beetles.

H. grass-scale insects.

I. larval parasites.

22 Disapene scale insects feed on 22

23 Neodumetia sangawani ate 23

24 Leaf-mining hispides blighted 24

25 An Argentinian weevil may be successful in wiping out 25

26 Salvinia molesta plagues 26

我的答案： 22. D   23. H   24. C   25. E   26. B

正确答案： 22.D   23.H   24.C   25.E   26.B

查看解析

22 解析

定位词：disapene scale, insects
文中对应CIBC is also perfecting the technique for breeding parasites that prey on. disapene scale' insects notorious defoliants of fruit trees in the US and India.   破折号后面的同位语成分是对‘disapene scale' insects的解释说明。defoliant指脱叶剂，考生即使不知道它的意思，也能够猜出来这种虫子危害果树。故答案为D。

23 解析

定位词：Neodumetia sangawani
文中对应A natural predator indigenous to India, Neodumetia sangawani, was found useful in controlling the Rhodes grass-scale insect that was devouring forage grass in many parts of the US.
这道题目的解题关键是搞清楚定语从句，that was devouring forage grass的先行词是grass-scale insect，而不是Neodumetia sangawani，否则答案很容易就误选A。正确答案应该是H。

24 解析

定位词：leaf-mining hispides
文中对应...flourishing coconut groves were plagued by leaf-mining hispides...
blighted这个词很多考生不认识，不过通过上下文应该能够轻易猜出是贬义词，指的是leaf-mining hispides祸害了什么。故答案为C。

25 解析

定位词：Argentinian weevil
文中对应...trying out an Argentinian weevil for the eradication of water hyacinth...
wipe out的意思是“消灭”，相当于文中的eradication，故答案为E。

26 解析

定位词：Salvinia, Molesta
文中对应By using Neochetina bruci, a beetle native to Brazil, scientists at Kerala Agricultural University freed a 12-kilometre-long canal from the clutches of the weed Salvinia molesta, popularly called 'African Payal in Kerala. About30,000 hectares of rice fields in Kerala are infested by this weed.
这道题目的难点在于专有名词太多，还间或有插人语或过去分词，使考生容易忽视真正的动词，比如freed和infested。代词指代成分this weed也容易被误解。如果能够将这个句子读上两遍，正确答案B也就不难找到了。
Part 3

Read the text below and answer questions 27-40.
Collecting Ant specimens

Collecting ants can be as simple as picking up a stray ones and placing them in a glass jar, or as complicated as completing an exhaustive survey of all species present in an area and estimating their relative abundance. The exact method used will depend on the final purpose of the collections. For taxonomy, or classification, long series, from a single nest, which contain all castes (workers, including majors and minors, and, if present, queens and males) are desirable, to allow the determination of variation within species. For ecological studies, the most important factor is collecting identifiable samples of as many of the different species present as possible. Unfortunately, these methods are not always compatible. The taxonomist sometimes overlooks the whole species in favor of those groups currently under study, while the ecologist often collects only a limited number of specimens of each species, thus reducing their value for taxonomic investigations.

To collect as wide a range of specimens as possible, several methods must be used. These include hand collecting, using baits to attract ants, ground litter sampling, and the use of pitfall traps. Hand collecting consists of searching for ants everywhere they are likely to occur. This include on the ground, under rocks, logs or other objects on the ground, in rotten woods on the ground or on trees, in vegetation, on tree trunks and under bark. When possible, collections should be made from nests and foraging columns and at least 20-25 individuals collected. This will ensure that all individuals are of the same species, and so increase their value for detailed studies. Since some species are largely nocturnal, collecting should not be combined to daytime. Specimens are collected using an aspirator (often called a pooter), forceps, a fine, moistened paint brush, or fingers, if the ants are known not to sting. Individual insects are placed in plastic or glass tubes (1.5-3 ml capacity for small ants, 5-8 ml for larger ants) containing 75%-95% ethanol. Plastic tubes with secure tops are better than glass because they are lighter, and do not break as easily if mishandled.

Baits can be used to attract and concentrate foragers. This often increases the number of individuals collected and attracts species that are otherwise elusive. Sugar, meat and oils attract different species and a range should be utilised. These baits can be placed either on the ground or on the trunks of trees or large shrubs. When placed on the ground, baits should be situated on small paper cards or other flat, light-colored surfaces, or in test-tubes or vials. This makes it easier to spot ants and capture them before they can escape into the surrounding leaf litter.

Many ants are small and forage primarily in the layers of leaves and other debris on the ground. Collecting these species by hand can be difficult. One of the most successful ways to collect them is to gather the leaf litter in which they are foraging and extract the ants from it. This is most commonly done by placing leaf litter on a screen on a large funnel, often under some heat. As the litter dries from above, ants (and other animals) move downward and eventually fall out the bottom and are collected in alcohol placed below the funnel. This method worked especially well in rain forests and marshy areas. A method of improving the catch when using a funnel is to sift the leaf litter through a coarse screen before placing it above the funnel. This will concentrate the litter and remove the larger leaves and twigs. It will also allow more litter to be sampled when using a limited number of funnels.

The pitfall trap is another commonly used tool for collecting ants. A pitfall trap can be any small container placed in the ground with the top level with the surrounding surface and filled with preservative. Ants are collected when they fall into the trap while foraging. The diameter of the trap can vary from about 18 mm to 10 cm and the number used can from a few to several hundred. The size of the trap used is influenced largely by personal preference (although larger size are generally better), while the number will be determined by the study being undertaken. The preservative used is usually ethylene glycol or propylene glycol, as alcohol will evaporate quickly and the traps will dry out. One advantage of pitfall traps is that they can be used to collect over a period of time with minimal maintenance and intervention. One disadvantage is that some species are not collected as they either avoid the traps or do not commonly encounter them while foraging.
Questions 27-30

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE
if the statement agrees with the information given in the text.
FALSE
if the statement contradicts the information.
NOT GIVEN
if there is no information on this.

27 Taxonomic research involves comparing members of one group of ants.

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

28 New species of ant are frequently identified by taxonomists.

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

29 Range is the key criterion for ecological collections.

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

30 A single collection of ants can generally be used for both taxonomic and ecological purposes.

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

我的答案：

正确答案： 27.TRUE   28.NOT GIVEN   29.TRUE   30.FALSE

查看解析

27 解析

参考译文：分类学研究涉及比较同一蚂蚁族群中的成员。
定位词：taxonomic research
解题关键词：comparing, one group
文中对应第1段：For taxonomy, or classification, long series, from a single nest, which contain all castes(workers, including majors and minors, and, if present, queens and males) are desirable, to allow the determination of variation within species.
如果出于分类学的目的(也就是归类)，可以通过锁定一个蚁巢中包含所有蚁种(包括主要的和次要的工蚁，也包括可能存在的蚁后和蚁王)的一系列样本来确定物种的变种。
文中的single nest相当于题目中的one group，文中的to allow the determination of variation within species相当于题目中的comparing members。本题属于简单的同义词替换型TRUE。
答案：TRUE

28 解析

参考译文：分类学家经常可以发现新的蚂蚁物种。
定位词：顺序定位法， taxonomists
解题关键词：new species
这道题可以根据顺序定位法来做。文章中，分类学方法后面紧跟着生态学研究方法，根本没有任何与这道题目相关的信息。但是此时，有的考生会跳到第1段最后一句找到taxonomist一词，接着发现The taxonomist sometimes overlooks whole species in favour of those groups currently under study...这句话，因此就会误以为分类学家不会经常发现新物种而选择FALSE。其实这句话中并没有论述分类学家会不会发现新的蚂蚁物种这件事情，只是说分类学家们有时倾向于采集研究中的种群标本而忽视了整个物种。故正确答案为NOT GIVEN。
答案：NOT GIVEN

29 解析

参考译文：采集种类是用生态学方法收集蚂蚁的标准。
定位词：ecological collections
解题关键词：range
文中对应第1段：For ecological studies, the most important factor is collecting identifiable samples of as many of the different species present as possible
如果是以生态学研究为目的，最重要的因素就是尽可能多地采集现有不同物种的可辨认样本。
题干中的range与文中的different species属于同义转述。此题需要将文中那句话归纳总结为range一词，也属于比较典型的归纳式TRUE。
答案：TRUE

30 解析

参考译文：一次蚂蚁采集可以为分类学和生态学共用。
定位词：taxonomic, ecological
解题关键词：both...and...
本题定位比较简单，对于词汇量丰富的考生，单凭文章第1段中的...these methods are not always compatible就足以判断出答案。显然，分类学采集法和生态学采集法不总是兼容
的，也就是说一次蚂蚁采集不可以为两种方法共用。如果考生不认compatible这个词，则可以通过其后的解释句进一步理解，判断出正确答案。
答案：FALSE

Questions 31-36

Classify the following as referring to
Write the correct letter,
A, B, C
or
D
, in boxes 31-36 on your answer sheet.

A. hand collecting

B. using bait

C. sampling ground litter

D. using a pitfall trap

31 It is preferable to take specimens from groups of ants.31

32 It is particularly effective for wet habitats.32

33 It is a good method for species which are hard to find.33

34 Little time and effort is required.34

35 Separate containers are used for individual specimens.35

36 Non-alcoholic preservative should be used.36

我的答案： 31. A   32. C   33. C   34. B   35. D   36. D

正确答案： 31.A   32.C   33.B   34.D   35.A   36.D

查看解析

31 解析

定位词：groups of ants
第2段：When possible, collections should be made from nests or foraging columns and at least 20 to 25 individuals collected.
有可能的话，采集应当从蚁巢或觅食蚂蚁群开始搜集，而且至少采集20至25只蚂蚁。
根据题干定位词可以定位至第2段，而第2段讲的都是手工采集法，很显然答案是A。

32 解析

定位词：wet habitats
第4段：This method works especially well in rain forests and marshy areas.这个方法特别适用于雨林和沼泽地区。
第4段讲的是落叶层抽样法，定位词wet habitats与文中的rain forests and marshy areas属于同义转述，故正确答案为C。

33 解析

定位词：hard to find
第3段：This often increases the number of individuals collected and attracts species that are otherwise elusive.
这种方法通常能够增加采集的个体量，还能吸引那些难以捕捉的物种。
这道题的解题关键是理解定语从句中的elusive，它就相当于定位词hard to find，这个词剑桥系列中屡次考到，考生一定要注意。句中的this指的就是诱饵采集法，故答案为B。

34 解析

定位词：little time and effort
第5段：One advantage of pitfall traps is that they can be used to collect over a period of time with minimal maintenance and intervention.陷阱采集法的一个优势在于，仅仅需要极少的维护和干预，它们就能够持续使用一段时间。
此题的解题关键是理解minimal maintenance and intervention，它就相当于题目中的little time and effort。故答案为D。

35 解析

定位词：separate containers, individual
第2段：Individual insects are placed in plastic or glass tubes (1.5- 3.0 ml capacity for small ants, 5—8 ml for larger ants) containing 75% to 95% ethanol.
单只昆虫可以放在浓度为75%至95%酒精的塑料管或玻璃管(1.5~3.0毫升容量用于小蚂蚁，5~8毫升容量用于较大的蚂蚁)中。
定位句中的plastic or glass tubes相当于题目中的separate containers, individual insects相当于individual specimens。该句位于第2段，从而可以判断出该句讲的是hand collecting，故正确答案为A。

36 解析

定位词：non-alcoholic, preservative
第5段:The preservative used is usually ethylene glycol or propylene glycol, as alcohol will evaporate quickly and the traps will dry out.
由于酒精易挥发，瓶子很快就会干了，所以我们使用的防腐剂通常是乙二醇或丙二醇。
通过理解原因状语从句，推测出陷阱采集法中使用的防腐剂应该是无酒精的，对应于题目中的non-alcoholic preservative，所以答案为D。

Questions 37-40

Label the diagram below.
Choose
NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.

37

38

39

40

我的答案： 37. leaf litter   38. 39. 40.

正确答案： 37.heat 38.leaf litter 39.screen 40.alcohol

查看解析

37 解析

猜测或者反推
This is most commonly done by placing leaf litter on a screen over a large funnel, often under some heat.
37、38和39三个空位于文中同一句话中，关键要搞清楚最上面是什么，中间是什么，下面又是什么。
placing leaf litter on a screen表明leaf litter在screen，上面;而后面的over a large funnel又代表screen是被放置于funnel之上的。因此可以确定图中38和39两个空的答案分别是leaf litter和screen。接着看到under some heat，也就是说上述的三样东西都是在这个heat下的，所以最上面的37空应该填heat一词。

38 解析

图中箭头所指的方向
This is most commonly done by placing leaf litter on a screen over a large funnel, often under some heat.
37、38和39三个空位于文中同一句话中，关键要搞清楚最上面是什么，中间是什么，下面又是什么。
placing leaf litter on a screen表明leaf litter在screen，上面;而后面的over a large funnel又代表screen是被放置于funnel之上的。因此可以确定图中38和39两个空的答案分别是leaf litter和screen。接着看到under some heat，也就是说上述的三样东西都是在这个heat下的，所以最上面的37空应该填heat一词。

39 解析

不定冠词a
This is most commonly done by placing leaf litter on a screen over a large funnel, often under some heat.
37、38和39三个空位于文中同一句话中，关键要搞清楚最上面是什么，中间是什么，下面又是什么。
placing leaf litter on a screen表明leaf litter在screen，上面；而后面的over a large funnel又代表screen是被放置于funnel之上的。因此可以确定图中38和39两个空的答案分别是leaf litter和screen。接着看到under some heat，也就是说上述的三样东西都是在这个heat下的，所以最上面的37空应该填heat一词。

40 解析

图中所画的液体
As the leaf litter dries from above, ants (and other animals) move downward and eventually fall out the bottom and are collected in alcohol placed below the funnel.
这句话中，placed below the funnel是修饰alcohol的，也就是说，funnel下的液体应该是酒精，故正确答案为alcohol。

Review

Part 1

Part 2

Part 3

考满分 ielts

C8-Test 4

Part 1

1 解析

2 解析

3 解析

4 解析

5 解析

6 解析

7 解析

8 解析

9 解析

10 解析

11 解析

12 解析

13 解析

Part 2

14 解析

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22 解析

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25 解析

26 解析

Part 3

27 解析

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40 解析