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Part 1
Read the text below and answer questions 1-13.
Pulling stings to build pyramids
No one knows exactly how the pyramids were built. Marcus Chown reckons the answer could be 'hanging in the air'.
The pyramids of Egypt were built more than three thousand years ago, and no one knows how. The conventional picture is that tens of thousands of slaves dragged stones on sledges. But there is no evidence to back this up. Now a Californian software consultant called Maureen Clemmons has suggested that kites might have been involved. While perusing a book on the monuments of Egypt, she noticed a hieroglyph that showed a row of men standing in odd postures. They were holding what looked like ropes that led, via some kind of mechanical system, to a giant bird in the sky. She wondered if perhaps the bird was actually a giant kite, and the men were using it to lift a heavy object.
Intrigued, Clemmons contacted Morteza Gharib, aeronautics professor at the California Institute of Technology. He was fascinated by the idea. 'Coming from Iran, I have a keen interest in Middle Eastern science,' he says. He too was puzzled by the picture that had sparked Clemmons's interest. The object in the sky apparently had wings far too short and wide for a bird. 'The possibility certainly existed that it was a kite,' he says. And since he needed a summer project for his student Emilio Graff, investigating the possibility of using kites as heavy lifters seemed like a good idea.
Gharib and Graff set themselves the task of raising a 4.5-metre stone column from horizontal to vertical, using no source of energy except the wind. Their initial calculations and scale-model wind-tunnel experiments convinced them they wouldn't need a strong wind to lift the 33.5-tonne column. Even a modest force, if sustained over a long time, would do. The key was to use a pulley system that would magnify the applied force. So they rigged up a tent-shaped scaffold directly above the tip of the horizontal column, with pulleys suspended from the scaffold's apex. The idea was that as one end of the column rose, the base would roll across the ground on a trolley. Earlier this year, the team put Clemmons's unlikely theory to the test, using a 40-square-metre rectangular nylon sail. The kite lifted the column clean off the ground. We were absolutely stunned,' Gharib says. 'The instant the sail opened into the wind, a huge force was generated and the column was raised to the vertical in a mere 40 seconds.'
The wind was blowing at a gentle 16 to 20 kilometres an hour, little more than half what they thought would be needed. What they had failed to reckon with was what happened when the kite was opened. 'There was a huge initial force- five times larger than the steady state force,' Gharib says. This jerk meant that kites could lift huge weights, Gharib realised. Even a 300-tonne column could have been lifted to the vertical with 40 or so men and four or five sails. So Clemmons was right: the pyramid builders could have used kites to lift massive stones into place. 'Whether they actually did is another matter,' Gharib says. There are no pictures showing the construction of the pyramids, so there is no way to tell what really happened. 'The evidence for using kites to move large stones is no better or worse than the evidence for the brute force method,' Gharib says.
Indeed, the experiments have left many specialists unconvinced. 'The evidence for kite-lifting is non-existent,' says Willeke Wendrich, an associate professor of Egyptology at the University of California, Los Angeles.
Others feel there is more of a case for the theory. Harnessing the wind would not have been a problem for accomplished sailors like the Egyptians. And they are known to have used wooden pulleys, which could have been made strong enough to bear the weight of massive blocks of stone. In addition, there is some physical evidence that the ancient Egyptians were interested in flight. A wooden artefact found on the step pyramid at Saqqara looks uncannily like a modern glider. Although it dates from several hundred years after the building of the pyramids, its sophistication suggests that the Egyptians might have been developing ideas of flight for a long time. And other ancient civilisations certainly knew about kites; as early as 1250 BC, the Chinese were using them to deliver messages and dump flaming debris on their foes.
The experiments might even have practical uses nowadays. There are plenty of places around the globe where people have no access to heavy machinery, but do know how to deal with wind, sailing and basic mechanical principles. Gharib has already been contacted by a civil engineer in Nicaragua, who wants to put up buildings with adobe roofs supported by concrete arches on a site that heavy equipment can't reach. His idea is to build the arches horizontally, then lift them into place using kites. 'We've given him some design hints,' says Gharib. 'We're just waiting for him to report back.' So whether they were actually used to build the pyramids or not, it seems that kites may make sensible construction tools in the 21 st century AD.Questions 1-7
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, writeTRUEif the statement agrees with the information given in the text.FALSEif the statement contradicts the information.NOT GIVENif there is no information on this.1 It is generally believed that large numbers of people were needed to build the pyramids.
2 Clemmons found a strange hieroglyph on the wall of an Egyptian monument.
3 Gharib had previously done experiments on bird flight.
4 Gharib and Graff tested their theory before applying it.
5 The success of the actual experiment was due to the high speed of the wind.
6 They found that, as the kite flew higher, the wind force got stronger.
7 The team decided that it was possible to use kites to raise very heavy stones.
我的答案：
正确答案： 1.TRUE 2.FALSE 3.NOT GIVEN 4.TRUE 5.FALSE 6.NOT GIVEN 7.TRUE
查看解析
1 解析
参考译文：人们一般认为修建金字塔需要大量的人力。
定位词：large numbers of people, build the pyramids
第一段：The conventional picture is that tens of thousands of slaves dragged stones on the sledges.此题通过定位词可以迅速定位至首段第二句话，题干为对文章定位句的概括性改写，分析如下：generally believed—conventional picture, large numbers of people—tens of thousands of slaves因此答案很明显应该是TRUE。2 解析
参考译文：Clemmons在一个埃及古迹的墙面上发现了一种奇怪的象形文字。
定位词：hieroglyph, Egyptian monument
第二段：While perusing a book on the monuments of Egypt, she noticed a hieroglyph that showed a row of men standing in odd postures.此题定位词在文中原词出现，可以快速定位。文中定位句指出Clemmons是在一本关于埃及古迹的书中读到的象形文字信息，而题目却说她在一座埃及古迹的墙上发现了象形文字，显然题目与文章相悖，因此此题答案为FALSE。3 解析
参考译文：Gharib之前做过鸟类飞行实验。
定位词：experiment, bird flight
题干中的定位信息在文章中未出现，此题为最典型的“原文完全未提及型”，故答案为NOT GIVEN。4 解析
参考译文：Gharib and Graff在应用他们的理论之前对其进行了验证。
定位词：theory
第四段：Earlier this year, the team put Clemmons's unlikely theory to the test,…译文：今天早些时候，他们把Clemmons空头理论付诸实验。显然题目与文章完全相符，因此此题答案为TRUE。5 解析
参考译文：现实中实验的成功是因为风的高速。
定位词：high speed of the wind
第五段:The wind was blowing at a gentle 16 to 20 kilometres an hour, little more than half what they thought would be needed.此题按照顺序原则，在第五段首句定位出与风速相关的信息，但文中对于风速的描述为gentle和little more than half(与一半差不多)，显然题目与原文不符，因此答案为FALSE。6 解析
参考译文：他们发现当风帆飞得更高的时候，风力也变得更强。
定位词：kite, wind force
第五段：What they had failed to reckon with was what happened when the kite was opened. “There was a huge initial force—five times larger than the steady state force,” Gharib says.译文：他们没有想到的是当风帆打开时会发生什么。“巨大的初始风力比恒稳状态风力还大五倍。”Gharib说道。此题定位比较容易。在定位句中只提到了kite打开的时候wind force很大，对于题目中的两个比较级完全没提及，此题为典型的“题目内容文章部分提及型"，故答案为NOT GIVEN。7 解析
参考译文：他们的团队断定使用风帆提升很沉的石头是可能实现的。
定位词：kite, very heavy stones
第五段:This jerk meant that kites could lift huge weights, Gharib realised.此题按照顺序原则在上一题定位句之后就能找到定位词。题目与原文含义一致，均为“风帆可以提升极大的重量”，故答案为TRUE。Questions 8-13
Complete the summary below.ChooseNO MORE THAN TWO WORDSfrom the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.The Egyptians had which could lift large pieces of , and they knew how to use the energy of the wind from their skill as . The discovery on one pyramid of an object which resembled a suggests they may have experimented with . In addition, over two thousand years ago kites were used in China as weapons, as well as for sending .
我的答案： 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
正确答案： 8.wooden pulleys|pulleys 9.stone 10.accomplished sailors|sailors 11.modern glider|glider 12.flight 13.messages
查看解析
8 解析
定位词：Egyptians
第七段：…like the Egyptians. And they are known to have used wooden pulleys, …在定位段中查找定位词可以迅速定位于该段第二句。题中空格前为动词had，所以应于文中定位处扫描该动词或其同义词或其上下义词。此处扫描结果为to have used，则其后单词即为答案：( wooden ) pulleys。
9 解析
定位词：large pieces
第七段：…which could have been made strong enough to bear the weight of massive blocks of stone.此题在文中定位紧接着上一题。通过扫描定位词得出large pieces of对应文中massive blocks of，于是其后单词即为答案：stone。
10 解析
定位词：energy from the wind
第七段：Harnessing the wind would not have been a problem for accomplished sailors like the Egyptians.此题为同一定位段内的乱序题，由于确定解题段为第七段，在两次定位后仍能将此空定位于段落次句。此空格前为介词as，则在定位处扫描该介词或其他介词。此处扫描结果为for，则其后单词即为答案：(accomplished) sailors。
11 解析
定位词：pyramid, resemble
第七段：A wooden artefact found on the step pyramid at Saqqara looks uncannily like a modern glider.此题通过顺序原则可以很快定位，定位处looks uncannily like对应题中resembled，且空格需填写一个单数名词，则答案为( modern) glider。
12 解析
定位词：suggest, have experiment with
第七段：..., its sophistication suggests that the Egyptians might have been developing ideas of flight for a long time.此题解题技巧同第10题，由于空格前为介词with，故在定位句中扫描后定位于介词of，且have been developing ideas of对应于题中have experimented with，所以答案为of之后单词：flight。
13 解析
定位词：China
第七段：…, the Chinese were using them to deliver messages and dump flaming debris on their foes.此题技巧同第8题，空格前为动词sending，则在定位句中扫描得到动词deliver与之对应，其后单词即为答案：messages。
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Part 2
Read the text below and answer questions 14-26.
Endless Harvest
More than two hundred years ago, Russian explorers and fur hunters landed on the Aleutian Islands, a volcanic archipelago in the North Pacific, and learned of a land mass that lay farther to the north. The islands' native inhabitants called this land mass Aleyska, the 'Great Land'; today, we know it as Alaska.
The forty-ninth state to join the United States of America (in 1959), Alaska is fully one-fifth the size of the mainland 48 states combined. It shares, with Canada, the second longest river system in North America and has over half the coastline of the United States. The rivers feed into the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska - cold, nutrient-rich waters which support tens of millions of seabirds, and over 400 species of fish, shellfish, crustaceans, and molluscs. Taking advantage of this rich bounty, Alaska's commercial fisheries have developed into some of the largest in the world.
According to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G), Alaska's commercial fisheries landed hundreds of thousands of tonnes of shellfish and herring, and well over a million tonnes of groundfish (cod, sole, perch and pollock) in 2000. The true cultural heart and soul of Alaska's fisheries, however, is salmon. 'Salmon,' notes writer Susan Ewing in The Great Alaska Nature Factbook, 'pump through Alaska like blood through a heart, bringing rhythmic, circulating nourishment to land, animals and people.' The 'predictable abundance of salmon allowed some native cultures to flourish,' and 'dying spawners* feed bears, eagles, other animals, and ultimately the soil itself.' All five species of Pacific salmon - chinook, or king; chum, or dog; coho, or silver; sockeye, or red; and pink, or humpback - spawn** in Alaskan waters, and 90% of all Pacific salmon commercially caught in North America are produced there. Indeed, if Alaska was an independent nation, it would be the largest producer of wild salmon in the world. During 2000, commercial catches of Pacific salmon in Alaska exceeded 320,000 tonnes, with an ex-vessel value of over $US260 million.
Catches have not always been so healthy. Between 1940 and 1959, overfishing led to crashes in salmon populations so severe that in 1953 Alaska was declared a federal disaster area. With the onset of statehood, however, the State of Alaska took over management of its own fisheries, guided by a state constitution which mandates that Alaska's natural resources be managed on a sustainable basis. At that time, statewide harvests totalled around 25 million salmon. Over the next few decades average catches steadily increased as a result of this policy of sustainable management, until, during the 1990s, annual harvests were well in excess of 100 million, and on several occasions over 200 million fish.
The primary reason for such increases is what is known as 'In-Season Abundance-Based Management'. There are biologists throughout the state constantly monitoring adult fish as they show up to spawn. The biologists sit in streamside counting towers, study sonar, watch from aeroplanes, and talk to fishermen. The salmon season in Alaska is not pre-set. The fishermen know the approximate time of year when they will be allowed to fish, but on any given day, one or more field biologists in a particular area can put a halt to fishing. Even sport fishing can be brought to a halt. It is this management mechanism that has allowed Alaska salmon stocks - and, accordingly, Alaska salmon fisheries - to prosper, even as salmon populations in the rest of the United States are increasingly considered threatened or even endangered.
In 1999, the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC)*** commissioned a review of the Alaska salmon fishery. The Council, which was founded in 1996, certifies fisheries that meet high environmental standards, enabling them to use a label that recognises their environmental responsibility. The MSC has established a set of criteria by which commercial fisheries can be judged. Recognising the potential benefits of being identified as environmentally responsible, fisheries approach the Council requesting to undergo the certification process. The MSC then appoints a certification committee, composed of a panel of fisheries experts, which gathers information and opinions from fishermen, biologists, government officials, industry representatives, non-governmental organisations and others.
Some observers thought the Alaska salmon fisheries would not have any chance of certification when, in the months leading up to MSC's final decision, salmon runs throughout western Alaska completely collapsed. In the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers, chinook and chum runs were probably the poorest since statehood; subsistence communities throughout the region, who normally have priority over commercial fishing, were devastated.
The crisis was completely unexpected, but researchers believe it had nothing to do with impacts of fisheries. Rather, they contend, it was almost certainly the result of climatic shifts, prompted in part by cumulative effects of the el niño / la niña phenomenon on Pacific Ocean temperatures, culminating in a harsh winter in which huge numbers of salmon eggs were frozen. It could have meant the end as far as the certification process was concerned. However, the state reacted quickly, closing down all fisheries, even those necessary for subsistence purposes.
In September 2000, MSC announced that the Alaska salmon fisheries qualified for certification. Seven companies producing Alaska salmon were immediately granted permission to display the MSC logo on their products. Certification is for an initial period of five years, with an annual review to ensure that the fishery is continuing to meet the required standards.
* spawners: fish that have released eggs
** spawn: release eggs
*** MSC: a joint venture between WWF(World Wildlife Fund) and Unilever, a Dutch-based multi-nationalQuestions 14-20
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet, writeTRUEif the statement agrees with the information given in the text.FALSEif the statement contradicts the information.NOT GIVENif there is no information on this.14 The inhabitants of the Aleutian islands renamed their islands 'Aleyska'.
15 Alaska's fisheries are owned by some of the world's largest companies.
16 Life in Alaska is dependent on salmon.
17 Ninety per cent of all Pacific salmon caught are sockeye or pink salmon.
18 More than 320,000 tonnes of salmon were caught in Alaska in 2000.
19 Between 1940 and 1959, there was a sharp decrease in Alaska's salmon population.
20 During the 1990s, the average number of salmon caught each year was 100 million.
我的答案：
正确答案： 14.FALSE 15.NOT GIVEN 16.TRUE 17.NOT GIVEN 18.TRUE 19.TRUE 20.FALSE
查看解析
14 解析
参考译文：阿留申群岛的居民将他们的岛名改为“Aleyska"。
定位词：inhabitants, Aleutian islands, Aleyska
第一段末句：The islands' native inhabitants called this land mass Aleyska, the “Great Land"; ...此题定位词均在文章第一段以原词出现。其含义为“岛上居民称此岛为Aleyska" ,而题中关键词为重命名(renamed)，与文章不符，故此题答案为FALSE。
15 解析
参考译文：阿拉斯加的渔场属于一些世界上最大的公司。
定位词：Alaska's fisheries, largest companies
第二段末句：Taking advantage of this rich bounty, Alaska's commercial fisheries have developed into some of the largest in the world.此题通过定位词可以快速定位。文中定位句指出，阿拉斯加的一些商业渔场发展成为世界上最大的。题目中所提到的“渔场为最大的公司所拥有”在文中并未提及，所以此题答案为NOT GIVEN。
16 解析
参考译文：阿拉斯加的生活依赖于大马哈鱼。
定位词：life, salmon
第三段中间：'Salmon,' notes writer Susan Ewing in The Great Alaska Nature Factbook, ‘pump through Alaska like blood through a heart, ....通过题中定位词可定位于首次出现salmon的第三段。定位处运用比喻的手法说明大马哈鱼对于阿拉斯加意义重大，就像流过心脏的血液一样，这与题目中的dependent on(依赖于)对应，故此题答案为TRUE。
17 解析
参考译文：被捕捞的太平洋大马哈鱼有90%是红大马哈鱼或粉大马哈鱼。
定位词：ninety per cent, Pacific salmon
第三段后半部分：All five species of Pacific salmon—chinook, or king; chum, or dog; coho, or silver; sockeye, or red; and pink, or humpback—spawn in Alaskan waters, and 90% of all Pacific salmon commercially caught in North America are produced there.此题定位词均在文中以原词出现，定位句介绍了在阿拉斯加水域产卵的五种太平洋大马哈鱼，并指出被捕捞的太平洋大马哈鱼有90%都产自此水域。而题目却将产自此水域的五种鱼等同为一种，是典型的“由文到题范围缩小型”，故此题答案为NOT GIVEN。
18 解析
参考译文：在2000年，超过32万吨大马哈鱼在阿拉斯加被捕捞。
定位词：Alaska，in 2000
第三段末句：During 2000, commercial catch of Pacific salmon in Alaska exceeded 320,000 tonnes, …根据顺序原则可迅速定位此题，且定位句和题目内容一致，文化中的exceeded与题目中的more than属于同义转述。故此题答案为TRUE。
19 解析
参考译文：在1940到1959年间，阿拉斯加的大马哈鱼总量急剧下降。
定位词：Between 1940 and 1959, Alaska's salmon population
第四段第二句：Between 1940 and 1959, overfishing led to crashes in salmon populations so severe that…定位词均以原词出现，定位句指出，在1940到1959年间，过度捕捞导致大马哈鱼总量大跌，这与题目完全一致。文章中的crashes与题目中的sharp decrease属于同义转述。故此题答案为TRUE。
20 解析
参考译文：在20世纪90年代，大马哈鱼的年捕捞量平均为1亿。
定位词：1990s, average number
第四段末句：... during the 1990s, annual harvests were well in excess of 100 million, and on several occasions over 200 million fish.根据年代可迅速定位于第四段末句，定位句指出年捕捞量超过( in excess of)1亿，还有些年份为2亿，而题目则说平均为1亿，故此题答案为FALSE。
Questions 21-26
Complete each sentence with the correct ending,A-K, below.Write the correct letter,A-K, in boxes 21-26 on your answer sheet.-
A. to recognise fisheries that care for the environment.
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B. to be successful.
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C. to stop fish from spawning.
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D. to set up environmental protection laws.
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E. to stop people fishing for sport.
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F. to label their products using the MSC logo.
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G. to ensure that fish numbers are sufficient to permit fishing.
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H. to assist the subsistence communities in the region.
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I. to freeze a huge number of salmon eggs.
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J. to deny certification to the Alaska fisheries.
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K. to close down all fisheries.
21 In Alaska, biologists keep a check on adult fish21
22 Biologists have the authority22
23 In-Season Abundance-Based Management has allowed the Alaska salmon fisheries23
24 The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) was established24
25 As a result of the collapse of the salmon runs in 1999, the state decided25
26 In September 2000, the MSC allowed seven Alaska salmon companies26
我的答案： 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.
正确答案： 21.G 22.E 23.B 24.A 25.K 26.F
查看解析
21 解析
定位词：biologists, adult fish
第五段第二句：There are biologists throughout the state constantly monitoring adult fish as they show up to spawn.此题定位较易，但解题较难。由定位句可知生物学家从成年鱼类开始产卵时对其进行监控，但是未直接指出其目的，考上只能通过理解该段上下文分析得出：生物学家的监控是“当季捕捞盈余为本”管理方法的一部分，而这项管理带来了鱼量的增加，从而得出生物学家的目的是监控鱼量是否充足（abundance）。通过扫描选项关键词，只有G选项能与之对应：to ensure that fish numbers are sufficient(对应abundance ) to permit fishing。故正确答案为G。
22 解析
定位词：authority
第五段中间：…, but on any given day, one or more field biologists in a particular area can put a halt to fishing.此题定位较难，考生应使用排除法，最后解决这道题。定位句指出生物学家可以制止( halt)捕鱼行为。通过扫描选项关键词,只有E选项关键词能与之对应：to stop(对应halt) people fishing for sport。故正确答案为E。
23 解析
定位词：allowed
第五段末句：It is this management mech-anism that has allowed Alaska salmon stocks... to prosper, ...此题按照顺序原则可迅速定位，定位句指出该项管理手段使得阿拉斯加的大马哈鱼渔业开始繁荣(prosper)。通过扫描选项关键词，只有B选项关键词能与之对应： to be successful(对应prosper)。故正确答案为B。
24 解析
定位词：MSC, establish
第六段第二句：The Council, which was found in 1996, certifies fisheries that meet high environmental standards, …要定位此题，必须先辨识出established在文中的同义转述was found，定位句指出MSC会认证满足高环保标准的渔场；通过扫描选项关键词，只有A选项关键词能与之对应: to recognise(对应certifies)fisheries that care for the environment (对应meet high environmental standards)。故正确答案为A。
25 解析
定位词：the state
第八段末句：However, the state reacted quickly, closing down all fisheries, …通过题干主语可快速定位，通过扫描定位句和剩余选项可以很快看出K选项“to close down all fisheries”与原文几乎完全一致。故正确答案为K。
26 解析
定位词：seven Alaska salmon
第九段第二句：Seven companies producing Alaska salmon were immediately granted permission to display the MSC logo on their products.此题定位句指出题目中提到的7家公司被授权可以在自己的产品上使用MSC的标志。通过扫描选项关键词及剩余选项，发现F选项“to label(对应display ) their products using the MSC logo”几乎与原文一致。故正确答案为F。
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Part 3
Read the text below and answer questions 27-40.
EFFECTS OF NOISE
In general, it is plausible to suppose that we should prefer peace and quiet to noise. And yet most of us have had the experience of having to adjust to sleeping in the mountains or the countryside because it was initially `too quiet', an experience that suggests that humans are capable of adapting to a wide range of noise levels. Research supports this view. For example, Glass and Singer (1972) exposed people to short bursts of very loud noise and then measured their ability to work out problems and their physiological reactions to the noise. The noise was quite disruptive at first, but after about four minutes the subjects were doing just as well on their tasks as control subjects who were not exposed to noise. Their physiological arousal also declined quickly to the same levels as those of the control subjects.
But there are limits to adaptation and loud noise becomes more troublesome if the person is required to concentrate on more than one task. For example, high noise levels interfered with the performance of subjects who were required to monitor three dials at a time, a task not unlike that of an aeroplane pilot or an air-traffic controller (Broadbent, 1957). Similarly, noise did not affect a subject's ability to track a moving line with a steering wheel, but it did interfere with the subject's ability to repeat numbers while tracking (Finkelman and Glass, 1970).
Probably the most significant finding from research on noise is that its predictability is more important than how loud it is. We are much more able to 'tune out' chronic background noise, even if it is quite loud, than to work under circumstances with unexpected intrusions of noise. In the Glass and Singer study, in which subjects were exposed to bursts of noise as they worked on a task, some subjects heard loud bursts and others heard soft bursts. For some subjects, the bursts were spaced exactly one minute apart (predictable noise); others heard the same amount of noise overall, but the bursts occurred at random intervals (unpredictable noise). Subjects reported finding the predictable and unpredictable noise equally annoying, and all subjects performed at about the same level during the noise portion of the experiment. But the different noise conditions had quite different after-effects when the subjects were required to proofread written material under conditions of no noise. As shown in Table 1 the unpredictable noise produced more errors in the later proofreading task than predictable noise; and soft, unpredictable noise actually produced slightly more errors on this task than the loud, predictable noise.
Table 1: Proofreading Errors and Noise
Apparently, unpredictable noise produces more fatigue than predictable noise, but it takes a while for this fatigue to take its toll on performance.
Predictability is not the only variable that reduces or eliminates the negative effects of noise. Another is control. If the individual knows that he or she can control the noise, this seems to eliminate both its negative effects at the time and its after-effects. This is true even if the individual never actually exercises his or her option to turn the noise off (Glass and Singer, 1972). Just the knowledge that one has control is sufficient.
The studies discussed so far exposed people to noise for only short periods and only transient effects were studied. But the major worry about noisy environments is that living day after day with chronic noise may produce serious, lasting effects. One study, suggesting that this worry is a realistic one, compared elementary school pupils who attended schools near Los Angeles's busiest airport with students who attended schools in quiet neighbourhoods (Cohen et al., 1980). It was found that children from the noisy schools had higher blood pressure and were more easily distracted than those who attended the quiet schools. Moreover, there was no evidence of adaptability to the noise. In fact, the longer the children had attended the noisy schools, the more distractible they became. The effects also seem to be long lasting. A follow-up study showed that children who were moved to less noisy classrooms still showed greater distractibility one year later than students who had always been in the quiet schools (Cohen et al, 1981). It should be noted that the two groups of children had been carefully matched by the investigators so that they were comparable in age, ethnicity, race, and social class.Questions 27-29
Choose the correct letterA, B, CorD.Write your answers in boxes 27-29 on your answer sheet.27 The writer suggests that people may have difficulty sleeping in the mountains because
28 In noise experiments, Glass and Singer found that
29 Researchers discovered that high noise levels are not likely to interfere with the
我的答案：
正确答案： 27. D 28. C 29. A
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27 解析
定位词：sleeping in the mountains
题目：作者指出人们在山里睡觉可能有困难的原因是：
A.人们喜欢噪音而不喜欢宁静。
B.他们可能会听到瞬间产生的奇怪声音。
C.人们在睡觉时更愿意听到一定量的噪音。
D.他们可能已经适应了城市中更大的噪音。
对应第一段前两句：先指出人类似乎( plausible意为“貌似真实的”)更喜欢安静，然后利用yet转折引出在山区睡觉会因为太安静而难以人睡。此题使用排除法能很快解题:：A中的“喜欢噪音不喜欢宁静"文章并未提及; B中的“瞬间产生的奇怪声音”在定位句中也未提及; C中的“人喜欢睡觉时听噪音”也未提及;只有D选项符合文意，其中adapted to a higher noise level对应文中的adjust(调节)，因为城市噪音较大，所以在山里睡觉时需要调节适应。正确答案: D。
28 解析
定位词：Glass and Singer
题目:在噪音实验中， Glass 和Singer两人发现：
A.在安静环境中解决问题更加简单。
B.生理反应抑制了工作能力。
C.长期来看，瞬间产生的噪音并不会严重干扰解决问题。
D.对照实验组的生理反应快速消退。
对应第一段最后两句：起初，噪音让人心烦意乱。但在大约四分钟后，被研究者就能像那些未处于噪音之中的对照实验组一样很好地工作。他们的生理反应也迅速的消退到与对照实验组相当的水平。正确答案：C。
29 解析
定位词：high noise levels, not…interfere with
题目：研究者发现高分贝噪音不太可能干扰：
A.单项任务的成功执行。
B.飞行员或空中交通协调员的任务。
C.追踪移动轨迹的同时重复数字的能力。
D.同时监视三个刻度盘的能力。
第二段首句：但如果要求试验对象同时专注几项任务时，其对噪音的适应能力就会到达极限，噪音也会变得更加让人心烦意乱。从第二句开始就开始举例(For example)，因此例子之前的引导句就是解题句。噪音干扰同时专注多项任务的人，则A选项就可能不被干扰，为正确答案。其他三个选项都是原文出现的内容，但都是包含多项任务的选项，考生可按照“排除与原文一致的选项”的原则先将其排除，剩余选项也为A。正确答案: A。
Questions 30-34
Complete the summary using the list of words and phrases,A-Jbelow.Write the correct letterA-Jin boxes 30-34 on your answer sheet.NBYou may use any letter more than once.-
A. no control over
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B. unexpected
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C. intense
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D. the same amount of
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E. performed better than
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F. performed at about the same level as
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G. no
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H. showed more irritation than
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I. made more mistakes than
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J. different types of
Glass and Singer (1972) showed that situations in which there is intense noise have less effect on performance than circumstances in which 30 noise occurs. Subjects were divided into groups to perform a task. Some heard loud bursts of noise, others soft. For some subjects, the noise was predictable, while for others its occurrence was random. All groups were exposed to 31 noise. The predictable noise group 32 the unpredictable noise group on this task.
In the second part of the experiment, the four groups were given a proofreading task to complete under conditions of no noise. They were required to check written material for errors. The group which had been exposed to unpredictable noise 33 the group which had been exposed to predictable noise. The group which had been exposed to loud predictable noise performed better than those who had heard soft, unpredictable bursts. The results suggest that 34 noise produces fatigue but that this manifests itself later.我的答案： 30. 31. 32. 33. 34.
正确答案： 30.B 31.D 32.F 33.I 34.B
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30 解析
定位词：Glass and Singer, circumstances
第三段：We are much more able to 'tune out' chronic background noise, even if... 空格所填词为noise的修饰词，于是答案只限于BCDGJ。由题目所在句句意分析，可得出空格所填词应与intense构成反义关系。经过筛选可以确定答案为B选项:：unexpected。另外，通过比较题目和文中定位处的对应关系，可得出题中in which occurs对应文中with unexpected intrusions，也能选出正确答案B。
31 解析
定位词：all
第三段：For some subjects, the bursts were spaced exactly one minute apart (predictable noise); others heard the same amount of noise overall…按照顺序原则在第30题后扫描定位词可以迅速定位。空格所填词为noise的修饰词，答案也只可能为BCDGJ,在这五个选项中只有D选项与原文the same amount一致，故正确答案为D。另外，通过理解题目，按照上下文意：“实验组中一部分人接触的噪音为可预测性的，其他人接触的为随机产生的，所有人听到的噪音都是___”也能推出空格里只能填D选项。
32 解析
定位词：predictable group, unpredictable group
第三段：Subjects reported finding the predictable and... 此题定位同样可按照顺序原则。该题空格前后为两类人，因此中间应填词为比较关系，故答案只能为EFHI。通过扫描文中对应点可发现两种人performed at about the same level，因此只能选择F选项。
33 解析
定位词：written material
第三段：As shown in Table 1 the unpredictable noise produced... 通过分析空格前后内容，可知空格内须填写处在可预测性噪音和非可预测性噪音中的两类人的比较关系，答案只能为EFHI。可以在文中对应点后扫描出相关比较关系：produced more errors，选项中只有I中的关键词made more mistakes与之相符，故答案为I。
34 解析
定位词：fatigue
第四段：Apparently, unpredictable noise produces more fatigue than predictable noise... 此题定位词在文中原词出现，且题目空格所填词为造成疲劳(fatigue)的噪音类别，显然对应原文中的unpredictable noise，正确答案为B。
Questions 35-40
Look at the following statements (Questions 35-40) and the list of researchers below.Match each statement with the correct researcher(s),A-E.Write the correct letter,A-E, in boxes 35-40 on your answer sheet.NBYou may use any letter more than once.-
A. Glass and Singer
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B. Broadbent
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C. Finkelman and Glass
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D. Cohen et al.
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E. None of the above
35 Subjects exposed to noise find it difficult at first to concentrate on problem-solving tasks.35
36 Long-term exposure to noise can produce changes in behaviour which can still be observed a year later.36
37 The problems associated with exposure to noise do not arise if the subject knows they can make it stop.37
38 Exposure to high-pitched noise results in more errors than exposure to low-pitched noise.38
39 Subjects find it difficult to perform three tasks at the same time when exposed to noise.39
40 Noise affects a subject's capacity to repeat numbers while carrying out another task.40
我的答案： 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
正确答案： 35.A 36.D 37.A 38.E 39.B 40.C
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35 解析
定位词：difficult at first
题目译文：起初，处于噪音中的实验对象很难集中精力来解决问题。此题的定位顺序应该排在第五(之前定位了BC各一处和两处D)，为第一次定位A选项Grass and Singer。定位于第一段倒数第四行：The noise was quite disruptive at first, …译文：起初，噪音让人心烦意乱。在文中对应点扫描到定位词disruptive at first，与第35题相符。故答案为A。
36 解析
定位词：long-term exposure, changes
题目译文：长期处在噪音中能产生行为变化。这种变化在一年后仍能波观察到。此题的定位顺序应该排在第三和第四(之前定位了BC各一处)，为定位D选项Cohen et al.。首先定位处为未段第三行：One study, suggesting that this worry is a realistic one... 此句中出现指代词this worry，按照“遇指代，向前看一句"原则，得到最终定位句为末段第二行：But the major worry about noisy environments is that... 译文：但是噪音环境所引起的主要忧虑是，日复一日地长期生活在噪音环境中可能会产生严重.持久的影响。通过扫描题干关键词初步判定为36题，但是其中关键词a year later仍未出现，于是进行二次定位D选项。末段倒数第五行：A follow-up study showed that ... 译文：另外一项跟踪研究表明，和那些一直在安静学校上学的孩子相比，即使喧闹学校的孩子们搬到安静一些的学校待上一年以后，他们还是难以集中注意力。至此，36题中关键词在D选项研究者的研究结果中全部出现，且含义一致, 故答案为D。
37 解析
定位词：make it stop
题目译文：如果实验对象知道他们能够使噪音停止的话，由于处在噪音中而产生的问题就不会发生。此题的定位顺序应该排在第七(之前定位了BC各一处、两处D以及两处A，其中第二处A位于第三段且无信息可对应题目)，为第三次定位A选项Grass and Singer。定位于第五段第二行：If the individual knows that ...译文:如果一个人知道自己可以控制噪音的话,这一点似乎可以消除当时噪音的消极影响和副作用。定位处关键词control与第35题中make it stop对应，故答案为A。
38 解析
定位词：high-pitched, low-pitched
题目译文：处在高分贝的噪音中比处在低分贝的噪音中能使人犯更多的错误。在解此题之前，通过定位ABCD四个选项已经将其余各题完成，且文中对应处均未提及噪音分贝高低问题，故此题通过排除法只能选择E。
39 解析
定位词：three tasks
题目译文：当处于噪音环境时，实验对象很难同时做三项工作。此题的定位顺序应该排在第一(详见解题方法2)，为定位选项B选项Broadbent，定位于第二段第二行：For example, high noise levels interfered with the performance of subjects who were...译文：例如，如果每个试验对象需要同时监视三个刻度盘，那么高分贝噪音就会严重干扰他们完成工作。定位处monitor three dials at a time与第39题中perform three tasks at the same time相对应。故答案为B。
40 解析
定位词：repeat numbers, another task
题目译文：当实验对象在做另一项工作时，噪音会影响其重复数字的能力。定位于第二段倒数第一行：…but it did interfere with the subject's ability to repeat numbers while tracking.译文：但如果让实验对象在追踪的同时重复数字,那么噪音对他们的影响就很大了。定位处tracking对应第40题中carrying out another task。故答案为C。
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