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Part 1
Read the text below and answer questions 1-12.
The risks agriculture faces in developing countries
Synthesis of an online debate*
A Two things distinguish food production from all other productive activities: first, every single person needs food each day and has a right to it; and second, it is hugely dependent on nature. These two unique aspects, one political, the other natural, make food production highly vulnerable and different from any other business, At the same time, cultural values are highly entrenched in food and agricultural systems worldwide.
B Farmers everywhere face major risks, including extreme weather, long-term climate change, and price volatility in input and product markets. However, smallholder farmers in developing countries must in addition deal with adverse environments, both natural, in terms of soil quality, rainfall, etc.,and human, in terms of infrastructure, financial systems, markets, knowledge and technology. Counter-intuitively, hunger is prevalent among many smallholder farmers in the developing world.
C Participants in the online debate argued that our biggest challenge is to address the underlying causes of the agricultural system`s inability to ensure sufficient food for all. And they identified as drivers of this problem our dependency on fossil fuels and unsupportive government policies.
D On the question of mitigating the risks farmers face, most essayists called for greater state intervention. In his easy, Kanayo F. Nwanze, President of the International Fund for Agricultural Development, argued that governments can significantly reduce risks for farmers by providing basic services like roads to get produce more efficiently to markets, or water and food storage facilities to reduce losses. Sophia Murphy, senior advisor to the Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, suggested that the procurement and holding of stocks by governments can also help mitigate wild swings in food prices by alleviating uncertainties about market supply.
E Shenggen Fan, Director General of the International Food Policy Research Institute, help up social safety nets and public welfare programmes in Ethiopia, Brazil and Mexico as valuable ways to address poverty among farming families and reduce their vulnerability to agriculture shocks. However, some commentators responded that cash transfers to poor families do not necessarily translate into increased food security, as these programmes do not always strengthen food production or raise incomes. Regarding state subsidies for agriculture, Rokeya Kabir, Executive Director of Bangladesh Nari Progati Sangha, commented in her essay that these `have not compensated for the stranglehold ecercised by private traders. In fact, studies show that sixty percent of beneficiaries of subsidies are not poor, but rich landowners and non-farmer traders.'
F Nwanze, Murphy and Fan argued that private risk management tools, like private insurance, commodity futures markets, and rural finance can help small-scale producers mitigate risk and allow for investment in improvements. Kabir warned that financial support schemes often encourage the adoption of high-input agricultural practices, which in the medium term may raise production costs beyond the value of their harvests. Murphy noted that when futures markets become excessively financialised they can contribute to short-term price volatility, which increase farmers` food insecurity. Many participants and commentators emphasised that greater transparency in markets is needed to mitigate the impact of volatility, and make evident transparency in markets is needed to mitigate the impact of volatility, and make evident whether adequate stocks and supplies are available. Others contended that agribusiness companies should be held responsible for paying for negative side effects.
G Many essayists mentioned climate change and its consequences for small-scale agriculture. Fan explained that 'in addition to reducing crop yields, climate change increase the magnitude and the frequency of extreme weather events, which increase smallholder vulnerability.'' The growing unpredictability of weather events, which increases farmers` difficulty in managing weather-related risks. According to this author, one solution would be to develop crop varieties that are more resilient to new climate trends and extreme weather patterns. Accordingly, Pat Mooney, co-founder and executive director of the ETC Group, suggested that ` if we are to survive climate change, we must adopt policies that let peasants diversify the plant and animal species and varieties/breeds that make up our menus.'
H Some participating authors and commentators argued in favour of community-based and autonomous risk management strategies through collective action groups co-operatives or producers` groups. Such groups enhance market opportunities for small-scale producers, reduce marketing costs and synchronise buying and selling with seasonal price conditions. According to Murphy, `collective action offers an important way for farmers to strengthen their political and economic bargaining power, and to reduce their business risks.` One commentator, Giel Ton, warned that collective action does not come as a free good. It takes time, effort and money to organise, build trust and to experiment. Others, like Marcel Vernooij and Marcel Beukeboom, suggested that in order to `apply what we already know`, all stakeholders, including business, government, scientists and civil society, must work together, starting at the beginning of the value chain.
I Some participants explained that market price volatility is often worsened by the presence of intermediary purchasers who, taking advantage of farmers` vulnerability dictate prices. One commentator suggested farmers can gain greater control over prices and minimise price volatility by selling directly to consumers. Similarly, Sonali Bisht, founder and advisor to the Institute of Himalayan Environmental Research and Education (INHERE), India, wrote that community-supported agriculture, where consumers invest in local farmers by subscription and guarantee producers a fair price, is a risk-sharing model worth more attention. Direct food distribution systems not only encourage small-scale agriculture but also give consumers more control over the food they consume, she wrote.
* The personal names in the next refer to the authors of written contributions to the online debate.Questions 1-3
Reading Passage 1 has nine paragraphs,A-I.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letterA-Iin boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.A B C D E F G H I 1.a reference to characteristics that only apply to food production 2.a reference to challenges faced only by farmers in certain parts of the world 3.a reference to difficulties in bringing about co-operation between farmers 我的答案： 1. 2. 3.
正确答案： 1.A 2.B 3.H
查看解析
1 解析
参考译文：提到一些只适用于粮食生产的特点
定位词：characteristics, only apply to food production
对应A段第一、二句: Two things disinguish food producion fom all other produciveactivities: first, every single person needs food each day and has a right to it; and second, it is hugely dependent on nature.
此处体现了food production与其他生产行为的不同之处。而在之后一句中，说到These two unique aspects使粮食生产diferent from any other business,也在此印证了这一点。因此本题答案为A。
2 解析
参考译文：提到一些只有世界上特定地区的农民会面临的挑战
定位词：challenges, farmers in certain parts of the world
文中对应点 B段第二句: However, smallholder farmers in developing countries must in addition deal with adverse environments, both natural, in terms of soil quality, rainfall, etc., and human, in terms of infrastructure, financial systems, markets, knowledge and technology.
文章B段开头提到了世界各地的农民都要面临一些风险，但是根据第二句得知有些挑战只是smallholder farmers in developing countrics会面临，这与题目中callenges faced only by farmers in certain parts of the world的表述一致。因此本题答案为B。
3 解析
参考译文：提到促进农民之间进行合作的难处
定位词：dificulties, co-operation between farmers
文中对应点 H段第四、五句: One commentator, Giel Ton, warned that cllctive action does not come as a free good. It takes time, effort and money to organize, build trust and to experiment.
本题中提到的co-operation between farmers 出现在文章H段，第一句便提到了collective action groups, co-operatives or producers' groups，之后写到了这种做法的好处，但通过第四、五句的表述，可以看到这种做法也是存在difficulties的。因此本题答案为H。
Questions 4-9
Look at the following statements (Questions 4-9) and the list of scientists below.Match each statement with the correct researcher(s),A-G.Write the correct letter,A-G, in boxes 4-9 on your answer sheet.NBYou may use any letter more than once.-
A. Kanayo F. Nwanze
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B. Sophia Murphy
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C. Shenggen Fan
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D. Rokeya Kabir
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E. Pat Mooney
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F. Giel Ton
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G. Sonali Bisht
4 Financial assistance from the government does not always go to the farmers who most need it.4
5 Farmers can benefit from collaborating as a group.5
6 Financial assistance from the government can improve the standard of living of farmers.6
7 Farmers may be helped if there is financial input by the same individuals who buy from them.7
8 Governments can help to reduce variation in prices.8
9 Improvements to infrastructure can have a major impact on risk for farmers.9
我的答案： 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
正确答案： 4.D 5.B 6.C 7.G 8.B 9.A
查看解析
4 解析
译文：政府的财政支持并不总是到最需要它的农民手中。
定位词：financial assistance,
文章E段重点谈到社会保障和社会福利体系的话题，其中Rokeya Kabir 提到，these have not compensated for the stranglehold exercised by private traders，并且sixty percent of beneficiaries of subsidies are not poor, but rich landowners and non-farmer traders，因此根据观点的人名对应，本题答案为D。
5 解析
译文：农民可以通过组成合作团体而受益。
定位词：benefit, collaborating as a group
文章H段重点谈了农民通过合作和组成各种团体的形式来减少风险，其中前半段重点说这样做的方法和好处，之后也提到了可能存在的问题，其中Murphy的观点是，collctive action offers an important way for farmers to strengthen their polical and economic bargaining power, and to reduce their business risks，因此根据人名对应选项即可，本题答案为B。
6 解析
译文：政府的财政支持可以改善农民的生活水平。
定位词：financial assistance, improve the standard of living of farmers
文中E段开头提到了social safety nets and public welfare可以address poverty among farming families and reduce their vulnerability to agriculure shocks，这一观点与题目中improve the standard of living of farmers一致，之后将人名与选项对应即可，因此本题答案为C。
7 解析
译文：如果有来自购买者的财政投入，对农民或许是有帮助的。
定位词：financial input, the same individuals who buy from them
文中I段提到由于intermediary purchasers的存在，使农民处于更加不利的地位，之后也提出了解决这一问题的方法，其中Sonali Bisht，提出consumers invest in local farmers可以有效增加农民保障，他的观点与本题的表述一致，因此本题答案为G。
8 解析
译文：政府可以帮助减少价格差异。
定位词：reduce variation inprices
文中D段提到很多人call for greater state intervention,之后谈到了关于基础设施方面的建议，之后出现了关于政府行为有助于减少价格影响的表述：the procurement and holding of stocks by governments can also help mitigate wild swings in food prices，之后将与选项对应即可，因此本题答案为B。
9 解析
译文：基础设置的改善会对农民面临的风险产生很大影响。
定位词：infrastructure, a major impact on risks
文中D段提到很多人called for greater state intervention，之后谈到了关于基础设施方面的建议：government can significanly reduce risks for farmers by providing basic services like roads...这与题目表述一致，根据提出本观点的人名进行对应即可，因此本题答案为A
Questions 10-11
ChooseTWOlettersA-E.Write your answers in boxes 10 and 11 on your answer sheet.10-11 Which TWO problems are mentioned which affect farmers with small farms in developing countries?
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A.
lack of demand for locally produced food
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B.
lack of irrigation programmes
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C.
being unable to get insurance
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D.
the effects of changing weather patterns
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E.
having to sell their goods to intermediary buyers
我的答案： 10-11
正确答案： 10-11 D E
查看解析
10 解析
A 缺少对当地生产食品的需求 文中没有提到这一因素给农民带来问题。
B 缺少灌溉项目 文中没有提到这-因素给农民带来问题。
C 无法获得保险 文中没有提到这一因素给农民带来问题。
D 天气模式改变带来的影响 文中B段提到了天气因素的影响，因此本选项正确。
E 不得不将食物卖给中间买家 文中I段提到了中间买家的影响，因此本选项正确。
Questions 11-12
ChooseTWOlettersA-E.Write your answers in boxes 12 and 13 on your answer sheet.11-12 Which TWO actions are recommended for improving conditions for farmers?
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A.
reducing the size of food stocks
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B.
attempting to ensure that prices rise at certain times of the year
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C.
organising co-operation between a wide range of interested parties
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D.
encouraging consumers to take a financial stake in farming
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E.
making customers aware of the reasons for changing food prices
我的答案： 11-12
正确答案： 11-12 C D
查看解析
11 解析
A 减少粮食库存量 文中没有将这一行为作为改善农民条件的方式。
B 尝试确保粮食价格在一年的特定时间上涨 文中没有将这一行为作为改善农民条件的方式。
C 组织各种利益相关方进行合作 文中H段提到通过各种合作团体来改善农民条件，因此本选项正确。
D 鼓励消费者承担一定的农业资费 文中I段提到鼓励消费者承担一定费用，因此本选项正确。
E 使消费者意识到改变粮食价格的原因 文中没有将这一行为作为改善农民条件的方式。
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Part 2
Read the text below and answer questions 14-26.
The Lost City
An explorer`s encounter with the ruined city of Machu Picchu, the most famous icon of the Inca civilisation
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A When the US explorer and academic Hiram Bingham arrived in South America in 1911, he was ready for what was to be the greatest achievement of his life: the exploration of the remote hinterland to the west of Cusco, the old capital of the Inca empire in the Andes mountains of Peru. His goal was to locate the remains of a city called Vitcos, the last capital of the Inca civilisation. Cusco lies on a high plateau at an elevation of more than 3,000 metres, and Bingham's plan was to descend from this plateau along the valley of the Urubamba river, which takes a circuitous route down to the Amazon and passes through an area of dramatic canyons and mountain ranges.
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B When Bingham and his team set off down the Urubamba in late July, they had an advantage over travelers who had preceded them: a track had recently been blasted down the valley canyon to enable rubber to be brought up by mules from the jungle. Almost all previous travelers had left the river at Ollantaytambo and taken a high pass across the mountains to rejoin the river lower down, thereby cutting a substantial corner, but also therefore never passing through the area around Machu Picchu.
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C On 24 July they were a few days into their descent of the valley. The day began slowly, with Bingham trying to arrange sufficient mules for the next stage of the trek. His companions showed no interest in accompanying him up the nearby hill to see some ruins that a local farmer, Melchor Arteaga, had told them about the night before. The morning was dull and damp, and Bingham also seems to have been less than keen on the prospect of climbing the hill. In his book Lost City of the Incas, he relates that he made the ascent without having the least expectation that he would find anything at the top.
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D Bingham writes about the approach in vivid style in his book. First, as he climbs up the hill, he describes the ever-present possibility of deadly snakes, 'capable of making considerable springs when in pursuit of their prey'; not that he sees any. Then there's a sense of mounting discovery as he comes across great sweeps of terraces, then a mausoleum, followed by monumental staircases and, finally, the grand ceremonial buildings of Machu Picchu. 'It seemed like an unbelievable dream … the sight held me spellbound …' he wrote.
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E We should remember, however, that Lost City of the Incas is a work of hindsight, not written until 1948, many years after his journey. His journal entries of the time reveal a much more gradual appreciation of his achievement. He spent the afternoon at the ruins noting down the dimensions of some of the buildings, then descended and rejoined his companions, to whom he seems to have said little about his discovery. At this stage, Bingham didn't realise the extent or the importance of the site, nor did he realise what use he could make of the discovery.
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F However, soon after returning it occurred to him that he could make a name for himself from this discovery. When he came to write the National Geographic magazine article that broke the story to the world in April 1913, he knew he had to produce a big idea. He wondered whether it could have been the birthplace of the very first Inca, Manco the Great, and whether it could also have been what chroniclers described as 'the last city of the Incas'. This term refers to Vilcabamba, the settlement where the Incas had fled from Spanish invaders in the 1530s. Bingham made desperate attempts to prove this belief for nearly 40 years. Sadly, his vision of the site as both the beginning and end of the Inca civilisation, while a magnificent one, is inaccurate. We now know that Vilcabamba actually lies 65 kilometres away in the depths of the jungle.
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G One question that has perplexed visitors, historians and archaeologists alike ever since Bingham, is why the site seems to have been abandoned before the Spanish Conquest. There are no references to it by any of the Spanish chroniclers – and if they had known of its existence so close to Cusco they would certainly have come in search of gold. An idea which has gained wide acceptance over the past few years is that Machu Picchu was a moya, a country estate built by an Inca emperor to escape the cold winters of Cusco, where the elite could enjoy monumental architecture and spectacular views. Furthermore, the particular architecture of Machu Picchu suggests that it was constructed at the time of the greatest of all the Incas, the emperor Pachacuti (c. 1438-71). By custom, Pachacuti's descendants built other similar estates for their own use, and so Machu Picchu would have been abandoned after his death, some 50 years before the Spanish Conquest.Questions 14-20
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs,A-G.Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below..Write the correct numberi-viiiin boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.-
I. Different accounts of the same journey
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II. Bingham gains support
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III. A common belief
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IV. The aim of the trip
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V. A dramatic description
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VI. A new route
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VII. Bingham publishes his theory
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VIII. Bingham's lack of enthusiasm
我的答案： 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
正确答案： 14.IV 15.VI 16.VIII 17.V 18.I 19.VII 20.III
查看解析
14 解析
定位词：aim
A段第二句：His goal was to locate the remains of a city called Vitcos, the last capital of the Inca civilisation. 本段描述了Bingham到达南美探寻印加古城的遗址,其中第二句非常明确地写出了此行目的： His goal was to locate the remains of a city called Vitcos, the last capital of the Inca civilisation. 选项中The aim of the trip含义符合，因此本题答案为iv。
15 解析
定位词：a new route
B段第一句：When Bingham and his team set off down the Urubamba in late July, they had an advantage over travellers who had preceded them: a track had recently been blasted down the valley canyon to enable rubber to be brought up by mules from the jungle.
本段的核心信息为Bingham一行并没有按照之前旅行者选择的路线: they had an advantage over travellers who had preceded them...Almost all previous travelers... 选项中a new route的说法与本段含义一致，因此本题答案为vi。
16 解析
定位词：lack of enthusiasm
C段第四句：The morning was dull and damp, and Bingham also seems to have been less than keen on the prospect of climbing the hill.
本段写到Bingham在当地农民的介绍下了解到一座小山的存在，并独自爬上小山。但是从第四句中得知Bingham对会在小山上发现什么并没有太大的热情，这与选项中lack of enthusiasm的说法一致，因此本题答案为viii。
17 解析
定位词：dramatic description
D段一至四句：Bingham writes about the approach in vivid style in his book...he comes across great sweeps of terraces, then a mausoleum, followed by monumental staircases and, finally, the grand ceremonial building of Machu Picchu...
本段描写了Bingham在书中生动描写了在小山上所看到的情景，其中第一句说到in vivid style，确定了整段的基调，之后出现了大量描述场景的说法，这与选项中dramatic description的说法一致， 因此本题答案为v。
18 解析
定位词：different accounts
E段第二、三句：His journal entries of the time reveal a much more gradual appreciation of his achievement. He spent the afternoon at the ruins noting down the dimensions of some of the buildings, then descended and rejoined his companions, to whom he seems to have said lttle about his discovery.
本段主要说明了Bingham在当时并没有意识到他所到之处的重要意义，同时人们对Bingham取得成就的认可，也是经历了一段时间才形成的，同时由于Bingham对同行者所谈甚少，他们对这段旅程的描述也不尽相同，因此本题答案为i。
19 解析
定位词：publishes his theory
F段二至四句：When he came to write the National Geographic magazine article that broke the story to the world in April 1913, he knew he had to produce a big idea..
本段写到Bingham将他的经历发表在杂志上: came to write the National Geographic magazine article that broke the story to the world，
之后他提出所到之处是birthplace of the very first Inca，或者the last city of the Incas，并为了证实自己的说法做出了大量努力，也就是说，Bingham 已经将自己的想法公布于世，因此本题答案为vi。
20 解析
定位词：common belief
G段第三句：An idea which has gained wide acceptance over the past few years is that Machu Picchu was a moya...
本段首先提出了使很多人产生困感的问题，之后从第三句开始，对这一问题给出了普遍认同的答案: An idea which has gained wide acceptance over the past few years is that...，因此本题答案为i。
Questions 21-24
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 21-24 on your answer sheet, writeTRUEif the statement agrees with the information given in the text.FALSEif the statement contradicts the information.NOT GIVENif there is no information on this.21 Bingham went to South America in search of an Inca city.
22 Bingham chose a particular route down the Urubamba valley because it was the most common route used by travellers.
23 Bingham understood the significance of Machu Pichu as soon he saw it.
24 Bingham returned to Machu Picchu in order to find evidence to support his theory.
我的答案：
正确答案： 21.TRUE 22.FALSE 23.FALSE 24.NOT GIVEN
查看解析
21 解析
参考译文:Bingham到达南美是为了寻找印加古城。
定位词:Bingham, South America
文中对应点 A段第一、二句：When the US explorer and academic Hiram Bingham arrived in South America in 1911, he was ready for what was to be the greatest achievement of his life: ...the old capital of the Inca empire in the Andes mountains of Peru...
关于Bingham到达South America的说法出现在第一段首句，并在本句中the remote hinterland to the west of Cusco之后出现了同位语：the old capital of the Inca empire in the Andes mountains of Peru，之后第二句中明确说到了His goal was to locate the remains of a city called Vitcos, the last capital of the Inca civilisation，这与题目中in search of an Inca city的说法一致， 因此本题答案为TRUE。
22 解析
参考译文: Bingham选择了乌鲁班巴峡谷的特定路线，因为这是旅行者们最常走的。
定位词: route, Urubamba
对应B段第一、二句：When Bingham and his team set off down the Urubamba in late July, they had an advantage over travellers who had prceded them...Almost all previous travellers had left the river at Ollantaytambo and taken a high pass across the mountains to rejoin...
B段第一句出现定位词Urubamba，之后对Bingham一行选择的路线进行了描述，从本段前两句可以看出，他们选择的路线与之前的旅行者不同：they had an advantage over travellers who had preceded them... Almost all previous travellers had...，并非the most common route，题目描述与原文信息相反。因此本题答案为FALSE
23 解析
参考译文: Bingham 一看到马丘比丘就意识到了它的重要性。
定位词: the significance of Machu Pichu
对应E段第一、二句: We should remember, however, that Lost City of the Incas is a work of hindsight, not written until 1948, many years after his journey. His journal entries of the time reveal a much more gradual appreciation of his achievement.
关于Bingham的发现，出现在C段，但是在第五段开头写到，直到1948年Bingham的书才完成，并且人们是逐渐了解并认可他的成就的，也就是说初次发现马丘比丘时，Bingham并没有意识到其重要性。因此本题答案为FALSE。
24 解析
参考译文: Bingham返回马丘比丘以找寻支撑他理论的证据。
定位词: support his theory
文中对应点 F段第五句：Bingham made desperate attempts to prove this belief for nearly 40 years. F段写到Bingham认为所到之处或许是the birthplace of the very first Inca或者the last city of the Incas，之后在第五句写到Bingham made desperate attempts to prove this belief for nearly 40 years，但是是否returned to Machu Picchu in order to find evidence文章并没有提及，因此本题答案为NOT GIVEN。
Questions 25-26
Complete the sentences below.ChooseONE WORD ONLYfrom the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 25-26 on your answer sheet.25 The track that took Bingham down the Urubamba valley had been created for the transportation of .
26 Bingham found out about the ruins of Machu Picchu from a in the Urubamba valley.
我的答案： 25. 26.
正确答案： 25.rubber 26.farmer
查看解析
25 解析
定位词：track, Urubamba
B段第一句：When Bingham and his team set off down the Urubamba in late July, they had an advantage over travelers who had preceded them: a track had recently been blasted down the valley canyon to enable rubber to be brought up by mules from the jungle.
本题问到关于Bingham在Urubamba所走的路线，其中B段首句说到a track had recently been blasted down the valley canyon to enable rubber to be brought up...，而题目问建立这条track是为了运送什么，因此本题答案为rubber。
26 解析
定位词：found out about the ruins of Machu Picchu, Urubamba valley
C段第三句：His companion showed no interest in accompanying him up the nearby hill to see some ruins that a local farmer, Melchor Arteaga, had told them about the night before.
本题为Bingham是如何发现the ruins of Machu Picchu的，从文中C段第三句可以看到，a local farmer, Melchor Arteaga, had told them about，所以Bingham是从这位local farmer处得知了这一信息，因此本题答案为farmer。
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Part 3
Read the text below and answer questions 27-40.
The Benefits of Being Bilingual
A According to the latest figures, the majority of the world`s population is now bilingual or multilingual, having grown up speaking two or more languages. In the past, such children were considered to be at a disadvantage compared with their monolingual peers. Over the past few decades, however, technological advances have allowed researchers to look more deeply at how bilingualism several clear benefits of being bilingual.
B Research shows that when a bilingual person uses one language, the other is active at the same time. When we hear a word, we don`t hear the entire word all at once: the sounds arrive in sequential order. Long before the word is finished, the brain's language system begins to guess what that word might be. If you hear `can', you will likely activate words like 'candy` and 'candle` as well, at least during the earlier stages of word recognition. For bilingual people, this activation is not limited to a single language; auditory input activates corresponding words regardless of the language to which they belong. Some of the most compelling evidence for this phenomenon, called 'language co-activation`, comes from studying eye movements. A Russian-English bilingual asked to 'pick up a marker` from a set of objects would look more at a stamp than someone who doesn't know Russian, because the Russian word for 'stamp`, marka, sounds like the English word he or she heard, 'marker`. In cases like this, language co-activation occurs because what the listener hears could map onto words in either language.
C Having to deal with this persistent linguistic competition can result in difficulties, however. For instance, knowing more than one language can cause speakers to name pictures more slowly, and can increase 'tip-of-the-tongue states`, when you can almost, but not quite, bring a word to mind. As a result, the constant juggling of two languages creates a need to control how much a person accesses a language at any given time. For this reason, bilingual people often perform better on tasks that require conflict management. In the classic Stroop Task, people see a word and are asked to name the colour of the word`s font. When the colour and the word match (i.e., the word `red` printed in red), people correctly name the colour more quickly than when the colour and the word don`t match (i.e ., the word `red' printed in blue). This occurs because the word itself (`red`) and its font colour (blue) conflict. Bilingual people often excel at tasks such as this, which tap into the ability to ignore competing perceptual information and focus on the relevant aspects of the input. Bilinguals are also better at switching between two tasks; for example, when bilinguals have to switch from categorizing objects by colour (red or green) to categorizing them by shape (circle or triangle},they do so more quickly than monolingual people,reflecting better cognitive control when having to make rapid changes of strategy.
D It also seems that the neurological roots of the bilingual advantage extend to brain areas more traditionally associated with sensory processing. When monolingual and bilingual adolescents listen to simple speech sounds without any intervening background noise, they show highly similar brain stem responses. When researchers play the same sound to both groups in the presence of background noise, however, the bilingual listeners` neural response is considerably larger, reflecting better encoding of the sound`s fundamental frequency, a feature of sound closely related to pitch perception.
E Such improvements in cognitive and sensory processing may help a bilingual person to process information in the environment, and help explain why bilingual adults acquire a third language better than monolingual adults master a second language. This advantage may be rooted in the skill of focussing on information about the new language while reducing interference from the languages they already know.
F Research also indicates that bilingual experience may help to keep the cognitive mechanisms sharp by recruiting alternate brain networks to compensate for those that become damaged during aging. Older bilinguals enjoy improved memory relative to monolingual people, which can lead to real-world health benefits. In a study of over 200 patients with Alzheimer`s disease, a degenerative brain disease, bilingual patients reported showing initial symptoms of the disease an average of five years later than monolingual patients. In a follow-up study,researchers compared the brains of bilingual and monolingual patients matched on the severity of Alzheimer`s symptoms. Surprisingly, the bilinguals` brains had more physical signs of disease than their monolingual counterparts, even though their outward behaviour and abilities were the same. If the brain is an engine, bilingualism may help it to go farther on the same amount of fuel.
G Furthermore, the benefits associated with bilingual experience seem to start very early.In one study, researchers taught seven-month-old babies growing up in monolingual or bilingual homes that when they heard a tinkling sound, a puppet appeared on one side of a screen. Halfway through the study, the puppet began appearing on the opposite side of the screen. In order to get a reward, the infants had to adjust the rule they`d learned; only the bilingual babies were able to successfully learn the new rule. This suggests that for very young children, as well as for older people, navigating a multilingual environment imparts advantages that transfer far beyond language.Questions 27-31
Complete the table below.ChooseNO MORE THAN TWO WORDSfrom the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.
27
28
29
30
31
我的答案： 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.
正确答案： 27.eye movements 28.language co-activation 29.Stroop Task 30.conflict management 31.cognitive control
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27 解析
定位词：Russian-English
B段第六、七句：Some of the most compelling evidence for this phenomenon, called 'language co-activation', comes from studying eye movements. A Russian-English bilingual asked to 'pick up a marker' from a set of objects would look more at a stamp than someone who doesn't know Russian. 本题关键词Russian-English出现在文章B段第七句，问的是观察这些实验对象的什么行为，文章第六句中说到对这种现象的研究comes from studying eye movements,按照本题所填词的词性和句义判断，本题答案为eye movements。
28 解析
定位词：engage both languages simultaneously
B段第五、六句：For bilingual people this activation is not limited to a single language; auditory input activates corresponding words regardless of the language to which they belong. Some of the most compelling evidence for this phenomenon, called "language co-activation', comes from studying eye movements. 本题问双语使用者可以同时使用两种语言，这种机制被称为什么。文章B段第五句提到this activation is not limited to a single language; auditory input activates corresponding words regardless of the language to which they belong。之后说到这种现象called "language co-activation"，其中called与题目中known含义一致，因此本题答案为language co-activation。需要注意的是，雅思阅读题目中有字数要求，合成词按照一 个词来计算。
29 解析
定位词：naming colours
C段第五句：In the classic Stroop Task, people see a word and are asked to name the colour of the word's font. 本题说到关于naming colours 的实验，文中C段第五句有关于这一信息的表述，之后关于实验流程的介绍，也和本题要求一致，因此本题答案为Stroop Task。
30 解析
定位词：more able to handle tasks
C段第四句：For this reason, bilingual people often perform better on tasks that require conflict management. 本题针对Stroop Task的结论进行提问，在进行实验内容的介绍前，已经提到bilingual people often perform better on tasks that require conflict management，之后的Stoop Task 对这一点进行了说明，因此使双语使用者表现更好的技能为conflict management。
31 解析
定位词：switching between tasks
C段最后一句：Bilinguals are also better at switching between two tasks; for example, when bilinguals have to switch form categorizing objects by colour. they do so more quickly than monolingual people, reflecting better cognitive control when having to make rapid changes of strategy.
定位词switching between tasks在C段最后一句出现：Bilinguals are also better at switching between two tasks，之后对这种情况进行了举例，并对这种情况进行了分析： reflecting better cognitive control when having to make rapid changes of strategy，题目中superior 一词与better含义一致，因此本题答案为cognitive control。
Questions 32-36
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet, writeYESif the statement agrees with the claims of the writer.NOif the statement contradicts the claims of the writer.NOT GIVENif it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.32 Attitudes towards bilingualism have changed in recent years.
33 Bilingual people are better than monolingual people at guessing correctly what words are before they are finished.
34 Bilingual people consistently name images faster than monolingual people.
35 Bilingual people's brains process single sounds more efficiently than monolingual people in all situations.
36 Fewer bilingual people than monolingual people suffer from brain disease in old age.
我的答案：
正确答案： 32.YES 33.NOT GIVEN 34.NO 35.NO 36.NOT GIVEN
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32 解析
参考译文： 在最近几年，关于使用两种语言的态度发生了变化。
定位词：attitudes towards bilingualism, in recent years
文中对应点 A段第二、三句：In the past, such children were considered to be at a disadvantage compared with their monolingual peers. Over the past few decades, however, technological advances have allowed researchers to look more deeply at how bilingualism interacts with and changes the cognitive and neurological systems, thereby identifying several clear benefits of being bilingual.
本题说到人们对bilingualism的态度，文章A段第二句说到过去人们认为这种人at a disadvantage，之后在第三句说到identifying several clear benefits of being bilingual，可以看出人们的态度由负面转向正面，因此本题答案为YES。
33 解析
参考译文：比起单语使用者，双语使用者在单词结束前猜词的能力更强。
定位词：guessing corecty what words are before they are fnished
文中对应点 B段第二至五句：When we hear a word, we don't hear the entire word all at once: the sounds arrive in sequential order. Long before the word is finished, the brain's language system begins to guess what that word might be...For bilingual people, this activation is not limited to a single language; auditiory input activates coresponding words regardless of the language to which they belong.
文章对人们听到单词后的识别机制进行了描述，B段第二句指出人们并不是直接听到完整的单词，之后对这种识别方式进行了具体描述，并进而描写双语使用者是如何同时激活另一种语言的。而关于在单词识别过程中，双语使用者与单语使用者相比，是否做得更好，文中并没有提及，因此本题答案为NOT GIVEN。
34 解析
参考译文: 双语使用者总能比单语使用者更快说出图片的名字。
定位词: name images
文中对应点 C段第二句: For instance, knowing more than one language can cause speakers to name pictures more slowly, and can increase 'tip-of-the-tongue states', when you can almost, but not quite, bring a word to mind.
C段第二句说到使用两种语言会使他们name pictures more slowly，而之后的各种实验也说明在怎样的情况下，双语使用者会比单语使用者表现更好，因此consistently name images faster的说法是错误的，因此本题答案为NO。
35 解析
参考译文: 双语使用者的大脑在各种情况下都比单语使用者更高效地加工单个声音。
定位词：process single sounds
文中对应点 D段第二、三句： When monolingual and bilingual adolescents listen to simple speech sounds...they show highly similar brain stem responses. When researchers play the same sound to both groups in the presence of background noise, however, the bilingual listeners' neural response is considerably larger...
文中D段说到了双语使用者和单语使用者在加工声音方面上的大脑差异，其中在没有intervening background noise 的情况下，他们show highly similar brain stemresponses，而in the presence of background noise的情况下，the bilingual listeners' neural response is considerably larger，因此题目中说在各种情况下，双语使用者的大脑都能更高效加工声音的说法是错误的，因此本题答案为NO。
36 解析
参考译文： 在老年人中，双语使用者患脑部疾病的人数比单语使用者患病的人数少。
定位词： suffer from brain diseases
文中对应点 F段第三句：In a study of over 200 patients with Alzheimer's disease, a degenerative brain disease, bilingual patients reported showing initial symptoms of the disease an average of five years later than monolingual patients.
关于suffer from brain diseases的话题出现在F段第五句，文中说到在疾病中，bilingual patients reported showing initial symptoms of the disease an average of five years later than monolingual patients，也就是说双语使用者的情况好于单语使用者,而这种优势体现在更晚出现病情，关于人数方面是否更少，文中并没有提到，因此本题答案为NOT GIVEN。
Questions 37-40
Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs,A-G.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letterA-Gin boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.A B C D E F G 37.an example of how bilingual and monolingual people's brains respond differently to a certain type of non-verbal auditory input 38.a demonstration of how a bilingual upbringing has benefits even before we learn to speak 39.a description of the process by which people identify words that they hear 40.reference to some negative consequences of being bilingual 我的答案： 37. 38. 39. 40.
正确答案： 37.D 38.G 39.B 40.C
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37 解析
参考译文： 关于双语使用者和单语使用者的大脑对非言语声音信息反应不同的例子
定位词： respond differently, non-verbal auditory input
对应D段第二、三句：When monolingual and bilingunal adolescents listen to simple speech sound...they show highly similar brain stem responses. When researchers play the same sound to both groups in the presence of background noise, however, the bilingual listeners' neural response is considerably larger...
文中D段出现了关于listen to simple speech sounds 的信息，并在第二、三句对双语使用者和单语使用者出现的反应进行了描述，其中第三句说到the bilingual listeners' neural response is considerably larger，这与题目中brains respond differently一致，因此本题答案为D。
38 解析
参考译文： 证明一名使用双语长大的人即使在学习说话之前也有些优势
定位词： a bilingual upbringing, before we learn to speak
对应G段第二至五句：In one study, resarchers taught seven-month-old babies growing up...In order to get a reward, the infants had to adjust the rule they'd learned; only the bilingual babies were able to sccessfully learn the new rule. This suggests that for very young children...navigating a mulilingual environment imparts advantages that transfer far beyond language.
文章G段第二句出现的babies growing up in monolingual or bilingual homes与题目中a bilingual upbringing含义一致，而之后对实验的内容和结果进行了描述，说明使用双语的儿童更具优势，这与题目表述一致。 因此本题答案为G。
39 解析
参考译文： 描述人们识别所听单词的过程
定位词： the process by which people identify words that they hear.
对应B段第二至四句：When we hear a word, we don't hear the entire word all at once: the sounds arrive in sequential order. Long before the word is finished, the brain's language system begins to guess what that word might be...at least during the earlier stages of word recognition.
关于人们听到单词后如何识别的信息出现在文章B段，其中第二句说到When we hear a word...之后的两句话，解释了人们听到单词后的识别方式，并且进行了举例说明。因此本题答案为B。
40 解析
参考译文： 提到一些作为双语使用者的负面影响
定位词： negative consequences
对应C段第一句：Having to deal with this persistent linguisic compeition can result in difficulties, however.
本文题目为The Benefits of Being Bilingual，全文主要从不同角度对双语使用者的优势进行描述。本题问到的negative consequences在文章C段出现，第一句提到：Having to deal with this persistent linguisic competition can result in difficulties，之后举例说明了使用双语可能带来的问题，因此本题答案为C。