考满分 ielts

C11-Test 4

听力阅读写作

Part 1

Read the text below and answer questions 1-13.
Research using twins

To biomedical researchers all over the world, twins offer a precious opportunity to untangle the influence of genes and the environment - of nature and nurture. Because identical twins come from a single fertilized egg that splits into two, they share virtually the same genetic code. Any differences between them - one twin having younger looking skin, for example - must be due to environmental factors such as less time spent in the sun.

Alternatively, by comparing the experiences of identical twins with those of fraternal twins, who come from separate eggs and share on average half their DNA, researchers can quantify the extent to which our genes affect our lives. If identical twins are more similar to each other with respect to an ailment than fraternal twins are, then vulnerability to the disease must be rooted at least in part in heredity.

These two lines of research - studying the differences between identical twins to pinpoint the influence of environment, and comparing identical twins with fraternal ones to measure the role of inheritance - have been crucial to understanding the interplay of nature and nurture in determining our personalities, behavior, and vulnerability to disease.

The idea of using twins to measure the influence of heredity dates back to 1875, when the English scientist Francis Galton first suggested the approach (and coined the phrase 'nature and nurture'). But twin studies took a surprising twist in the 1980s, with the arrival of studies into identical twins who had been separated at birth and reunited as adults. Over two decades 137 sets of twins eventually visited Thomas Bouchard's lab in what became known as the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart. Numerous tests were carried out on the twins, and they were each asked more than 15,000 questions.

Bouchard and his colleagues used this mountain of data to identify how far twins were affected by their genetic makeup. The key to their approach was a statistical concept called heritability. In broad terms, the heritability of a trait measures the extent to which differences among members of a population can be explained by differences in their genetics. And wherever Bouchard and other scientists looked, it seemed, they found the invisible hand of genetic influence helping to shape our lives.

Lately, however, twin studies have helped lead scientists to a radical new conclusion: that nature and nurture are not the only elemental forces at work. According to a recent field called epigenetics, there is a third factor also in play, one that in some cases serves as a bridge between the environment and our genes, and in others operates on its own to shape who we are.

Epigenetic processes are chemical reactions tied to neither nature nor nurture but representing what researchers have called a 'third component'. These reactions influence how our genetic code is expressed: how each gene is strengthened or weakened, even turned on or off, to build our bones, brains and all the other parts of our bodies.

If you think of our DNA as an immense piano keyboard and our genes as the keys - each key symbolizing a segment of DNA responsible for a particular note, or trait, and all the keys combining to make us who we are - then epigenetic processes determine when and how each key can be struck, changing the tune being played.

One way the study of epigenetics is revolutionizing our understanding of biology is by revealing a mechanism by which the environment directly impacts on genes. Studies of animals, for example, have shown that when a rat experiences stress during pregnancy, it can cause epigenetic changes in a fetus that lead to behavioral problems as the rodent grows up. Other epigenetic processes appear to occur randomly, while others are normal, such as those that guide embryonic cells as they become heart, brain, or liver cells for example.

Geneticist Danielle Reed has worked with many twins over the years and thought deeply about what twin studies have taught us. 'It's very clear when you look at twins that much of what they share is hardwired 'she says. 'Many things about them are absolutely the same and unalterable. But it's also clear, when you get to know them, that other things about them are different. Epigenetics is the origin of a lot of those differences, in my view.'

Reed credits Thomas Bouchard's work for today's surge in twin studies. 'He was the trailblazer,' she says. 'We forget that 50 years ago things like heart disease were thought to be caused entirely by lifestyle. Schizophrenia was thought to be due to poor mothering. Twin studies have allowed us to be more reflective about what people are actually born with and what's caused by experience.'

Having said that, Reed adds, the latest work in epigenetics promises to take our understanding even further. 'What I like to say is that nature writes some things in pencil and some things in pen 'she says. 'Things written in pen you can't change. That's DNA. But things written in pencil you can. That's epigenetics. Now that we're actually able to look at the DNA and see where the pencil writings are, it's sort of a whole new world.'
Questions 1-4

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE
if the statement agrees with the information given in the text.
FALSE
if the statement contradicts the information.
NOT GIVEN
if there is no information on this.

1 There may be genetic causes for the differences in how young the skin of identical twins looks.

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

2 Twins are at greater risk of developing certain illnesses than non-twins.

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

3 Bouchard advertised in newspapers for twins who had been separated at birth.

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

4 Epigenetic processes are different from both genetic and environmental processes.

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

我的答案：

正确答案： 1.FALSE   2.NOT GIVEN   3.NOT GIVEN   4.TRUE

查看解析

1 解析

译文：同卵双胞胎的皮肤看起来有多年轻，其背后有可能存在着基因方面的原因。
定位词：genetic causes, skin
文中对应第一段第二、三句: Because identical twins come from a single fertilized egg that splits into two, they share virtually the same genetic code. Any differences between them--one twin having younger looking skin, for example---must be due to environmental factors such as less time spent in the sun.
本题出题位置符合顺序原则，作为文后第一个题型中的第一道题, 考生可以轻松在正文第一段中定位到一模一样的skin一词。从理解上来看本题也并不困难：原文明确说到同卵双胞胎来自同一颗受精卵，基因完全相同，一切不同都是后天环境因素造成的。这与题干信息相悖，因此答案为FALSE。

2 解析

译文：双胞胎比非双胞胎更有风险得上某些疾病。
定位词：greater risk, developing certain illnesses, non-twins
文中对应第二段第二句: If identical twins are more similar to each other with respect to an ailment than fraternal twins are, then vulnerability to the disease must be rooted at least in part in heredity.
题干中的illness一词回到原文中有两个对应的同义替换词，分别为ailment和disease。部分考生可能对前者不甚熟悉但必定应当认识后者，所以定位并不算困难。仔细阅读文章内容可知，本句只是提及同卵双胞胎与异卵双胞胎在对某种疾病产生反应的方面有何异同，换言之，比较的对象只涉及“双胞胎”这个范围，并未将之与“非双胞胎”比较，没有明确提及题千的信息，且即使考生继续耐心读下去，在之后的文章中也没有任何地方提到题千相关内容，因此答案为NOT GIVEN。

3 解析

译文：Bouchard在报纸上刊登广告招募那些出生以后就分开各自长大的双胞胎们。
定位词：Bouchard, advertised, newspapers
文中对应第四段第三句：Over two decades 137 sets of twins eventually visited Thomas Bouchard's lab in what became known as the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart.
本题可以凭借Bouchard这个专有名词而轻松在文中定位，但仔细阅读文章内容就会发现，确实有许多双胞胎参与了此人所进行的研究，但并没有明确提及那些双胞胎们是通过什么途径来到Bouchard实验室的，没有“报纸”和“广告”这些信息，因此答案是NOT GIVEN。
考生需格外注意的是:近年来判断题型的难度有所上升，原因之一就是NOT GIVEN这个选项更加频繁地作为正确答案出现在相邻的两道问题中。这种现象给考生造成的困扰是定位时更加不确定、不自信，从而可能导致大家反复阅读某个文章部位或由于犹豫不决而拖慢阅读速度。针对这一现象,建议考生在连续两道判断题都不能确定出题位置的时候，适当多向下再看一道题目，以连续三道题干的关键词来更加准确定位，或判定某道题目可能就是NOT GIVEN而不再浪费太多时间恋战。

4 解析

译文：表观遗传影响与基因影响和环境影响都不相同。
定位词：epigenetic processes
文中对应第六段最后一句: According to a recent field called epigenetics, there is a third factor also in play, one that in some cases serves as a bridge between the environment and our genes, and in others operates on its own to shape who we are.
Epigenetic这个词作为学科名称，一模一样地出现在文中第六段，可以被轻松定位。阅读定位句则可以知道,这一作用过程确实既不同于环境因素,也不同于基因因素，与题干表述相一致，因此答案为TRUE。

Questions 5-9

Look at the following statements (Questions 5-9) and the list of researchers below.
Match each statement with the correct researcher,
A, B
or
C
.
Write the correct letter,
A, B
or
C
, in boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet.
NB
You may use any letter more than once.

A. Francis Galton

B. Thomas Bouchard

C. Danielle Reed

5 invented a term used to distinguish two factors affecting human characteristics 5

6 expressed the view that the study of epigenetics will increase our knowledge6

7 developed a mathematical method of measuring genetic influences7

8 pioneered research into genetics using twins8

9 carried out research into twins who had lived apart9

我的答案： 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

正确答案： 5.A   6.C   7.B   8.A   9.B

查看解析

5 解析

译文：发明了一个术语用来区分影响个人特质的两种因素
定位词：invented a term, two factors
文中对应第四段第一句：The idea of using twins to measure the influence of heredity dates back to 1875,when the English scientist Francis Galton first suggested the approach (and coined the phrase 'nature and nurture' ).
本题基本上就是考查考生对coin这个单词作为动词表示“创造”和term这个单词作为名词还可表示“术语”的词汇知识，而coin a term这样的用法在此前的剑桥真题里已经算是频繁出现的熟面孔了，不会给考生构成太大的解题障碍，此题答案为A。

6 解析

译文：表达了这样一个观点:对于表观遗传学的研究将会增加我们的知识
定位词：Study of epigenetics, increase, knowledge
文中对应第十二段第一句：Having said that, Reed adds, the latest work in epigenetics promises to take our understanding further.
本题的定位略显麻烦，因为Reed这个人名在文章的后三段中都有所提及，考生需具备快速阅读每句大意而不细抠字眼的能力，带着对5~9所剩未选出答案的题干的记忆，对比这几段文章中的相关内容，待读到最后一段时理解原文倒应该不难，increase our knowledge与take our understanding further是简单的同义表述关系,本题答案为C。

7 解析

译文：开创了一种数学方法来衡量基因的影响
定位词：mathematical method
文中对应第五段第一、二句：Bouchard and his colleagues used this mountain of data to identify how far twins were affected by their genetic makeup. The key to their approach was a statistical
concept called heritability.
本题出题点距离人名定位处并不远，statistical concept与mathematical method的同义替换关系也不难理解，此题答案为B。

8 解析

译文：开创了通过双胞胎来研究基因学的做法
定位词：pioneered
文中对应第四段第一句：The idea of using twins to measure the influence of heredity dates back to 1875,when the English scientist Francis Galton first suggested the approach (and coined the phrase‘nature and nurture').
本题与第五题的定位完全相同，都是原文中的同一句，且从考查单词的难度上来看，比第五题更容易理解。无论date back(追溯到)这个词组还是first这个单词对于考生来说都不会造成理解困难，正是Francis Galton开创了研究双胞胎的先河，本题答案为A。

9 解析

译文：对那些各自生活在不同地方的双胞胎进行了研究
定位词：lived apart
文中对应第四段第二、三句：But twin studies took a surprising twist in the 1980s, with the arrival of studies into identical twins who had been separated at birth and reunited as adults. Over two decades 137 sets of twins eventually visited Thomas Bouchard's lab in what became known as the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart.
无论是原文中第二句里的separated at birth and reunited as adults还是第三句里的Reared Apart,都明确对应题干中的lived apart 这个信息，不难理解。考生只需明确这个研究对象到底是Francis Galton还是Thomas Bouchard所研究的即可。经过仔细阅读可知为后者，因此本题答案为B。

Questions 10-13

Complete the summary using the list of words,
A-F
, below.
Write the correct letter,
A-F
, in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.

A. nurture

B. organs

C. code

D. chemicals

E. environment

F. behaviour|behavior

In epigenetic processes 10 influence the activity of our genes, for example in creating our internal 11. The study of epigenetic processes is uncovering a way in which our genes can be affected by our 12. One example is that if a pregnant rat suffers stress, the new-born rat may later show problems in its 13.

我的答案： 10. 11. 12. 13.

正确答案： 10.D   11.B   12.E   13.F

查看解析

10 解析

定位词：epigenetic processes
文中对应第七段第一、二句：Epigenetic processes are chemical reactions tied to neither nature nor nurture but representing what researchers have called a 'third component'. These reactions influence how our genetic code is expressed....
题干说“在表观遗传过程中，____会影响我们的基因活动行为”。用epigenetic processes可以轻松在原文中定位到出题位置，但考生需要耐心读完相邻的两句，才可根据后句里的these reactions这个指代更加确定答案应为前一句中的chemical reactions。然而所给选项中并没有一模一样的内容，需根据意思选择最接近的选项，由此可得答案为D: chemicals。

11 解析

定位词：create, internal
文中对应第七段第二句：These reactions influence how our genetic code is expressed: how each gene is strengthened or weakened, even turned on or off, to build our bones, brains and all the other parts of our bodies.
题干说“在表观遗传过程中，化学反应会影响我们的基因活动行为，例如在创造我们内部____的时候”。本题的出题位置与上一题来自同一句话，在原文中的出处也极为接近。从阅读理解的角度来看，考生应该具备internal (内部的)、organs(器官)这样的基础词汇，从而看出原文中的parts of our bodies正是对应internal organs这一表述，因此答案为B选项: organs。

12 解析

定位词：uncover, genes, affected by
文中对应第九段第一句：One way the study of epigenetics is revolutionizing our understanding of biology is by revealing a mechanism by which the environment directly impacts on genes.
题干说“表观遗传学的研究正在探索我们的基因会以怎样的方式受到我们的____的影响”。,考生应该不难找到原文中impact与题干中be affected by的同义替换，对比可知答案为E选项：environment。

13 解析

定位词：pregnant rat, stress, problems
文中对应第九段第二句：Studies of animals, for example, have shown that when a rat experiences stress during pregnancy, it can cause epigenetic changes in a fetus that lead to behavioral problems as the rodent grows up.
题干说“有一个例证：如果一只怀孕的老鼠经历过紧张压力体验，新生的幼鼠日后就有可能展现出___方面的问题”。“怀孕老鼠”这个信息在文中十分容易定位，考生只需认真阅读定位句即可得出答案为F选项：behaviour/behavior。
Part 2

Read the text below and answer questions 14-26.
An Introduction to Film Sound

Though we might think of film as an essentially visual experience, we really cannot afford to underestimate the importance of film sound. A meaningful sound track is often as complicated as the image on the screen, and is ultimately just as much the responsibility of the director. The entire sound track consists of three essential ingredients: the human voice, sound effects and music. These three tracks must be mixed and balanced so as to produce the necessary emphases which in turn create desired effects. Topics which essentially refer to the three previously mentioned tracks are discussed below. They include dialogue, synchronous and asynchronous sound effects, and music.

Let us start with dialogue. As is the case with stage drama, dialogue serves to tell the story and expresses feelings and motivations of characters as well. Often with film characterization the audience perceives little or no difference between the character and the actor. Thus, for example, the actor Humphrey Bogart is the character Sam Spade; film personality and life personality seem to merge. Perhaps this is because the very texture of a performer's voice supplies an element of character.

When voice textures fit the performer's physiognomy and gestures, a whole and very realistic persona emerges. The viewer sees not an actor working at his craft, but another human being struggling with life. It is interesting to note that how dialogue is used and the very amount of dialogue used varies widely among films. For example, in the highly successful science-fiction film 2001, little dialogue was evident, and most of it was banal and of little intrinsic interest. In this way the film-maker was able to portray what Thomas Sobochack and Vivian Sobochack call, in An Introduction to Film, the 'inadequacy of human responses when compared with the magnificent technology created by man and the visual beauties of the universe'.

The comedy Bringing Up Baby, on the other hand, presents practically non-stop dialogue delivered at breakneck speed. This use of dialogue underscores not only the dizzy quality of the character played by Katherine Hepburn, but also the absurdity of the film itself and thus its humor. The audience is bounced from gag to gag and conversation to conversation; there is no time for audience reflection. The audience is caught up in a whirlwind of activity in simply managing to follow the plot. This film presents pure escapism - largely due to its frenetic dialogue.

Synchronous sound effects are those sounds which are synchronized or matched with what is viewed. For example, if the film portrays a character playing the piano, the sounds of the piano are projected. Synchronous sounds contribute to the realism of film and also help to create a particular atmosphere. For example, the 'click' of a door being opened may simply serve to convince the audience that the image portrayed is real, and the audience may only subconsciously note the expected sound. However, if the 'click' of an opening door is part of an ominous action such as a burglary, the sound mixer may call attention to the 'click' with an increase in volume; this helps to engage the audience in a moment of suspense.

Asynchronous sound effects, on the other hand, are not matched with a visible source of the sound on screen. Such sounds are included so as to provide an appropriate emotional nuance, and they may also add to the realism of the film. For example, a film-maker might opt to include the background sound of an ambulance's siren while the foreground sound and image portrays an arguing couple. The asynchronous ambulance siren underscores the psychic injury incurred in the argument; at the same time the noise of the siren adds to the realism of the film by acknowledging the film's city setting.

We are probably all familiar with background music in films, which has become so ubiquitous as to be noticeable in its absence. We are aware that it is used to add emotion and rhythm. Usually not meant to be noticeable, it often provides a tone or an emotional attitude toward the story and/or the characters depicted. In addition, background music often foreshadows a change in mood. For example, dissonant music may be used in film to indicate an approaching (but not yet visible) menace or disaster.

Background music may aid viewer understanding by linking scenes. For example, a particular musical theme associated with an individual character or situation may be repeated at various points in a film in order to remind the audience of salient motifs or ideas.

Film sound comprises conventions and innovations. We have come to expect an acceleration of music during car chases and creaky doors in horror films. Yet, it is important to note as well that sound is often brilliantly conceived. The effects of sound are often largely subtle and often are noted by only our subconscious minds. We need to foster an awareness of film sound as well as film space so as to truly appreciate an art form that sprang to life during the twentieth century - the modern film.
Questions 14-18

Choose the correct letter
A, B, C
or
D
.
Write your answers in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.

14 In the first paragraph, the writer makes a point that

A .
the director should plan the sound track at an early stage in filming.

B .
it would be wrong to overlook the contribution of sound to the artistry of films.

C .
the music industry can have a beneficial influence on sound in film.

D .
it is important for those working on the sound in a film to have sole responsibility for it.

15 One reason that the writer refers to Humphrey Bogart is to exemplify

A .
the importance of the actor and the character appearing to have similar personalities.

B .
the audience's wish that actors are visually appropriate for their roles.

C .
the value of the actor having had similar feelings to the character.

D .
the audience's preference for dialogue to be as authentic as possible.

16 In the third paragraph, the writer suggests that

A .
audiences are likely to be critical of film dialogue that does not reflect their own experience.

B .
film dialogue that appears to be dull may have a specific purpose.

C .
filmmakers vary considerably in the skill with which they handle dialogue.

D .
the most successful films are those with dialogue of a high quality.

17 What does the writer suggest about Bringing Up Baby?

A .
The plot suffers from the filmmaker's wish to focus on humorous dialogue.

B .
The dialogue helps to make it one of the best comedy films ever produced.

C .
There is a mismatch between the speed of the dialogue and the speed of actions.

D .
The nature of the dialogue emphasises key elements of the film.

18 The writer refers to the 'click' of a door to make the point that realistic sounds

A .
are often used to give the audience a false impression of events in the film.

B .
may be interpreted in different ways by different members of the audience.

C .
may be modified in order to manipulate the audience's response to the film.

D .
tend to be more significant in films presenting realistic situations.

我的答案：

正确答案： 14. B   15. A   16. B   17. D   18. C

查看解析

14 解析

译文：在第一段里，作者指出
定位词：first paragraph
文中对应第一段整体内容
本题考查考生是否能够读懂作者在第一段里表达的主要看法，很难使用此段中的某一句话来确定答案，需要考生读懂本段大意并对比四个选项内容，从而做出恰当选择。关于本段内容细节可以参见后文的“参考译文”,对比可得正确答案为B项:如果忽视了声音对于电影艺术效果的贡献，这是错误的做法。
A项说“导演应该在拍摄的早期阶段就计划好电影原声”，而原文中只是提及“规划音效也应该是导演的职责所在”，并未提及是否该早早动手规划; C项说“音乐产业可以对电影中的声音产生有益影响”，这个信息完全不曾被提及; D项说“负责电影中声音的工作人员应该对音效担负起完全的责任来，这很重要”，更是故意曲解了文中的“统筹音效和关注画面质量同样都是导演的应有之责”，混淆视听。

15 解析

译文：作者提到Humphrey Bogart的一个原因是为了证明什么?
定位词：HumphreyBogart
文中对应第二段第三、四句：Often with film characterization the audience ... actor. Thus, for example, the actor Humphrey Bogart is the character Sam Spade; film personality and life personality seem to merge.
虽然有大写人名可以帮助考生轻松定位，选择题却往往不是只看一句就能顺利解题的，比如此处，如果只看包含Humphrey Bogart的一句,缺失了此段的上下文，则考生也不易得出正确结论。温馨提示:选择题的正确解题方法应该是先了解选项大意,然后回到定位原文段落里阅读大意，对比选项来选出最合适的。本题正确答案为选项A：演员本人和角色显示出拥有相似性格特质的重要性。
B项说“观众希望演员在视觉上适合他们所扮演的角色”，也就是说希望演员的外貌特征符合角色描述,但本段反复提及的着眼点在于“性格特征”而非外貌；C项说“演员有着与角色类似的感受这一-点很有价值”，这属于完全未被提及的信息; D项说“观众更倾向于对话要尽可能显得真实”,虽然本段确实意在解释“对话”在电影中所扮演的角色，但是并没有明确说到它必须像真的，此选项具有比较大的迷惑作用。

16 解析

译文：在第三段里，作者想指出什么?
定位词：third paragraph
文中对应第三段整体内容
本题与14题类似，考查考生理解段中多句内容的能力，而不是只定位到某句话来作答。正确答案应为选项B：看似平淡乏味的电影对话其实有可能是服务于某个特定目的。
A项说“如果电影对话不能反映观众自身经历，他们就有可能会持批评性态度”，属于完全未被提及的内容; C项说“电影制作者在如何处理对话的技巧上彼此有着极大的差别”，这个选项与原文中how dialogue is used and the very amount of dialogue used varies widely among films有一定相似之处，可能会给部分考生造成一定干扰。但仔细分辨之下不难看出，原文只说了“不同电影中对话的用法和用量有很大差别”，并未明确说是电影制作者使用技巧的差别，虽有类似之处却仍然是干扰选项；D项说“最成功的电影是那些有着高质量对话的电影”，也是无中生有的信息。

17 解析

译文：作者关于《育婴奇谭》都说了什么?
定位词：Bringing Up Baby
文中对应第四段整体内容
根据本段内容，作者说这部电影故意使用了又快又滑稽的对话形式来突出影片的荒诞风格。因此正确答案为选项D:对话的性质强化了影片中的关键元素。A项说“由于电影制作人想要关注幽默对话而使情节受到了损害”；B项说“对话帮助这部电影成为了有史以来最好的喜剧电影之一”; C项说“对话的速度与动作的速度之间不匹配”。这三项内容在本段中都完全不曾被提及。

18 解析

译文：作者提到了推门的“咔嗒”声来说明，模拟真实情况的声音
定位词：'click' of a door
文中对应第五段最后两句：For example, .... , and the audience may only subconsciously note the expected sound. However, if the click' of an opening door is part of an ominous action such as a burglary, the sound mixer may call attention to the click' with an increase in volume; this helps to engage the audience in a moment of suspense.
选择题的定位往往都很容易，本题也不例外，考生可以轻松定位到文中提及“门响”的相应位置。完整理解这两句话内容，可知正确答案为选项C：也有可能加以改变用来控制观众对电影的反应。
A项说“经常被用来让观众对影片中的事件产生错误印象”；B项说“可能会被观众中的不同成员按照不同的方式进行理解”； D项说“往往在那些展示现实场景的电影中显得更为重要”。这三项内容在本段中都完全不曾被提及。

Questions 19-23

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 19-23 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE
if the statement agrees with the information given in the text.
FALSE
if the statement contradicts the information.
NOT GIVEN
if there is no information on this.

19 Audiences are likely to be surprised if a film lacks background music.

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

20 Background music may anticipate a development in a film.

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

21 Background music has more effect on some people than on others.

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

22 Background music may help the audience to make certain connections within the film.

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

23 Audiences tend to be aware of how the background music is affecting them.

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

我的答案：

正确答案： 19.TRUE   20.TRUE   21.NOT GIVEN   22.TRUE   23.FALSE

查看解析

19 解析

译文：如果一部电影缺了背景音乐，观众有可能会感到奇怪。
定位词：surprised, lacks, background music
文中对应第七段第一句：We are probably all familiar with background music in films, which has become so ubiquitous as to be noticeable in its absence.
本题的定位并不困难，与以下三道题共用background music这样一个定位信息，然而考生却需要同时具备ubiquitous和absence的词汇储备和理解so...as to句型的语法知识,才可顺利解答。关于此题对应原文的详细分析，可以参见上文中“佳句赏析”的第四句，本题答案为TRUE。

20 解析

译文：背景音乐有可能预示出一部电影中的情节发展。
定位词：background music, anticipate, development
文中对应第七段倒数第二句：In addition, background music often foreshadows a change in mood.
本题定位依旧不难，基本上就是考查考生是否能看出题千中anticipate与原文中foreshadow、题干中development in a film 与原文中change in mood的同义表述，可顺利得出答案为TRUE。

21 解析

译文：背景音乐对一些人产生的效果比对另一些人所产生的效果更大。
定位词：background music, more effect than
本题的题干很好理解，原文中也没有任何内容提及“观众对背景音乐会因人而异产生不同的反应”，答案为NOT GIVEN。
但如果考生在定位时只着眼于这一道题，专注在文中寻找effect或more than的信息，则|有可能会同时错过其他问题的定位。温馨提示: 解答判断题时需一次至少记住相邻两道题的定位信息回文寻找，这样才能更保险。

22 解析

译文：背景音乐可以帮助观众在影片中(不同场景之间)找到某些关联。
定位词：background music, make certain connections
文中对应第八段：Background music may aid viewer understanding by linking scenes. For example, a particular musical theme associated with an individual character or situation may be repeated at various points in a film in order to remind the audience of salient motifs or ideas.
如果考生理解定位部分的第八段第一句没有障碍，则阅读这句话即可得出结论，了解此题干为原文意思的同义表述;如果在第-句中读出的信息不够，没有足够的信心做出选择，则耐心再读第二句话也可进一步补充内容，最终还是可得答案为TRUE。

23 解析

译文：观众往往会注意到背景音乐如何对他们产生影响。
定位词：aware, background music , affecting
文中对应第九段第四句：The effects of sound are often largely subtle and often are noted by only our subconscious minds.
本题的题干中虽然也出现了background music, 但原文中却只用了sound这个简单词，未免显得不太好找。所幸正文中所使用的effects一词与题干中affect的同义替换关系比较明显，对比可知答案为FALSE。

Questions 24-26

Complete each sentence with the correct ending,
A-E
, below.
Write the correct letter,
A-E
, in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.

A. when the audience listens to the dialogue.

B. if the film reflects the audience's own concerns.

C. if voice, sound and music are combined appropriately.

D. when the director is aware of how the audience will respond.

E. when the actor's appearance, voice and moves are consistent with each other.

24 The audience's response to different parts of a film can be controlled 24

25 The feelings and motivations of characters become clear 25

26 A character seems to be a real person rather than an actor 26

我的答案： 24. 25. 26.

正确答案： 24.C   25.A   26.E

查看解析

24 解析

译文：观众对于影片中不同部分的反应可以被控制。
定位词：audience's response, can be controlled
文中对应第一段第三、四句：The entire sound track consists of three essential ingredients: the human voice, sound effects and music. These three tracks must be mixed and balanced so as to produce the necessary emphases which in turn create desired effects.
本题的定位颇不容易，原因是“观众反应”和“可被操控”的信息在文章中都是以改头换面的方式来呈现的，如果考生完整阅读了文中信息，自然可以理解到原文的create desired effects即是指“创造出(电影制作者)所想要达到的效果”，也就是希望去掌控或操控观众观影之后会产生什么样的反应。对应正确选项为C：如果人的声音、其他声响和音乐进行了恰当混合的话。温馨提示：长句子配对中的这种很难定位的问题还有另一个解法:可等到其他更好找到的题目都得出答案以后，在剩余选项中利用句意和逻辑的匹配关系来寻找最合适的选项。比如本题如果留到最后，选项中的A和E项已经被选过，则可以尝试利用对文章内容的已知信息，对比剩余的B、C、D三个选项，找出在意思上最为匹配的答案C。

25 解析

译文：角色的感想和动机清楚地显现出来
定位词：feelings and motivations
文中对应第二段第二句：As is the case with stage drama, dialogue serves to tell the story and expresses feelings and motivations of characters as well.
本题相较于上一道题，定位轻松了许多,原文理解也没有构成什么大的障碍。考生只需根据题干关键词找到文中相应位置进行理解，即可得到正确选项A：当观众听着对话的时候。

26 解析

译文：一个角色看似更像一个真实的人而非一位演员
定位词：character, real person, actor
文中对应第三段第一句：When voice textures fit the performer's physiognomy and gestures, a whole and very realistic persona emerges.
本题定位不难，不过考生需要认识physiognomy, gestures和emerge这样几个基础词汇，才能更确定地得出正确选项E：当演员的外貌、声音和动作彼此协调一致时。
Part 3

Read the text below and answer questions 27-40.
'This Marvellous Invention'

27

A Of all mankind's manifold creations, language must take pride of place. Other inventions - the wheel, agriculture, sliced bread - may have transformed our material existence, but the advent of language is what made us human. Compared to language, all other inventions pale in significance, since everything we have ever achieved depends on language and originates from it. Without language, we could never have embarked on our ascent to unparalleled power over all other animals, and even over nature itself.

28

B But language is foremost not just because it came first. In its own right it is a tool of extraordinary sophistication, yet based on an idea of ingenious simplicity: 'this marvellous invention of composing out of twenty-five or thirty sounds that infinite variety of expressions which, whilst having in themselves no likeness to what is in our mind, allow us to disclose to others its whole secret, and to make known to those who cannot penetrate it all that we imagine, and all the various stirrings of our soul'. This was how, in 1660, the renowned French grammarians of the Port- Royal abbey near Versailles distilled the essence of language, and no one since has celebrated more eloquently the magnitude of its achievement. Even so, there is just one flaw in all these hymns of praise, for the homage to language's unique accomplishment conceals a simple yet critical incongruity. Language is mankind's greatest invention – except, of course, that it was never invented. This apparent paradox is at the core of our fascination with language, and it holds many of its secrets.

29

C Language often seems so skillfully drafted that one can hardly imagine it as anything other than the perfected handiwork of a master craftsman. How else could this instrument make so much out of barely three dozen measly morsels of sound? In themselves, these configurations of mouth – p, f, b, v, t, d, k, g, sh, a, e and so on – amount to nothing more than a few haphazard spits and splutters, random noises with no meaning, no ability to express, no power to explain. But run them through the cogs and wheels of the language machine, let it arrange them in some very special orders, and there is nothing that these meaningless streams of air cannot do: from sighing the interminable boredom of existence to unravelling the fundamental order of the universe.

30

D The most extraordinary thing about language, however, is that one doesn't have to be a genius to set its wheels in motion. The language machine allows just about everybody - from pre-modern foragers in the subtropical savannah, to post-modern philosophers in the suburban sprawl - to tie these meaningless sounds together into an infinite variety of subtle senses, and all apparently without the slightest exertion. Yet it is precisely this deceptive ease which makes language a victim of its own success, since in everyday life its triumphs are usually taken for granted. The wheels of language run so smoothly that one rarely bothers to stop and think about all the resourcefulness and expertise that must have gone into making it tick. Language conceals art.

31

E Often, it is only the estrangement of foreign tongues, with their many exotic and outlandish features, that brings home the wonder of language's design. One of the showiest stunts that some languages can pull off is an ability to build up words of breath-breaking length, and thus express in one word what English takes a whole sentence to say. The Turkish word ,sheirlili,stiremediklerimizdensiniz, to take one example, means nothing less than 'you are one of those whom we can't turn into a town-dweller'. (In case you were wondering, this monstrosity really is one word, not merely many different words squashed together - most of its components cannot even stand up on their own.)

32

F And if that sounds like some one-off freak, then consider Sumerian, the language spoken on the banks of the Euphrates some 5,000 years ago by the people who invented writing and thus enabled the documentation of history. A Sumerian word like munintuma'a ('when he had made it suitable for her') might seem rather trim compared to the Turkish colossus above. What is so impressive about it, however, is not its lengthiness but rather the reverse - the thrifty compactness of its construction. The word is made up of different slots, each corresponding to a particular portion of meaning. This sleek design allows single sounds to convey useful information, and in fact even the absence of a sound has been enlisted to express something specific. If you were to ask which bit in the Sumerian word corresponds to the pronoun 'it' in the English translation 'when he had made it suitable for her', then the answer would have to be nothing. Mind you, a very particular kind of nothing: the nothing that stands in the empty slot in the middle. The technology is so fine-tuned then that even a non-sound, when carefully placed in a particular position, has been invested with a specific function. Who could possibly have come up with such a nifty contraption?
Questions 27-32

Reading Passage 3 has six paragraphs,
A-F
.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs
A-F
from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number
i-vii
in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.

I. Differences between languages highlight their impressiveness

II. The way in which a few sounds are organised to convey a huge range of meaning

III. Why the sounds used in different languages are not identical

IV. Apparently incompatible characteristics of language

V. Even silence can be meaningful

VI. Why language is the most important invention of all

VII. The universal ability to use language

我的答案： 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.

正确答案： 27.VI   28.IV   29.II   30.VII   31.I   32.V

查看解析

27 解析

参考译文：为什么语言是所有发明中最重要的一项
定位词：most important invention
文中对应A段：实际上，本段第一句话就开宗明义，点明此段主要谈及“语言在人类的所有发明中占据最重要的地位”,如果考生对take pride of place这个表达方式比较熟悉的话，在读完第一句话后就能对段落heading 选择大致心中有数了。
接下来的每一句话都是在以不同的方式反复阐述“语言之所以是最重要发明的原因所在和表现形式”。第二句话说“其他发明改变的是人类的物质生活，而语言则是使人真正称其为人的原因”;第三句话说“一切发明跟语言比起来都会相形失色”;第四句话还说“要是没有语言，人类不可能发展到今天这样的状态”。考生无论正确理解其中哪句话的大意都不难看出正确选项为vi。

28 解析

参考译文：语言所具有的一些明显并不兼容的特点
定位词：incompatible characteristics
文中对应B段：本段的解题难度比较高，原因是本段采取了“前三句承接上文并进一步展开、后三句开启新话题担当段落主旨”的模式，答案的定位主要集中在后三句话所表达的意思里。
前三句话先是继续对语言的重要地位进行了进一步描述和赞美,其中需格外引起考生注意的是第二句。此句为引用部分,以十分复杂的长句结构表达了对语言的讴歌赞颂，关于本句的详细分析可以参见前文“佳句赏析”的第一句。从倒数第三句开始话锋一转，指出虽然语言如此伟大，但还是存在着不一致、相矛盾之处，此句考查考生是否认识conceal和incongruity这两个词汇;倒数第二句提出:“语言是最伟大的发明，然而它却并不是被发明出来的”，进一步点出这其中存在逻辑上的矛盾;最后一句再次以paradox一词来考验考生的词汇储备。后三句共同表达了类似的意思，即语言虽然伟大但却存在矛盾、悖论之处，正确答案为iv。

29 解析

参考译文：为数不多的几个发音以某种方式组织起来就能传递出丰富多样的意义
定位词：a few sounds, huge range of meaning
文中对应C段：本段的第-句话颇有些故弄玄虚之嫌，其实就是在委婉地夸奖赞美语言的设计精巧。第二句话则是以“设问”形式提出，语言用“three dozen”这么一点儿的发音元素是怎么组合成了“so much"意义表达呢?考生如果熟悉make so much out of这个词组的表达，则不难看出本句即是在表达“用一点点弄出许多许多”这个意思。之后的两句也是在进一步展开说明这个论点，只是这两句话结构都比较复杂，具体分析请参见“佳句赏析”的第二、三句。结合全部四句内容可知，本段采用的是“总一分”结构，主旨句在第二句中，正确答案为i。

30 解析

参考译文：使用语言是人类普遍具有的能力
定位词：universal ability
文中对应D段：本段其实是个规则的“总一分一总”段落，第一句话即点明“每个人都能让语言这部机器运转起来”，接下来的几句话分别指出:“无论什么人都能使用语言”、“但是正因如此人们才对它过于想当然了”、“也就没有刻意去重视它研究它”，结尾句则做出总结:“语言遮掩了其艺术性”。但每句话都避开了“使用” 这个词汇，而是比喻性地反复提及“让机轮运转”、“串联起意义” 和“使机器运行”，增加了理解难度。正确答案为vii。

31 解析

参考译文：各种语言之间的差异凸显了它们令人叹为观止之处。
定位词：differences, highlight, impressiveness
文中对应E段：本段是一个极好的例子，提醒考生在解答List of Headings题型时切莫只把注意力放在寻找某个词汇的同义替换上，因为往往-一个句子的整体意思需要同时参考此句中的每个单词组合在一起之后共同表达出来的信息，而非词汇的简单累加。
第一句先指出“往往只有遭遇我们不熟悉的外语时我们才会注意到语言设计结构的精巧”;之后举出一个特长的土耳其词汇来对比与英语表达方式的不同；然后再进一步进行细节解释说明。无论是“difference 差异”还是“impressiveness 令人惊叹”的含义都没有明确的同义替换词在文中出现，需考生在读懂句子后自行体会，正确答案为i。

32 解析

参考译文：即使沉默也可以表达某种含义
定位词：silence, meaningful
文中对应F段：本段的结构与B段有类似之处:前半段进一步列举例证来说明不同语言之间存在着令人惊叹的差异之处，后半段才开始说到“即使the absence of a sound也可以具有某些意义”。不过文章读到了此处，备选答案只剩下和v两项，考生也可利用排除法来找出相对更加合宜的选项，正确答案为V。前三句话先是继续对语言的重要地位进行了进一步描述和赞美,其中需格外引起考生注意的是第二句。此句为引用部分,以十分复杂的长句结构表达了对语言的讴歌赞颂，关于本句的详细分析可以参见前文“佳句赏析”的第一句。从倒数第三句开始话锋一转，指出虽然语言如此伟大，但还是存在着不一致、相矛盾之处，此句考查考生是否认识conceal和incongruity这两个词汇;倒数第二句提出:“语言是最伟大的发明，然而它却并不是被发明出来的”，进-一步点出这其中存在逻辑上的矛盾;最后一句再次以paradox一词来考验考生的词汇储备。后三句共同表达了类似的意思，即语言虽然伟大但却存在矛盾、悖论之处，正确答案为iv。

Questions 33-36

Complete the summary using the list of words,
A-G
below.
Write the correct letter,
A-G
, in boxes 33-36 on your answer sheet.

A. difficult

B. complex

C. original

D. admired

E. material

F. easy

G. fundamental

The wheel is one invention that has had a major impact on 33 aspects of life, but no impact has been as 34 as that of language. Language is very 35, yet composed of just a small number of sounds.

Language appears to be 36 to use. However, its sophistication is often overlooked.

我的答案： 33. 34. 35. 36.

正确答案： 33.E   34.G   35.B   36.F

查看解析

33 解析

定位词：wheel, major impact
文中对应A段第二句：Other inventions--the wheel, agriculture, sliced bread--may have transformed our material existence, but..
题干说“车轮这个发明对生活的， ;方面有着重大的影响”，考生要定位wheel一词不难，通过对比原文也可以比较轻松地看出existence与题干中的life互为同义替换关系,可得答案为选项E: material。

34 解析

定位词：no impact, as...as
文中对应A段第三句：Compared to language, all other inventions pale in significance, since everything we have ever achieved depends on language and originates from it.
题干说“但是没有任何影响能像语言产生的影响那样____”，考生有可能在定位时遭遇一定困难，因为原文中并未直接出现impact这样的单词，也没有as..as的句型结构而是用Compared to表达了语言与其他发明的比较关系，需要认真阅读理解原文，根据文意解答。不过好在此空与上一题同处在一个句子之中，可以推知此题答案应该距离上一题的原文定位不远，耐心依序阅读文章句子可得答案为选项G: fundamental。

35 解析

定位词：yet, small number of sounds
文中对应B段第二句：In its own right it is a tool of extraordinary sophistication, yet based on an idea of ingenious simplicity: this marvelous
invention of composing out of twenty-five or thirty sounds that infinite variety of expressions which...
题干说“语言非常_____，然而却由仅仅非常少量的声音组成”。根据本句中的yet转折关系可知空格中的答案应当与a small number of sounds所表达的“少量、简单”形成对比、转折的关系。回到原文考生应该可以轻松找到“少量声音”所对应的twenty-five or thirty sounds,关于本句的细节理解可以参见前文中“佳句赏析”的第一句，对比可知此处用来形容语言另一属性的词汇为sophistication,对应答案为选项B: complex。

36 解析

定位词：to use, overlooked
文中对应D段全段内容
题干说“语言看似用起来是____”，考生如果感觉此句给出的信息不够，可以再看下一句题干，得知“语言的复杂精密性常被忽略”这个补充定位信息。此题位置出在D段,如前文List of Headings中关于D段的讲解所言，本段的句子其实并不很难理解，但却用了大量比喻性用法拐弯抹角地表达语义，需要考生耐心认真阅读，可以得出答案为选项F: easy。

Questions 37-40

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet, write
YES
if the statement agrees with the views of the writer.
NO
if the statement contradicts the views of the writer.
NOT GIVEN
if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.

37 Human beings might have achieved their present position without language.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

38 The Port-Royal grammarians did justice to the nature of language.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

39 A complex idea can be explained more clearly in a sentence than in a single word.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

40 The Sumerians were responsible for starting the recording of events.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

我的答案：

正确答案： 37.NO   38.YES   39.NOT GIVEN   40.YES

查看解析

37 解析

译文：人类即使没有语言也有可能发展到今天这样的状态。
定位词：achieved, present position, without language
文中对应A段第三、四句：Compared to language, all other inventions pale in significance, since everything .... from it. Without language, we .... itself.
这部分判断题虽然是文后最后一个出现的题型，定位处却相当靠前，可能会给一些考生以出乎意料的感觉。好在无论是achieved还是without language的题干关键词都是原词重现地出现在文中，倒也不算十分难找。阅读对应的两句原文可知，作者明确指出如果没有语言人类不可能达到今天这样凌驾其他动物甚至驾驭自然的成就,题干与此相矛盾，答案为NO。

38 解析

译文：Port-Royal 的语法学家们正确地评价了语言的本质。
定位词：Port-Royal grammarians
文中对应B段第三句：This was how, in 1660, the renowned French grammarians of the Port-Royal abbey: .... of its achievement.
本题的定位并不难，考生可以利用专有名词Port-Royal轻松找到相关原文;不过要正确解题，则需要考生同时理解题干中do justice to是“公平对待、公正评价”的意思，以及原文中celebrated eloquently the magnitude是“以雄辩的方式赞美了其重要地位”的意思，可得答案为YES。

39 解析

译文：一个复杂的概念用一个句子来解释比用一个单词来解释会更清楚。
定位词：complex idea, sentence, single word
本题的题干信息在原文相应位置完全定位不到，属于根本未曾在文中被提及的信息。特别是当考生已继续向下定位到第40题内容而仍然没有找到此题相关内容时，则可以比较安心地得出答案为NOT GIVEN。

40 解析

译文：是苏美尔人开始了记录事件的做法。
定位词：Sumerians, recording of events
文中对应F段第一句：..then consider Sumerian, the language spoken on the banks of the Euphrates some 5,000 years ago by the people who invented writing and thus enabled the documentation of history.
本题定位容易，理解也不难。考生可以根据专有名词Sumerians找到文中相应位置，看懂题干中recording of events与原文documentation of history的对应也应该没有太大问题，答案为YES。

Review

Part 1

Part 2

Part 3

考满分 ielts

C11-Test 4

Part 1

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Part 2

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Part 3

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