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Part 1
Read the text below and answer questions 1-13.
The life and work of Marie Curie
Marie Curie is probably the most famous woman scientist who has ever lived. Born Maria Sklodowska in Poland in 1867, she is famous for her work on radioactivity, and was twice a winner of the Nobel Prize. With her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri Becquerel, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics, and was then sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize.
From childhood, Marie was remarkable for her prodigious memory, and at the age of 16 won a gold medal on completion of her secondary education. Because her father lost his savings through bad investment, she then had to take work as a teacher. From her earnings she was able to finance her sister Bronia's medical studies in Paris, on the understanding that Bronia would, in turn, later help her to get an education.
In 1891 this promise was fulfilled and Marie went to Paris and began to study at the Sorbonne (the University of Paris). She often worked far into the night and lived on little more than bread and butter and tea. She came first in the examination in the physical sciences in 1893, and in 1894 was placed second in the examination in mathematical sciences. It was not until the spring of that year that she was introduced to Pierre Curie.
Their marriage in 1895 marked the start of a partnership that was soon to achieve results of world significance. Following Henri Becquerel's discovery in 1896 of a new phenomenon, which Marie later called 'radioactivity', Marie Curie decided to find out if the radioactivity discovered in uranium was to be found in other elements. She discovered that this was true for thorium.
Turning her attention to minerals, she found her interest drawn to pitchblende, a mineral whose radioactivity, superior to that of pure uranium, could be explained only by the presence in the ore of:small quantities of an unknown substance of very high activity. Pierre Curie joined her in the work that she had undertaken to resolve this problem, and that led to the discovery of the new elements, polonium and radium. While Pierre Curie devoted himself chiefly to the physical 丨study of the new radiations, Marie Curie struggled to obtain pure radium in the metallic state. This was achieved with the help of the chemist Andre-Louis Debierne, one of Pierre Curie's pupils. Based on the results of this research, Marie Curie received her Doctorate of Science, and in 1903 Marie and Pierre shared with Becquerel the Nobel Prize for Physics for the discovery of radioactivity.
The births of Marie's two daughters, Irene and Eve, in 1897 and 1904 failed to interrupt her scientific work. She was appointed lecturer in physics at the Ecole Normale Superieure for girls in Sevres, France (1900), and introduced a method of teaching based on experimental demonstrations. In December 1904 she was appointed chief assistant in the laboratory directed by Pierre Curie.
The sudden death of her husband in 1906 was a bitter blow to Marie Curie, but was also a turning point in her career: henceforth she was to devote all her energy to completing alone the scientific work that they had undertaken. On May 13,1906, she was appointed to the professorship that had been left vacant on her husband's death, becoming the first woman to teach at the Sorbonne. In 1911 she was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the isolation of a pure form of radium.
During World War I, Marie Curie, with the help of her daughter Irene, devoted herself to the development of the use of X-radiography, including the mobile units which came to be known as 'Little Curies', used for the treatment of wounded soldiers. In 1918 the Radium Institute, whose staff Irene had joined, began to operate in earnest, and became a centre for nuclear physics and chemistry. Marie Curie, now at the highest point of her fame and, from 1922, a member of the Academy of Medicine, researched the chemistry of radioactive substances and their medical applications.
In 1921, accompanied by her two daughters, Marie Curie made a triumphant journey to the United States to raise funds for research on radium. Women there presented her with a gram of radium for her campaign. Marie also gave lectures in Belgium, Brazil, Spain and Czechoslovakia and, in addition, had the satisfaction of seeing the development of the Curie Foundation in Paris, and the inauguration in 1932 in Warsaw of the Radium Institute, where her sister Bronia became director.
One of Marie Curie's outstanding achievements was to have understood the need to accumulate intense radioactive sources, not only to treat illness but also to maintain an abundant supply for research. The existence in Paris at the Radium Institute of a stock of 1.5 grams of radium made a decisive contribution to the success of the experiments undertaken in the years around 1930. This work prepared the way for the discovery of the neutron by Sir James Chadwick and, above all, for the discovery in 1934 by Irene and Frederic Joliot- Curie of artificial radioactivity. A few months after this discovery, Marie Curie died as a result of leukaemia caused by exposure to radiation. She had often carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes in her pocket, remarking on the pretty blue-green light they gave off.
Her contribution to physics had been immense, not only in her own work, the importance of which had been demonstrated by her two Nobel Prizes, but because of her influence on subsequent generations of nuclear physicists and chemists.Questions 1-6
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, writeTRUEif the statement agrees with the information given in the text.FALSEif the statement contradicts the information.NOT GIVENif there is no information on this.1 Marie Curie's husband was a joint winner of both Marie's Nobel Prizes.
2 Marie became interested in science when she was a child.
3 Marie was able to attend the Sorbonne because of her sister's financial contribution.
4 Marie stopped doing research for several years when her children were born.
5 Marie took over the teaching position her husband had held.
6 Marie's sister Bronia studied the medical uses of radioactivity.
我的答案：
正确答案： 1.FALSE 2.NOT GIVEN 3.TRUE 4.FALSE 5.TRUE 6.NOT GIVEN
查看解析
1 解析
参考译文：Marie Curie的丈夫与她共同获得了两项诺贝尔奖。
定位词：husband, Nobel Prizes.
解题关键词：was a joint winner of both...
文中对应第一段第二、三句：...and was twice a winner of the Nobel Prize. With her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri Becquerel, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics, and she was then sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. ……并两度问鼎诺贝尔奖：1903年，她同丈夫Pierre Curie以及Henri Becquerel被授予诺贝尔物理学奖，1911年她又独立获得诺贝尔化学奖。
本题解题关键是：题干要判断是否Marie Curie的丈夫与她共同获得了两项诺贝尔奖。原文陈述，她丈夫与她合着拿了一次，另外一次是她自己独立完成的。题干中的sole抵触于原文的both；题干与原文陈述不一致。
答案：FAISE2 解析
参考译文：当Marie还是个孩子时，就对科学产生了兴趣。
定位词：science, child
解题关键词：interested in science, when she was a child
文中对应根据顺序原则，定位到第二段第一行：From childhood, Marie was remarkable for her prodigious memory, and at the age of 16 won a gold medal on completion of her secondary education. 自幼年起，Marie就以惊人的记忆力而出名。她在16岁完成中等教育时获得了金牌。
本题解题关键是：题干要判断Marie是否在还是个孩子时，就对科学产生了兴趣。原文陈述，Marie小时候记忆力惊人，并在16岁完成中等教育时获得了金牌，但是并没有提及她小时候是否对科学产生了兴趣。
答案：NOT GIVEN3 解析
参考译文：Marie能够到巴黎大学学习，是因为姐姐的经济资助。
定位词：Sorbonne
解题关键词：because of her sister's financial contribution
文中对应第二段最后一句：From her earnings she was able to finance her sister Bronia's medical studies in Paris, on the understanding that Bronia would, in turn, later help her to get an education. 有了这笔收入，她就能先资助姐姐Bronia在巴黎学医，而Bronia也承诺，作为回报以后会帮助她继续完成学业。
本题解题关键是：题干要判断Marie能够到巴黎大学学习，是否因为姐姐的经济资助。原文陈述姐姐确实是这么承诺的。但是如果有一些考生会纠结于姐姐虽承诺，但是是否兑现了诺言的话，可以再结合第三段第一句In 1891 this promise was fulfilled and Marie went to Paris and began to study at the Sorbonne. 1891年，Bronia兑现了她的承诺。Marie来到巴黎，开始在巴黎大学学习。由此题干与原文完全一致。
答案：TRUE4 解析
参考译文：当Marie的孩子出生时，有几年她停止了研究工作。
定位词：when her children were born
解题关键词：stopped doing research for several years
文中对应第六段第一行：The births of Marie's two daughters, Irène and Eve, in 1897 and 1904 failed to interrupt her scientific work. 1897年和1904年，Marie的两个女儿Irène和Eve分别诞生，但都没有影响她的科学工作。
本题解题关键是：题干要判断Marie是不是在生孩子的几年间停止了研究。原文陈述两个孩子诞生时，都没有影响她的科学工作。题干中的stopped doing research与原文中的failed (unable to) to interrupt陈述不一致。
答案：FALSE5 解析
参考译文：Marie接任了丈夫生前的教学职位。
定位词：teaching position, husband
解题关键词：took over
文中对应第七段第三行：On May 13, 1906, she was appointed to the professorship that had been left vacant on her husband's death, becoming the first woman to teach at the Sorbonne. 1906年5月13日，她填补了丈夫过世后留下的职位空缺，被任命为教授，成为了巴黎大学的第一位女性教师。
本题解题关键是:题干要判断是否Marie接任了丈夫生前的教学职位。原文陈述，她填补了丈夫过世后留下的职位空缺。题干中took over对应原文中的was appointed to the professorship；题干中的teaching position对应原文left vacant on her husband's death。题干与原文陈述完全一致。
答案：TRUE6 解析
参考译文：Marie的姐姐Bronia研究了放射现象的医疗应用。
定位词：Bornia, radioactivity
解题关键词：Studied…the medical uses
文中对应第九段倒数第二行:...and the inauguration in 1932 in Warsaw of the Radium Institute, where her sister Bronia became director... ……以及镭研究所于1932年在华沙启动，而她的姐姐Bronia则成为了研究所的主管。
本题解题关键是：题干要判断Bronia是否研究了放射现象的医疗应用。原文只提到她的姐姐Bronia成为了研究所的主管，题干内容在原文并未提及。
答案：NOT GIVENQuestions 7-13
Complete the notes below.ChooseONE WORDfrom the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.7 * When uranium was discovered to be radioactive, Marie Curie found that the element called had the same property.
8 * Marie and Pierre Curie's research into the radioactivity of the mineral known as led to the discovery of two new elements.
9 * In 1911, Marie Curie received recognition for her work on the element .
10 * Marie and Irene Curie developed X-radiography which was used as a medical technique for .
11 * Marie Curie saw the importance of collecting radioactive material both for research and for cases of .
12 * The radioactive material stocked in Paris contributed to the discoveries in the 1930s of the and of what was known as artificial radioactivity.
13 * During her research, Marie Curie was exposed to radiation and as a result she suffered from .
我的答案： 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
正确答案： 7.thorium 8.pitchblende 9.radium 10.soldiers 11.illness 12.neutron 13.leukaemia|leukemia
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7 解析
定位词：radioactive, uranium
文中对应第四段第三行：Marie Curie decided to find out if the radioactivity discovered in uranium was to be found in other elements. She discovered that this was true for thorium.
首先通过句子分析，得知空格里的词应该是可以和uranium构成并列的名词，再根据空格前是called，从而预测出空格中应该是个名称（最好大写，或者引号、粗体，或者像uranium那般的词）。题干中…had the same property对应原文中...discovered that this was true for...，所以答案为thorium。8 解析
定位词：因果关系led to; Marie and Pierre Curie's, mineral, known as, discovery, two new elements
文中对应在第五段第一行：Turning her attention to minerals, she found her interest drawn to pitchblende, a mineral whose radioactivity, superior to that of pure uranium, could be...Pierre Curie joined her in the work...led to the discovery of the new elements...
由于空格前known as，预测出这里要填一个名称，而且是矿物质名称，并且由于此物质的发现，导致我们还发现了两个新的元素。题干中mineral known as对应原文she found her interest drawn to pitchblende, a mineral whose radioactivity, superior to...；题干中two new elements对应原文discovery of the new elements...
因此答案是pitchblende。9 解析
定位词：1911
文中对应第七段倒数第二行：In 1911 she was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the isolation of a pure form of radium.
空格里应该填一个元素的名称。用定位词定位到原文中，包含定位词的这一句话中，只有radium是元素，符合答案要求。10 解析
定位词：Marie and Irène, X-radiography文中对应
第八段第一行：…with the help of her daughter Irène devoted herself to the development of the use of X-radiography, including the mobile units which came to be known as ‘Little Curies’, used for the treatment of wounded soldiers.
空格前为介词for，因此预测出空格里应该填名词。就是指居里夫人和她的女儿利用X射线照相技术，可以为了什么而作为医疗之用。题干中was used as a medical technique for对应原文中used for the treatment of wounded soldiers。因为题目要求只能填一个词，所以答案为soldiers。11 解析
定位词：并列关系：both… and…；radioactive material, research
文中对应第十段第二行：...radioactive sources, not only to treat illness but also to maintain an abundant supply for research.
空格前后有并列关系both...and...要填的这个空格与research存在并列关系，为名词。利用radioactive定位到原文中的那句话，很容易也找到一组并列关系not only A but also research, research已经在题干中，所以答案在前面not only中，找到对应部分to treat illness...，这几个字中唯一名词illness确定为答案。12 解析
定位词：discoveries, 1930s, artificial radioactivity
文中对应第十段第四行：...made a decisive contribution to the success of the experiments under taken in the years around1930. This work prepared the way for the discovery of the neutron by ... above all, for the discovery in 1934… artificial radioactivity
空格前为定冠词the，因此预测出空格里应该填名词，而且要填的这个名词应该与artificial radioactivity并列，表示同为重大发现。题干中的discoveries of the____ and of what was known as artificial radioactivity对应原文This work prepared the way for the discovery of the neutron …for the discovery in 1934…of artificial radioactivity。因此neutron为答案。13 解析
定位词：关系词：as a result；exposed to radiation，suffered from
文中对应第十段倒数第三行：…Marie Curie died as a result of leukaemia caused by exposure to radiation.
通过空格前的关系词as a result，以及介词from，可以预测出空格里应该填一个表示结果的名词。从内容上来分析，应该是居里夫人长期暴露于镭的辐射，结果得了什么病。题干中as a result she suffered from…对应原文中died as a result of leukaemia caused by…，因此leukaemia为答案。参考译文:
Marie Curie对放射现象的研究
7. 当铀被发现具有放射性时, Marie Curie发现钍元素具有相同的性质。
8. Marie和Pierre Curie在对沥青铀矿的放射性进行研究时,发现了两种新的元素。
9. 1911年, Marie Curie因对镭元素的研究而获得认可。
10. Marie Curie和Irène发展了X射线照相技术,这一技术成为一项救治士兵的医疗技术。
11. Marie Curie看到了收集放射性物质对于科学研究和治疗疾病的重要性。
12. 储存在巴黎的放射性物质对于20世纪30年代中子和人工放射的发现作出了贡献。
13. Marie Curie在研究过程中受到辐射,因而患上了白血病。 -
Part 2
Read the text below and answer questions 14-26.
Young children's sense of identity
AA sense of self develops in young children by degrees. The process can usefully be thought of in terms of the gradual emergence of two somewhat separate features: the self as a subject, and the self as an object. William James introduced the distinction in 1892, and contemporaries of his, such as Charles Cooley, added to the developing debate. Ever since then psychologists have continued building on the theory.
BAccording to James, a child's first step on the road to self-understanding can be seen as the recognition that he or she exists. This is an aspect of the self that he labelled 'self-as-subject', and he gave it various elements. These included an awareness of one's own agency (i.e. one's power to act), and an awareness of one's distinctiveness from other people. These features gradually emerge as infants explore their world and interact with caregivers. Cooley (1902) suggested that a sense of the self-as-subject was primarily concerned with being able to exercise power. He proposed that the earliest examples of this are an infant's attempts to control physical objects, such as toys or his or her own limbs. This is followed by attempts to affect the behaviour of other people. For example, infants learn that when they cry or smile someone responds to them.
CAnother powerful source of information for infants about the effects they can have on the world around them is provided when others mimic them. Many parents spend a lot of time, particularly in the early months, copying their infant's vocalizations and expressions. In addition, young children enjoy looking in mirrors, where the movements they can see are dependent upon their own movements.This is not to say that infants recognize the reflection as their own image (a later development). However, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) suggest that infants' developing understanding that the movements they see in the mirror are contingent on their own, leads to a growing awareness that they are distinct from other people. This is because they, and only they, can change the reflection in the mirror.
DThis understanding that children gain of themselves as active agents continues to develop in their attempts to co-operate with others in play. Dunn (1988) points out that it is in such day-to-day relationships and interactions that the child's understanding of his- or herself emerges. Empirical investigations of the self-as- subject in young children are, however, rather scarce because of difficulties of communication: even if young infants can reflect on their experience, they certainly cannot express this aspect of the self directly.
EOnce children have acquired a certain level of self-awareness, they begin to place themselves in a whole series of categories, which together play such an important part in defining them uniquely as 'themselves'. This second step in the development of a full sense of self is what James called the 'self-as-object'. This has been seen by many to be the aspect of the self which is most influenced by social elements, since it is made up of social roles (such as student, brother, colleague) and characteristics which derive their meaning from comparison or interaction with other people (such as trustworthiness, shyness, sporting ability).
FCooley and other researchers suggested a close connection between a person's own understanding of their identity and other people's understanding of it. Cooley believed that people build up their sense of identity from the reactions of others to them, and from the view they believe others have of them. He called the self- as-object the 'looking-glass self', since people come to see themselves as they are reflected in others. Mead (1934) went even further, and saw the self and the social world as inextricably bound together: 'The self is essentially a social structure, and it arises in social experience ... it is impossible to conceive of a self arising outside of social experience.
GLewis and Brooks-Gunn argued that an important developmental milestone is reached when children become able to recognize themselves visually without the support of seeing contingent movement. This recognition occurs around their second birthday. In one experiment, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) dabbed some red powder on the noses of children who were playing in front of a mirror, and then observed how often they touched their noses. The psychologists reasoned that if the children knew what they usually looked like, they would be surprised by the unusual red mark and would start touching it. On the other hand, they found that children of 15 to 18 months are generally not able to recognize themselves unless other cues such as movement are present.
HFinally, perhaps the most graphic expressions of self-awareness in general can be seen in the displays of rage which are most common from 18 months to 3 years of age. In a longitudinal study of groups of three or four children, Bronson (1975) found that the intensity of the frustration and anger in their disagreements increased sharply between the ages of 1 and 2 years. Often, the children's disagreements involved a struggle over a toy that none of them had played with before or after the tug-of-war: the children seemed to be disputing ownership rather than wanting to play with it. Although it may be less marked in other societies, the link between the sense of 'self' and of 'ownership' is a notable feature of childhood in Western societies.Questions 14-19
Reading Passage 2 has eight paragraphs,A-H.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letterA-Hin boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.NBYou may use any letter more than once.A B C D E F G H 14.an account of the method used by researchers in a particular study 15.the role of imitation in developing a sense of identity 16.the age at which children can usually identify a static image of themselves 17.a reason for the limitations of scientific research into 'self-as-subject' 18.reference to a possible link between culture and a particular form of behaviour 19.examples of the wide range of features that contribute to the sense of 'self-as- objecf 我的答案： 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
正确答案： 14.G 15.C 16.G 17.D 18.H 19.E
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14 解析
参考译文：陈述了研究人员在某项特定研究中所用的方法
定位词：method, researchers, in a particular study
文中对应G段第四行：In one experiment, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) dabbed some red powder on the noses of children who were playing in front of a mirror, and then observed how often they touched their noses. The psychologists reasoned that if the children knew what they usually looked like, they would be surprised by the unusual red mark and would start touching it.在一项实验中，Lewis和Brooks-Gunn（1979年）将在镜子前玩耍的孩子的鼻尖轻轻涂上红粉，然后观察他们多久摸一次自己的鼻子。心理学家推断，如果孩子了解自己平时的样子，他们会对鼻尖上不常见的红印感到惊讶，并会开始摸鼻子。
题目中的method对应原文的dabbed some red powder on the noses；题目中的researchers对应原文中的Lewis and Brooks Gunn这两位研究者；题目中的particular study对应原文中的In one experiment。15 解析
参考译文：模仿在自我认知发展中起到的作用
定位词：role, imitation, sense of identity
文中对应C段第一行：Another powerful source of information for infants about the effects they can have on the world around them is provided when others mimic them. 他人对婴儿的模仿是婴儿的又一个强大信息源，让他们了解到他们对周围世界所能产生的影响。
题目中的another powerful source of information对应role；题目中的imitation对应原文中的
mimic。16 解析
参考译文：孩子通常可以辨认出自己静态形象的年龄
定位词：the age, identify, static image
文中对应G段第一行：Lewis and Brooks-Gunn argued that an important developmental milestone is reached when children become able to recognize themselves visually without the support of seeing contingent movement. This recognition occurs around their second birthday. Lewis和Brooks-Gunn争辩道，当孩子变得无需借助于观察跟随自己移动的物体就能从视觉上辨认出自己时，便达到了自我认知发展过程中一个重要的里程碑。这一自我认知通常发生在大约两岁的时候。
题目中的the age对应原文中的around their second birthday；题目中的static image静态影像对应原文中的without…contingent movement。17 解析
参考译文：科学研究在“主体自我”方面局限性的原因
定位词：reason, limitations, ’self-as subject’
文中对应D段第四行：Empirical investigations of the self-as-subject in young children are, however, rather scarce because of difficulties of communication: even if young infants can reflect on their experience, they certainly cannot express this aspect of the self directly. 然而，在幼儿中进行的关于主体自我的实证调查还相当不足，其原因在于交流上的困难：即使婴儿可以回想起自身的经历，他们也肯定还无法直接表达自我的这一方面。
题目中的reason对应原文中的because of difficulties of communication；题目中的limitations对应原文中的even if young infants can... they certainly cannot…，即尽管他们可以……他们也还不能……，所以体现了客观的局限性。18 解析
参考译文：提及文化和某种特定行为之间可能存在的联系
定位词：possible link, culture, particular form of behaviour
文中对应H段倒数第三行：Although it may be less marked in other societies, the link between the sense of self and of ‘ownership’ is a notable feature of childhood in Western societies. 尽管这点在其他社会中也许并不是这么明显，但是在西方社会，对“自我”和“所有权”的认知之间的联系在儿童时期是非常明显的特点。
题目中的possible link between culture and a particular form of behaviour对应原文中的the link between the sense of ‘self’ and of ‘ownership’ is a notable feature of childhood in Westem societies。再深度分析，确认题目中particular form of behaviour（行为的特殊形式），对应原文中的the sense of ‘self’ and of ‘ownership’，即“自我”和“所有权”两种形式。题目中的culture对应原文中的Western societies。19 解析
参考译文：举出大量的不同特点促成“客体自我”认知的例证
定位词：examples, the wide range of features, ‘self as object’
文中对应E段第一行：Once children have acquired a certain level of self-awareness, they begin to place themselves in a whole series of categories, which together play such an important part in defining them uniquely as ‘themselves’. This second step in the development of a full sense of self is what James called the ‘self-as-object’. 一旦孩子获得了一定程度上的自我认知，他们便开始将自己置于整个一系列的范畴之中，而这一系列范畴在定义他们为独特的“自己”的过程中共同发挥了重要作用。这就是完整自我认知发展过程中的第二步，即James所谓的“客体自我”认知。
题目中的the wide range of features（各种不同特点）对应原文中的in a whole series of categories（一系列方法）。Questions 20-23
Look at the following findings (Questions 20-23) and the list of researchers below.Match each finding with the correct researcher or researchers,A-E.Write the correct letter,A-E, in boxes 20-23 on your answer sheet.-
A. James
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B. Cooley
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C. Lewis and Brooks-Gunn
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D. Mead
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E. Bronson
20 A sense of identity can never be formed without relationships with other people.20
21 A child's awareness of self is related to a sense of mastery over things and people21
22 At a certain age, children's sense of identity leads to aggressive behaviour.22
23 Observing their own reflection contributes to children's self awareness.23
我的答案： 20. 21. 22. 23.
正确答案： 20.D 21.B 22.E 23.C
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20 解析
定位词：D：Mead（1934）
文中对应F段最后一句 原文中的关键词为：
第一处：...the self and the social world as inextricably bound together（个人和社会有着密不可分的关系）。
第二处：... is impossible to conceive of a self arising outside of social experience（根本无法 想象个人的成长可以脱离社会经验）。
综上两处，对应题目中的identity can never be formed without relationships with other people （没有与他人的联系，自我认知无法形成）。21 解析
定位词：B：Cooley（1902）
文中对应B段中后部的原文中的关键词为：
第一处：... infant's attempts to control physical objects, such as toys or his or her own limbs（Cooley提出婴儿试图控制实物，比如玩具或者自己的胳膊和腿）。
第二处：...attempts to affect the behaviour of other people（婴儿试图影响其他人的行为）。
对应题目中的…is... related to a sense of mastery over things and people（孩子的自我认知与对事物和人物的掌控感有关）。22 解析
定位词：E：Bronson（1975）
文中对应H段原文中的关键词为：
第一处：...which are most common from 18 months to 3 years of age（这在18个月到3岁的孩子身上最为常见）。
第二处：...intensity of the frustration and anger in their disagreements increased sharply between the ages of 1 and 2years. （1~2岁的孩子由于争论而产生的挫败感和愤怒明显更加强烈）。
第三处：...involved a struggle over a toy...disputing ownership rather than wanting to play with it（孩子们的冲突涉及争夺玩具，似乎只是争抢玩具的拥有权而非真的想玩玩具）。
对应目中的At a certain age, children's sense of identity leads to aggressive behavior（在某一年龄，孩子的自我认知会导致侵犯性的行为）。23 解析
定位词：C：Lewis and Brooks-Gum（1979）
文中对应C段倒数第二句原文中的关键词为：
第一处：...that the movements they see in the mirror…（婴儿从镜子里看到的动作）。
第二处：…leads to a growing awareness that...（促使婴儿自我意识的增长）。
分别对应题目中的Observing their own reflection和contributes to children's self awareness （观察自己的影像有助于孩子自我认知的形成）。Questions 24-26
complete the summary below.ChooseONE WORD ONLYfrom the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.First, children come to realise that they can have an effect on the world around them, for example by handling objects, or causing the image to move when they face a . This aspect of self-awareness is difficult to research directly, because of problems.
Secondly, children start to become aware of how they are viewed by others. One important stage in this process is the visual recognition of themselves which usually occurs when they reach the age of two. In Western societies at least, the development of self awareness is often linked to a sense of , and can lead to disputes.我的答案： 24. 25. 26.
正确答案： 24.mirror 25.communication 26.ownership
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24 解析
定位词：举例关系：for example；image to move，face
文中对应C段中后部
空格前为不定冠词a，因此预测出空格里应该填辅音开头的名词，并且此词最好在定位词image之后。用定位词image定位到原文中包含image的这句话，名词有mirror。再一次推敲答案，发现题干中的face a...对应原文中的see in the mirror，因此mirror为答案。25 解析
定位词：因果关系：because of；self-awareness，difficult to research, directly
文中对应D段最后一句
空格前有一个关系词because of，预测空格里应该为表示原因的名词。用定位词定位到原文中，找到because of的原词，顺着往后找到名词：difficulties of communication。由于题干中已经有difficulties，于是communication为答案备选。又因为题干中的difficult to research directly （直接调研太困难）对应原文中的empirical investigation...scarce（自我实证调研不足），表述一致，因此可确定communication为答案。26 解析
定位词：In Western societies, self awareness, sense
文中对应H段最后一句
空格前是介词of，所以确定空格里一定是名词，不仅如此，空格里的词应该是和self awareness为并列关系的名词，并且最好出现在定位词In Western societies之后。按照这些定位到原文中，读包含in Western societies的这一整句话，发现就一处带引号的并列关系：between the sense of 'self' and of 'ownership'，于是ownership为答案备选。又因the sense of 'self' 对应题干中的awareness，因此可确定ownership为答案。参考译文:
孩子如何获得自我认知
首先，孩子开始意识到他们对周围的世界会产生影响，比如操控物品,或者当他们对着镜子时会导致影像移动。由于沟通上的问题，很难对自我认知的这一方 面进行直接研究。
其次，孩子开始逐渐认识到其他人是如何看待自己的。这一过程中, 一个重要的阶段是孩子在视觉上能够辨认出自己,这通常发生在他们两岁的时候。至少在西方社会,自我意识的发展通常与所有权意识相关联,并会引起争论。 -
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Part 3
Read the text below and answer questions 27-40.
The Development of Museums
AThe conviction that historical relics provide infallible testimony about the past is rooted in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when science was regarded as objective and value free. As one writer observes: 'Although it is now evident that artefacts are as easily altered as chronicles, public faith in their veracity endures: a tangible relic seems ipso facto real/ Such conviction was, until recently, reflected in museum displays. Museums used to look - and some still do - much like storage rooms of objects packed together in showcases: good for scholars who wanted to study the subtle differences in design, but not for the ordinary visitor, to whom it all looked alike. Similarly, the information accompanying the objects often made little sense to the lay visitor. The content and format of explanations dated back to a time when the museum was the exclusive domain of the scientific researcher.27BRecently, however, attitudes towards history and the way it should be presented have altered. The key word in heritage display is now'experience: the more exciting the better and, if possible, involving all the senses. Good examples of this approach in the UK are the Jorvik Centre in York; the National Museum of Photography, Film and Television in Bradford; and the Imperial War Museum in London. In the US the trend emerged much earlier: Williamsburg has been a prototype for many heritage developments in other parts of the world. No one can predict where the process will end On so-called heritage sites the re-enactment of historical events is increasingly popular, and computers will soon provide virtual reality experiences, which will present visitors with a vivid image of the period of their choice, in which they themselves can act as if part of the historical environment. Such developments have been criticised as an intolerable vulgarisation, but the success of many historical theme parks and similar locations suggests that the majority of the public does not share this opinion.28CIn a related development, the sharp distinction between museum and heritage sites on the one hand, and theme parks on the other, is gradually evaporating. They already borrow ideas and concepts from one another. For example, museums have adopted story lines for exhibitions, sites have accepted 'theming' as a relevant tool, and theme parks are moving towards more authenticity and research-based presentations. In zoos, animals are no longer kept in cages, but in great spaces, either in the open air or in enormous greenhouses, such as the jungle and desert environments in Burgers'Zoo in Holland. This particular trend is regarded as one of the major developments in the presentation of natural history in the twentieth century.29DTheme parks are undergoing other changes, too, as they try to present more serious social and cultural issues, and move away from fantasy. This development is a response to market forces and, although museums and heritage sites have a special, rather distinct, role to fulfil, they are also operating in a very competitive environment, where visitors make choices on how and where to spend their free time. Heritage and museum experts do not have to invent stories and recreate historical environments to attract their visitors: their assets are already in place. However, exhibits must be both based on artefacts and facts as we know them, and attractively presented. Those who are professionally engaged in the art of interpreting history are thus in a difficult position, as they must steer a narrow course between the demands of 'evidence' and 'attractiveness: especially given the increasing need in the heritage industry for income-generating activities.30EIt could be claimed that in order to make everything in heritage more 'real: historical accuracy must be increasingly altered. For example, Pithecanthropus erectus is depicted in an Indonesian museum with Malay facial features, because this corresponds to public perceptions. Similarly, in the Museum of Natural History in Washington, Neanderthal man is shown making a dominant gesture to his wife. Such presentations tell us more about contemporary perceptions of the world than about our ancestors. There is one compensation, however, for the professionals who make these interpretations: if they did not provide the interpretation, visitors would do it for themselves, based on their own ideas, misconceptions and prejudices. And no matter how exciting the result, it would contain a lot more bias than the presentations provided by experts.
FHuman bias is inevitable, but another source of bias in the representation of history has to do with the transitory nature of the materials themselves. The simple fact is that not everything from history survives the historical process. Castles, palaces and cathedrals have a longer lifespan than the dwellings of ordinary people. The same applies to the furnishings and other contents of the premises. In a town like Leyden in Holland, which in the seventeenth century was occupied by approximately the same number of inhabitants as today, people lived within the walled town, an area more than five times smaller than modern Leyden. In most of the houses several families lived together in circumstances beyond our imagination. Yet in museums, fine period rooms give only an image of the lifestyle of the upper class of that era. No wonder that people who stroll around exhibitions are filled with nostalgia; the evidence in museums indicates that life was so much better in the past. This notion is induced by the bias in its representation in museums and heritage centres.Questions 27-30
Reading Passage 3 has six paragraphs,A-F.Choose the correct heading for paragraphsB-Efrom the list of headings below.Write the correct numberi-viiin boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.-
I. Commercial pressures on people in charge
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II. Mixed views on current changes to museums
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III. Interpreting the facts to meet visitor expectations
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IV. The international dimension
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V. Collections of factual evidence
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VI. Fewer differences between public attractions
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VII. Current reviews and suggestions
我的答案： 27. 28. 29. 30.
正确答案： 27.II 28.VI 29.I 30.III
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27 解析
定位词：Mixed views, current changes, museums
文中对应B段前两句：Recently, however, attitudes towards history and the way it should be presented have altered. The key word in heritage display is now ‘experience’, the more exciting the better and, if possible, involving all the senses.结合最后一句的后半句： ...but the success of many historical theme parks and similar locations suggests that the majority of the public does not share this opinion.
B段从第三行开始就呈现例子，所以很容易确定这个段落是总分结构，因此前两句就变得尤其重要了。题干中的current changes对应于原文中的…presented have altered。题干中的mixed views对应于原文中的…suggests that the majority of the public does not share this opinion。因此正确答案为ii。28 解析
定位词：Fewer differences, public attractions
文中对应C段前两句：In a related development, the sharp distinction between museum and heritage sites on the one hand, and theme parks on the other, is gradually evaporating. They already borrow ideas and concepts from one another.
首先在C段第三行看到For example就可以确定这个段落是总分段落，主题句就在前两句。题干中的few differences, public attractions分别对应原文中的the sharp distinction…is gradually evaporating（显著差异正在渐渐消失）和...between museum and heritage sites...and theme parks（博物馆、名胜古迹与主题公园之间）。因此正确答案为vi。29 解析
定位词：commercial pressures, people in charge,
文中对应D段末句：Those who are professionally engaged in the art of interpreting history are thus in a difficult position, as they must steer a narrow course between the demands of ‘evidence’ and ‘attractiveness’, especially given the increasing need in the heritage industry for income· generating activities.
这个段落是相对几个段落中最有难度的，因为主题句不是出现在前两句。可以放在最后使用排除法，也可以通读整段。最后一句为整段的总结句。题干中的commercial pressures 对应原文中的especially given the increasing need in the heritage industry for income generating activities，含义为“特别是考虑到历史遗产产业对于创收活动不断增长的需求”。题干中的people in charge对应原文中的Those who are professionally engaged in the art of interpreting history，含义为“那些专业从事诠释历史这门艺术的人”。因此正确答案为i。30 解析
定位词：Interpreting the facts, meet visitor expectations
文中对应E段前两句：It could be claimed that in order to make everything in heritage more. real, historical accuracy must be increasingly altered. For example, Pithecanthropus erectus is depicted in an Indonesian museum with Malay facial features, because this corresponds to public perceptions.
首先在E段第二行看到For example就可以确定这个段落也是总分段落，主题句就在首句。但是这个段落主题句光读首句信息并不明显，需要结合例子。题干中的interpreting the facts对应原文中的例子For example, Pithecanthropus erectus is depicted in an Indonesian museum with Malay facial features，含义为“比如，印度尼西亚的一家博物馆根据马来人的面部特征来描绘直立猿人”。题干中的meet visitor expectations（满足参观者的期待），对应原文中because this corresponds to public perceptions（因为这更符合公众的认知）。因此正确答案为iii。Questions 31-36
Choose the correct letterA, B, CorD.Write your answers in boxes 31-36 on your answer sheet.31 Compared with today's museums, those of the past
32 According to the writer, current trends in the heritage industry
33 The writer says that museums, heritage sites and theme parks
34 The writer says that in preparing exhibits for museums, experts
35 In paragraph E, the writer suggests that some museum exhibits
36 The passage ends by noting that our view of history is biased because
我的答案：
正确答案： 31. B 32. A 33. D 34. D 35. C 36. B
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31 解析
定位词：museums, past
题目：和现在的博物馆相比，过去的博物馆
A 没有详细地呈现历史。
B 不是主要为大众服务的。
C 布置更加条理清晰。
D 更小心地保存展品。
对应点在A段第五行：Such conviction was, until recently, reflected in museum displays. Museums used to look—and some still do—much like storage rooms of objects packed together in showcases: good for scholars...but not for the ordinary visitor…
这句话中的but not for the ordinary visitor对应选项B中的were not primarily intended for the public。
故正确答案为B。32 解析
定位词：current trends, heritage industry
题目：根据作者的观点，当今遗产产业的趋势
A 强调个人参与。
B 源自于约克和伦敦。
C 依赖于计算机图像。
D 反映了少数人的品味。
对应点在B段第前两句：Recently, however, attitudes towards history and the way it should be presented have altered. The key word in heritage display is now ‘experience’, the more exciting the better and, if possible, involving all the senses.
其中第二句话对应选项A中的emphasise personal involvement选项B和C都涉及细节问题，但选项B本身就是错误的，选项D根本没提。
故正确答案为A。33 解析
定位词：museums, heritage sites, theme parks,
题目：作者提到博物馆、名胜古迹和主题公园
A 经常紧密地合作。
B 努力保持各自的特点。
C 有相似的展览。
D 和以前相比更不容易区分。
对应点在C段前两句：In a related development, the sharp distinction between museum and heritage sites on the one hand, and theme parks on the other, is gradually evaporating. They already borrow ideas and concepts from one another.
这句话中的the sharp distinction.is gradually evaporating就相当于选项D中的are less easy to distinguish than before。其余三个选项在原文都没提及。
故正确答案为D。34 解析
定位词：preparing exhibits for museums, experts
题目：作者提到为博物馆准备展览时，专家
A 应该追求单一的目标。
B 需要做一定量的语言翻译工作。
C 应该摆脱商业束缚。
D 平衡相互冲突的工作重点。
对应点在D段倒数第五行：Those who are professionally engaged in the art of interpreting history are thus in a difficult position, as they must steer a narrow course between the demands of ‘evidence’ and ‘attractiveness’, especially given the increasing need in the heritage industry for income-generating activities.
这句话中的as they must steer a narrow course between…and...对应选项D中的have to balance conflicting priorities。选项A和B原文没提及，选项C提到了commercial，但没有提到should be free from。
故正确答案为D。35 解析
定位词：in paragraph e, writer suggests
题目：在E段中，作者暗示一些博物馆展览
A 没能达到参观者的期望。
B 建立在专业人士的错误假设上。
C 展示出的现代人的想法多于古代人的想法。
D 让参观者更加充分地利用他们的想象力。
对应点在E段第五行：Such presentations tell us more about contemporary perceptions of the world than about our ancestors.
这句话中的tell us more about contemporary perceptions of the world than about our ancestors对应选项C中的reveal more about present beliefs than about the past。一般遇到选项中带比较关系的都不是正确答案，但选项C正是这道题的答案，因为原文中也明确了这样的比较关系。
故正确答案为C。36 解析
定位词：our view, is biased, because
题目：文章结尾提到我们对历史的看法是有偏见的，因为
A 我们没能运用我们的想象力。
B 只有非常耐用的古代物品才得以保留。
C 我们容易忽略让我们不高兴的事物。
D 博物馆展览太过专注于当地。
对应点在F段前三句：Human bias is inevitable, but another source of bias in the representation of history has to do with the transitory nature of the materials themselves. The simple fact is that not everything from history survives the historical process. Castes, palaces and cathedrals have a longer lifespan than the dwellings of ordinary people.
这句话中的but another source of bias in the representation of history has to do with the transitory nature of the materials themselves对应选项B中的only very durable objects remain from the past。其余三个选项原文中都没有提及，即可以用排除法筛选出正确选项；选项B中出现了only，又可以从原文中提到的not everything from history中看出其包含了only的意思。
故正确答案为B。Questions 37-40
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet, writeTRUEif the statement agrees with the information given in the text.FALSEif the statement contradicts the information.NOT GIVENif there is no information on this.37 Consumers prefer theme parks which avoid serious issues.
38 More people visit museums than theme parks.
39 The boundaries of Leyden have changed little since the seventeenth century.
40 Museums can give a false impression of how life used to be.
我的答案：
正确答案： 37.FALSE 38.NOT GIVEN 39.FALSE 40.TRUE
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37 解析
参考译文：消费者更喜欢不那么严肃的主题公园。
定位词：theme parks
解题关键词：Consumers prefer
文中对应D段：Theme parks are undergoing other changes, too, as they try to present more serious social and cultural issues, and move away from fantasy. This development is a response to market forces and...主题公园也正在经历着其他转变。它们试图摆脱梦幻的风格,呈现更加严肃的社会和文化问题。这种发展是对市场推动力的反应.....
可根据定位词定位至D段段首。原文中说，主题公园也经历着转变,摆脱轻松的梦幻风格,尝试着去呈现严肃的社会问题，而且这种发展是市场推动力的反应。说明这是消费者认可且接受的。而题干中说消费者更喜欢氛围轻松的主题公园,与原文陈述不一致。
答案：FALSE38 解析
参考译文：参观博物馆的人要比参观主题公园的人多。
定位词：museums, theme parks
解题关键词：More...than...
文中对应点：根据TRUE/FALSENOT GIVEN题型的顺序出题原则,此题考点应在37题考点之后、39题考点之前，顺着上一题找下去，并未发现有提到参观博物馆的人要比参观主题公园的人多的地方。
答案：NOT GIVEN39 解析
参考译文：自17世纪以来,莱顿城的面积几乎没有改变。
定位词：Leyden, the seventeenth century
解题关键词：The boundaries..have changed little...
文中对应F段：In a town like Leyden in Holland, which in the seventeenth century was occupied by approximately the same number of inhabitants as today, people lived within the walled town,an area more than five times smaller than modern Leyden.像荷兰的菜顿这样的小镇, 17世纪的居民数量和现在大致相同。人们将小镇用城墙围起来,居住其中,该区域的面积比现代的莱顿要小5倍。
本题根据定位词很容易定位至F段。可以明显看出原文中提到的an area more than five times smaller than modern Leyden与题千中的have changed little陈述不一致。
答案：FALSE40 解析
参考译文：关于过去的生活，博物馆可能会给人错误的印象。
定位词：Museums, impression
解题关键词：false impression
文中对应F段：In most of the houses several families lived together in circumstances beyond our imagination.Yet in museums, fine period rooms give only an image of the lifestyle of the upper class of that era...the evidence in museums indicates that life was so much better in the past. This notion is induced by the bias in its representation in museums and heritage centres.大多数房间中都住着好几户人家，其生活环境超出我们的想象。但在博物馆中，上好的老房子仅展现了那个时代上流社会的生活。难怪参观展览的人会充满怀旧情绪;博物馆中的证据表明过去的生活比现在的好得多。这种理解正是由博物馆和历史遗产中心重现历史过程中的偏见所引起的。
根据定位段落可以看出，明明当时生活艰苦，在博物馆里却只展现了上流社会的好房子，给人错误印象。与题干表述-致。
答案：TRUE -