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Part 1
Read the text below and answer questions 1-13.
BAKELITE
The birth of modern plastics
In 1907, Leo Hendrick Baekeland, a Belgian scientist working in New York, discovered and patented a revolutionary new synthetic material. His invention, which he named 'Bakelite',was of enormous technological importance, and effectively launched the modern plastics industry.
The term 'plastic' comes from the Greek plassein, meaning 'to mould'. Some plastics are derived from natural sources, some are semi-synthetic (the result of chemical action on a natural substance), and some are entirely synthetic, that is, chemically engineered from the constituents of coal or oil. Some are 'thermoplastic', which means that, like candlewax, they melt when heated and can then be reshaped. Others are 'thermosetting': like eggs, they cannot revert to their original viscous state, and their shape is thus fixed for ever. Bakelite had the distinction of being the first totally synthetic thermosetting plastic.
The history of today's plastics begins with the discovery of a series of semi-synthetic thermoplastic materials in the mid-nineteenth century. The impetus behind the development of these early plastics was generated by a number of factors - immense technological progress in the domain of chemistry, coupled with wider cultural changes, and the pragmatic need to find acceptable substitutes for dwindling supplies of 'luxury' materials such astortoiseshell and ivory.
Baekeland's interest in plastics began in 1885 when, as a young chemistry student in Belgium, he embarked on research into phenolic resins, the group of sticky substances produced when phenol (carbolic acid) combines with an aldehyde (a volatile fluid similar toalcohol). He soon abandoned the subject, however, only returning to it some years later. By1905 he was a wealthy New Yorker, having recently made his fortune with the invention of anew photographic paper. While Baekeland had been busily amassing dollars, some advances had been made in the development of plastics. The years 1899 and 1900 had seen the patenting of the first semi-synthetic thermosetting material that could be manufactured on an industrial scale. In purely scientific terms, Baekeland's major contribution to the field is not so much the actual discovery of the material to which he gave his name, but rather the method by which a reaction between phenol and formaldehyde could be controlled, thus making possible its preparation on a commercial basis. On 13 July 1907, Baekeland took out his famous patent describing this preparation, the essential features of which are still in use today.
The original patent outlined a three-stage process, in which phenol and formaldehyde (from wood or coal) were initially combined under vacuum inside a large egg-shaped kettle. The result was a resin known as Novalak, which became soluble and malleable when heated. The resin was allowed to cool in shallow trays until it hardened, and then broken up and ground into powder. Other substances were then introduced: including fillers, such as woodflour, asbestos or cotton, which increase strength and moisture resistance, catalysts substances to speed up the reaction between two chemicals without joining to either) and hexa, a compound of ammonia and formaldehyde which supplied the additional formaldehyde necessary to form a thermosetting resin. This resin was then left to cool and harden, and ground up a second time. The resulting granular powder was raw Bakelite, ready to be made into a vast range of manufactured objects. In the last stage, the heated Bakelite was poured into a hollow mould of the required shape and subjected to extreme heat and pressure, thereby 'setting' its form for life.
The design of Bakelite objects, everything from earrings to television sets, was governed to a large extent by the technical requirements of the moulding process. The object could not be designed so that it was locked into the mould and therefore difficult to extract. A common general rule was that objects should taper towards the deepest part of the mould, and if necessary the product was moulded in separate pieces. Moulds had to be carefully designed so that the molten Bakelite would flow evenly and completely into the mould. Sharp corners proved impractical and were thus avoided, giving rise to the smooth, 'streamlined' style popular in the 1930s. The thickness of the walls of the mould was also crucial: thick walls took longer to cool and harden, a factor which had to be considered by the designer in order to make the most efficient use of machines.
Baekeland's invention, although treated with disdain in its early years, went on to enjoy an unparalleled popularity which lasted throughout the first half of the twentieth century. It became the wonder product of the new world of industrial expansion - 'the material of a thousand uses'. Being both non-porous and heat-resistant, Bakelite kitchen goods were promoted as being germ-free and sterilisable. Electrical manufacturers seized on its insulating properties, and consumers everywhere relished its dazzling array of shades, delighted that they were now, at last, no longer restricted to the wood tones and drab browns of the pre- plastic era. It then fell from favour again during the 1950s, and was despised and destroyed in vast quantities. Recently, however, it has been experiencing something of a renaissance, with renewed demand for original Bakelite objects in the collectors' marketplace, and museums, societies and dedicated individuals once again appreciating the style and originality of this innovative material.Questions 1-3
Complete the summary.ChooseONE WORD ONLYfrom the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.Some plastics behave in a similar way to in that they melt under heat and can be moulded into new forms. Bakelite was unique because it was the first material to be both entirely in origin, and thermosetting.
There were several reasons for the research into plastics in the nineteenth century, among them the great advances that had been made in the field of and the search for alternatives to natural resources like ivory.我的答案： 1. 1 2. 2 3. 3
正确答案： 1.candlewax 2.synthetic 3.chemistry
查看解析
1 解析
定位词：similar, melt under heat
文中对应第二段：…like candlewax, they melt when heated… 此题属于Summary中的题目解析：初级题目，只要能够在第二段中找到定位词melt和heated，很快就能够找到similar的同义词like。因此答案应该选择candlewax。
2 解析
定位词：bakelite, both… and…, thermosetting
文中对应第二段：对后一句
Bakelite had the distinction of being the first totally synthetic thermosetting plastic
题目解析：distinction和first对应题目中的unique，而thermosetting一词前面只有synthetic这个词可以选择，即使不认识，也可以填上去。
3 解析
定位词：the nineteenth century, advances, field, ivory
文中对应第三段
题目解析：选用nineteenth century和ivory两个特殊词找到答案大致位置在此段中部。然后再仔细寻找great advances的对应词immense technological progress，随后马上可以看到field的对应词domain。因此这道题目应该填chemistry。
Questions 4-8
Complete the flow-chart.ChooseONE WORD ONLYfrom the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 4-8 on your answer sheet.
4
5
6
7
8
我的答案： 4. 4 5. 5 6. 6 7. 7 8. 8
正确答案： 4.Novalak 5.fillers 6.hexa 7.raw 8.pressure
查看解析
4 解析
定位词：phenol, formaldehyde, vacuum, resin
文中对应第五段中先找到phenol和formaldehyde，然后再找到vacuum，最后找到resin，答案就在其后
题目解析：通过Called和known as的对应很快得出答案应该是Novalak。
5 解析
定位词：cotton, asbestos, catalysts
文中对应第五段中找到cotton和asbestos。
题目解析：答案很好选定，正是cotton和asbestos前面的fillers。此处需要注意答案并不是woodflour，因为文中说fillers such as woodflour, asbestos or cotton，后三者是作者举出的filler的具体例子，故不选。
6 解析
定位词：ammonia, formaldehyde
文中对应第五段中部hexa, a compound of ammonia and formaldehyde...
题目解析：此题目位置稍有颠倒，但是只要明白compound是混合物的意思就不难得到答案是hexa。
7 解析
定位词：resin, cool, harden, break up, powder, bakelite
文中对应第五段先找到cool和harden，然后很快看到Bakelite，前面的词是raw。
题目解析：此空非常简单，基本只要顺序找下来，就不会错过正确答案raw。
8 解析
定位词：mould, intense heat, cool
文中对应第五段extreme heat后面。
题目解析：答案为extreme heat后面的pressure。
Questions 9-10
ChooseTWOlettersA-E.Write your answers in boxes 9 and 10 on your answer sheet.NBYour answers may be given in either order.9-10 Which TWO of the following factors influencing the design of Bakelite objects are mentioned in the text?
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A.
the function which the object would serve
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B.
the ease with which the resin could fill the mould
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C.
the facility with which the object could be removed from the mould
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D.
the limitations of the materials used to manufacture the mould
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E.
the fashionable styles of the period
我的答案： 9-10 A
正确答案： 9-10 B C
查看解析
9 解析
题目：文中提到了下列哪两项因素可以影响酚醛塑料产品的设计?
A 产品的功能
B 树脂应轻易充满整个模子
C 物体应容易从模子里弄出来
D 用来造模子的材质的局限性
E 当代潮流
首先可以肯定A和D与其他三个选项相差太远，可以直接排除。然后按照上一大题的位置将此题目定位在第六段中。
C答案对应第六段中：The object could not be designed so that it was locked into the mould and therefore difficult to extract.
B答案对应该段中：Moulds had to be carefully designed so that the molten Bakelite would flow evenly and completely into the mould.
Questions 11-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet, writeTRUEif the statement agrees with the information given in the text.FALSEif the statement contradicts the information.NOT GIVENif there is no information on this.11 Modern-day plastic preparation is based on the same principles as that patented in 1907.
12 Bakelite was immediately welcomed as a practical and versatile material.
13 Bakelite was only available in a limited range of colours.
我的答案： 11. TRUE 12. TRUE 13. TRUE
正确答案： 11.TRUE 12.FALSE 13.FALSE
查看解析
11 解析
参考译文：现代塑料的配制基于与1907年获得专利的原理。
定位词：1907
解题关键词：based on, the same
文中对应第一段：His invention, which he named “Bakelite", was of enormous technological importance, and effectively launched the modern plastics industry.
第四段：On 13 July 1907, Baekeland took out his famous patent describing this preparation, the essential features of which are still in use today.
文中launch一词实际上指的是1907年获得专利的技术开启了现代塑料工业的大门。所以答案应该是TRUE。这一点在最后一段中也能得到印证。
12 解析
参考译文：酚醛塑料作为一种实用又多功能的材料立即大受欢迎。
定位词：welcome
解题关键词：immediately
文中对应第七段:Baekeland's invention, although treated with disdain in its early years, went on to enjoy an unparalleled popularity…
文中明确提到在其刚刚诞生的时候，酚醛塑料颇为大众所不屑，并不是立即就受到欢迎。下面的文章又提到it then fell from favour again during the 1950s. immediately一词过于绝对，一般在题目中出现该词选FALSE。
13 解析
参考译文：酚醛塑料只有有限的几个色系。
定位词：colours
解题关键词：only
文中对应第七段：…delighted that they were now, at last, no longer restricted to the wood tones and drab browns of the preplastic era.
这句话告诉我们在塑料发展的初级阶段，人们只能买到木色和棕色的产品，但是随着技术的进步，人们不再限于这两种单调的颜色了。
only一词过于绝对，一般在题目中出现了该词选FALSE。
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Part 2
Read the text below and answer questions 14-27.
What’s so funny?
John McCrone reviews recent research on humour
The joke comes over the headphones: 'Which side of a dog has the most hair? The left.'No, not funny. Try again. 'Which side of a dog has the most hair? The outside.' Hah! The punchline is silly yet fitting, tempting a smile, even a laugh. Laughter has always struck people as deeply mysterious, perhaps pointless. The writer Arthur Koestler dubbed it the luxury reflex: 'unique in that it serves no apparent biological purpose'.
Theories about humour have an ancient pedigree. Plato expressed the idea that humour is simply a delighted feeling of superiority over others. Kant and Freud felt that joke-telling relies on building up a psychic tension which is safely punctured by the ludicrousness of the punchline. But most modern humour theorists have settled on some version of Aristotle's belief that jokes are based on a reaction to or resolution of incongruity, when the punchline is either a nonsense or, though appearing silly, has a clever second meaning.
Graeme Ritchie, a computational linguist in Edinburgh, studies the linguistic structure of jokes in order to understand not only humour but language understanding and reasoning in machines. He says that while there is no single format for jokes, many revolve around a sudden and surprising conceptual shift. A comedian will present a situation followed by an unexpected interpretation that is also apt.
So even if a punchline sounds silly, the listener can see there is a clever semantic fit and that sudden mental 'Aha!' is the buzz that makes us laugh. Viewed from this angle, humour is just a form of creative insight, a sudden leap to a new perspective.
However, there is another type of laughter, the laughter of social appeasement and it is important to understand this too. Play is a crucial part of development in most young mammals. Rats produce ultrasonic squeaks to prevent their scuffles turning nasty. Chimpanzees have a 'play-face' - a gaping expression accompanied by a panting 'ah, ah' noise. In humans, these signals have mutated into smiles and laughs. Researchers believe social situations, rather than cognitive events such as jokes, trigger these instinctual markers of play or appeasement. People laugh on fairground rides or when tickled to flag a play situation, whether they feel amused or not.
Both social and cognitive types of laughter tap into the same expressive machinery in our brains, the emotion and motor circuits that produce smiles and excited vocalisations. However, if cognitive laughter is the product of more general thought processes, it should result from more expansive brain activity.
Psychologist Vinod Goel investigated humour using the new technique of 'single event' functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). An MRI scanner uses magnetic fields and radio waves to track the changes in oxygenated blood that accompany mental activity. Until recently, MRI scanners needed several minutes of activity and so could not be used to track rapid thought processes such as comprehending a joke. New developments now allow half-second 'snapshots' of all sorts of reasoning and problem-solving activities.
Although Goel felt being inside a brain scanner was hardly the ideal place for appreciating a joke, he found evidence that understanding a joke involves a widespread mental shift. His scans showed that at the beginning of a joke the listener's prefrontal cortex lit up, particularly the right prefrontal believed to be critical for problem solving. But there was also activity in the temporal lobes at the side of the head (consistent with attempts to rouse stored knowledge) and in many other brain areas. Then when the punchline arrived, a new area sprang to life ~ the orbital prefrontal cortex. This patch of brain tucked behind the orbits of the eyes is associated with evaluating information.
Making a rapid emotional assessment of the events of the moment is an extremely demanding job for the brain, animal or human. Energy and arousal levels may need to be retuned in the blink of an eye. These abrupt changes will produce either positive or negative feelings. The orbital cortex, the region that becomes active in Goel's experiment, seems the best candidate for the site that feeds such feelings into higher-level thought processes, with its close connections to the brain's sub-cortical arousal apparatus and centres of metabolic control.
All warm-blooded animals make constant tiny adjustments in arousal in response to external events, but humans, who have developed a much more complicated internal life as a result of language, respond emotionally not only to their surroundings, but to their own thoughts. Whenever a sought-for answer snaps into place, there is a shudder of pleased recognition. Creative discovery being pleasurable, humans have learned to find ways of milking this natural response. The fact that jokes tap into our general evaluative machinery explains why the line between funny and disgusting, or funny and frightening, can be so fine. Whether a joke gives pleasure or pain depends on a person's outlook.
Humour may be a luxury, but the mechanism behind it is no evolutionary accident. As Peter Derks, a psychologist at William and Mary College in Virginia, says: '1 like to think of humour as the distorted mirror of the mind. It's creative, perceptual, analytical and lingual. If we can figure out how the mind processes humour, then we'll have a pretty good handle on how it works in general.'Questions 14-20
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet, writeTRUEif the statement agrees with the information given in the text.FALSEif the statement contradicts the information.NOT GIVENif there is no information on this.14 Arthur Koestler considered laughter biologically important in several ways.
15 Plato believed humour to be a sign of above-average intelligence.
16 Kant believed that a successful joke involves the controlled release of nervous energy.
17 Current thinking on humour has largely ignored Aristotle's view on the subject.
18 Graeme Ritchie's work links jokes to artificial intelligence.
19 Most comedians use personal situations as a source of humour.
20 Chimpanzees make particular noises when they are playing.
我的答案： 14. TRUE 15. TRUE 16. TRUE 17. TRUE 18. TRUE 19. TRUE 20. TRUE
正确答案： 14.FALSE 15.NOT GIVEN 16.TRUE 17.FALSE 18.TRUE 19.NOT GIVEN 20.TRUE
查看解析
14 解析
参考译文：Arthur Koestler认为从生物学角度来看，笑在很多地方都很重要。
定位词：Arthur Koestler
解题关键词：biologically important
文中对应第一段：The writer Arthur Koestler dubbed it the luxury reflex:"unique in that it serves no apparent biological purpose." 文中已经明确指出“笑的独特之处就在于它没有明显的生物学目的”，而题目却一定要说它从生物学的很多方面而言都很重要，本题是抵触型的FALSE。
15 解析
参考译文：柏拉图认为笑是智力超群的标志。
定位词：Plato
解题关键词：above-average intelligence
文中对应第二段：Plato expressed the idea that humour is simply a delighted feeling of superiority over others.这句话应该翻译为“柏拉图认为幽默是因感觉比别人优越而体会到的快乐感觉”，而并没有具体提到在哪方面比别人优越。题目将这个范围缩小到了在智力上比别人优越，明显是一道完全未提及型的NOT GIVEN。
16 解析
参考译文：康德认为一个成功的笑话会使神经能量得到有控制的释放。
定位词：Kant
解题关键词：controlled release
文中对应第二段: Kant and Freud felt that joke-telling relies on building up a psychic tension which is safely punctured by the ludicrousness of the punchline.
康德和弗洛伊德认为讲笑话时需要营造一种精神上的紧张气氛，最后科开笑话的包袱，让其滑稽有趣之处化解这种紧张气氛。tension等同于energysafely punctured等同于controlled release本题是一道典型的同义词对应型的TRUE。
17 解析
参考译文：最近我们有关幽默的思考基本上忽略了亚里土多德的观点。
定位词：Aristotle
解题关键词：largely ignored
文中对应第二段:But most modern humour theorists have settled on some version of Aristotle's belief..但是大多数当代幽默理论家最终都采纳了类似亚里土多德的观点……
settle on决定；选定 比如：He finally settled on that blue jacket.
题目中的ignore就和这个词组抵触了，反义词抵触型FALSE。
18 解析
参考译文：Graeme Ritchie的研究将笑话与人工智能联系在了一起。
定位词：Graeme Ritchie
解题关键词：artificial intelligence
文中对应第三段：Graeme Ritchie,..., studies the linguistic structure of jokes ... in machines.Graeme Ritchie在研究笑话的语言结构，不仅为了理解幽默，同时也为了了解机器的语言理解能力及推理能力。此题的关键是理解artificial intelligence一词。所谓A.I.，其实就是指机器可以具有理解语言和逻辑推理的能力。具体信息可以参看本书第三套题目的第三篇文章。
19 解析
参考译文：大多数喜剧演员都爱拿个人情景当笑料。
定位词：comedians
解题关键词：personal situations
文中对应第三段最后一句话：A comedian will present a situation followed by an unexpected interpretation that is also apt.喜剧演员会描述一个情景，然后给出一个出人意料却又恰如其分的解释。这里并未提到喜剧演员是否会将个人情景作为笑料。
20 解析
参考译文：黑猩猩在玩耍时会发出特殊的叫声。
定位词：chimpanzees
解题关键词：particular noises, playing
文中对应第五段:Chimpanzees have a "play-face"—a gaping expression accompanied by a panting “ah,ah" noise.黑猩猩有一种游戏表情，把嘴张得大大的，同时发出“啊、啊”的喘息声。文中这句话正好表明了黑猩猩在玩耍的时候会发出某种声音，与题目一致，故选择TRUE。
Questions 21-23
The diagram below shows the areas of the brain activated by jokes.Label the diagram.ChooseNO MORE THAN TWO WORDSfrom the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 21-23 on your answer sheet.
21
22
23
我的答案： 21. 21 22. 22 23. 23
正确答案： 21.problem solving 22.temporal lobes 23.evaluating information
查看解析
21 解析
定位词：Right prefrontal cortex…listener's prefrontal cortex lit up, particularly the right prefrontal believed to be critical for problem solving.
文章对应点：问题要求填出right prefrontal cortex与何种思维活动有关，所以答案为problem solving。
22 解析
定位词：too, But there was also activity in the temporal lobes...
文章对应点：题目中的active对应文中的activity。当然，实际上这道题目只要能将题目中的too和文章中的also相对应就能解出来了。答案是temporal lobes。
23 解析
定位词：orbital prefrontal cortex…—the orbital prefrontal cortex. This patch of brain tucked behind the orbits of the eyes is associated with evaluating information.
文章对应点：题目中的involved with相当于文章中的associated with，所以答案应该选择evaluating information。
Questions 24-27
Complete each sentence with the correct endingA-Gbelow.Write the correct letterA-Gin boxes 24-27 on your answer sheet.-
A. react to their own thoughts.
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B. helped create language in humans.
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C. respond instantly to whatever is happening.
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D. may provide valuable information about the operation of the brain.
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E. cope with difficult situations.
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F. relate to a person's subjective views.
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G. led our ancestors to smile and then laugh.
24 One of the brain's most difficult tasks is to24
25 Because of the language they have developed, humans25
26 Individual responses to humour26
27 Peter Derks believes that humour27
我的答案： 24. 25. 26. 27.
正确答案： 24.C 25.A 26.F 27.D
查看解析
24 解析
定位词：brain, most different
文章对应第九段：Making a rapid emotional assessment of the events of the moment is an extremely demanding job for the brain.其中extremely demanding就相当于24题中的most difficult，而a rapid emotional assessment就等同于respond instantly to。
25 解析
定位词：language
文章对应第十段：…, but humans, who have developed a much more complicated internal life as a result of language, respond emotionally not only to their surroundings,but to their own thoughts.
这句话刚好和A答案相呼应。
26 解析
定位词：individual
文章对应第十段：Whether a joke gives pleasure or pain depends on a
person' s outlook. outlook指“观念，观点”，等同于F答案中的subjective views。
27 解析
定位词：Peter Derks
文章对应第十一段：If we can figure out how the mind processes humour, then we'll have a pretty good handle on how it works in general. mind等同于答案D中的brain，works 则等同于operation。
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Part 3
Read the text below and answer questions 28-40.
The Birth of Scientific English
World science is dominated today by a small number of languages, including Japanese, German and French, but it is English which is probably the most popular global language of science. This is not just because of the importance of English-speaking countries such as the USA in scientific research; the scientists of many non-English-speaking countries find that they need to write their research papers in English to reach a wide international audience. Given the prominence of scientific English today, it may. seem surprising that no one really knew how to write science in English before the 17th century. Before that, Latin was regarded as the lingua franca* for European intellectuals.
The European Renaissance (c. 14th-16th century) is sometimes called the 'revival of learning', a time of renewed interest in the 'lost knowledge' of classical times. At the same time, however, scholars also began to test and extend this knowledge. The emergent nation states of Europe developed competitive interests in world exploration and the development of trade. Such expansion, which was to take the English language west to America and east to India, was supported by scientific developments such as the discovery of magnetism (and hence the invention of the compass), improvements in cartography and - perhaps the most important scientific revolution of them all - the new theories of astronomy and the movement of the Earth in relation to the planets and stars, developed by Copernicus (1473-1543).
England was one of the first countries where scientists adopted and publicised Copernican ideas with enthusiasm. Some of these scholars, including mo with interests in language -John Wallis and John Wilkins - helped found the Royal Society in 1660 in order to promote empirical scientific research.
Across Europe similar academies and societies arose, creating new national traditions of science. In the initial stages of the scientific revolution, most publications in the national languages were popular works, encyclopaedias, educational textbooks and translations. Original science was not done in English until the second half of the 17th century. For example, Newton published his mathematical treatise, known as the Principia, in Latin, but published his later work on the properties of light- Opticks- in English.
There were several reasons why original science continued to be written in Latin. The first was simply a matter of audience. Latin was suitable for an international audience of scholars, whereas English reached a socially wider, but more local, audience. Hence, popular science was written in English.
A second reason for writing in Latin may, perversely, have been a concern for secrecy. Open publication had dangers in putting into the public domain preliminary ideas which had not yet been fully exploited by their 'author'. This growing concern about intellectual property rights was a feature of the period - it reflected both the humanist notion of the individual, rational scientist who invents and discovers through private intellectual labour, and the growing connection between original science and commercial exploitation. There was something of a social distinction between 'scholars and gentlemen' who understood Latin, and men of trade who lacked a classical education. And in the mid-17th century it was common practice for mathematicians to keep their discoveries and proofs secret, by writing them in cipher, in obscure languages, or in private messages deposited in a sealed box with the Royal Society. Some scientists might have felt more comfortable with Latin precisely because its audience, though international, was socially restricted. Doctors clung the most keenly to Latin as an 'insider language'.
A third reason why the writing of original science in English was delayed may have been to do with the linguistic inadequacy of English in the early modern period. English was not well equipped to deal with scientific argument. First, it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required to represent the world in an objective and impersonal way, and to discuss the relations, such as cause and effect, that might hold between complex and hypothetical entities.
Fortunately, several members of the Royal Society possessed an interest in language and became engaged in various linguistic projects. Although a proposal in 1664 to establish a committee for improving the English language came to little, the society's members did a great deal to foster the publication of science in English and to encourage the development of a suitable writing style. Many members of the Royal Society also published monographs in English. One of the first was by Robert Hooke, the society's first curator of experiments, who described his experiments with microscopes in Micrographia (1665). This work is largely narrative in style, based on a transcript of oral demonstrations and lectures.
In 1665 a new scientific journal, Philosophical Transactions, was inaugurated. Perhaps the first international English-language scientific journal, it encouraged a new genre of scientific writing, that of short, focused accounts of particular experiments.
The 17th century was thus a formative period in the establishment of scientific English. In the following century much of this momentum was lost as German established itself as the leading European language of science. It is estimated that by the end of the 18th century 401 German scientific journals had been established as opposed to 96 in France and 50 in England. However, in the 19th century scientific English again enjoyed substantial lexical growth as the industrial revolution created the need for new technical vocabulary, and new, specialised, professional societies were instituted to promote and publish in the new disciplines.
*lingua franca:a language which is used for communication between groups of people who speak different languagesQuestions 28-34
Complete the summary.ChooseNO MORE THAN TWO WORDSfrom the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 28-34 on your answer sheet.
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
我的答案： 28. 28 29. 29 30. 30 31. 31 32. 32 33. 33 34. 34
正确答案： 28.Latin 29.doctors 30.technical vocabulary,grammatical resources 31.technical vocabulary,grammatical resources 32.Royal Society 33.German 34.industrial revolution
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28 解析
定位词：Europe, nation state, At first
文中对应第一、五、六段
题解：这是一道非常复杂的题目，答案的选择涉及对文章三段的理解。在首段末句，作者提到了Before that, Latin was regarded as the lingua franca for European intellectuals.我们隐约可以感觉到拉丁文在学术界的盛行，但这还不足以让我们确定此空就要填Latin一词。在第五和第六段中，作者提到了学术界流行拉丁文的原因。其中第六段开头句提到A second reason for writing in Latin may, perversely, have a concern for secrecy，这正好就等同题目中28空后面的那句话。所以我们]推测答案应该填写Latin一词。
29 解析
定位词：Mathematicians
文中对应第六段：…doctors clung the most keenly to Latin…
题解：首先由上一题确定此题答案在第六段后半部分，然后寻找mathematicians词。题目中告诉我们：有的时候保护个人观点的欲望远远大于与人分享观点的欲望，特别是对于数学家和___。 在这里应该填上一个表示职业的名词。而第六段中在mathematician之后，只有一个表示职业的名词，那就是doctors。故此题答案应该填doctors。
30 解析
定位词：Britain, English, neither…nor…
文中对应第七段：First, it lacked the necessary...
题解：首先用English将此题定位在第七段中，这一段提到了英文为什么迟迟未被用作学术语言的原因。从题目上我们看出这两个原因应该是并列的，进而找到了first和second,然后就选出了答案technical vocabulary和grammatical resources。
注意：一般并列关系的空格不限词序。
31 解析
定位词：Britain, English, neither…nor…
文中对应第七段：First, it lacked the necessary...
题解：首先用English将此题定位在第七段中，这一段提到了英文为什么迟迟未被用作学术语言的原因。从题目上我们看出这两个原因应该是并列的，进而找到了first和second,然后就选出了答案technical vocabulary和grammatical resources。
注意：一般并列关系的空格不限词序。
32 解析
定位词：after 1600, associated with
文中对应第八段：Several members of the Royal Society…
题解：按照顺序原则，此题答案应该在第八段出现。在这一段当中作者不断提到皇家学会的科学家如何致力于发展英语作为一种学术语言，并且举出了具体的例子。所以答案应该填Royal Society。
33 解析
定位词：journal, English, overtaken
文中对应第十段：...German established itself as the leading European language of
science.
题解：文中的第九段提到了journal的诞生，因此31题的答案应该还在这一段之后， 于是我们找到第十段。第十段中提到德语压倒英语成为主要的科学语言。establish…as...确立为......。
34 解析
定位词：19th century
文中对应第十段：.... the industrial revolution created the need for new technical vocabulary...
题解：首先确定答案在19th century的后面，进而找到文中：...scientific English again enjoyed substantial lexical growth as the industrial revolution created the need for new technical vocabulary, ...是工业革命促进了科技英语的复兴，所以此题答案应该填industrial revolution。
Questions 35-37
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 35-37 on your answer sheet, writeTRUEif the statement agrees with the information given in the text.FALSEif the statement contradicts the information.NOT GIVENif there is no information on this.35 There was strong competition between scientists in Renaissance Europe.
36 The most important scientific development of the Renaissance period was the discovery of magnetism.
37 In 17th-century Britain, leading thinkers combined their interest in science with an interest in how to express ideas.
我的答案： 35. TRUE 36. TRUE 37. TRUE
正确答案： 35.NOT GIVEN 36.FALSE 37.TRUE
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35 解析
参考译文：文艺复兴时期的欧洲，科学家之间的竞争十分激烈。
定位词：Renaissance Europe
解题关键词：strong competition
文中对应第二段：在此段当中并没有提到文艺复兴时期欧洲的科学家们是如何激烈竞争的，是一道完全未提及型NOT GIVEN。
36 解析
参考译文：文艺复兴时期最重大的科学进步就是发现了磁场。
定位词：magnetism
解题关键词：most important
文中对应第二段:..., was supported by ... the new theories of astronomy...这句话表明文艺复兴时期最重大的发现也许是天文学方面的新理论，这就和题目当中磁场的发现相抵触了，故应该选择FALSE。
37 解析
参考译文：在17世纪的英国，重要的思想家将对科学的兴趣与如何表达观点的兴趣相结合起来。
定位词：17th-century Britain
解题关键词：how to express ideas
文中对应根据T/F/NG题目一般每段考查一题、按顺序出题的原则，我们将这道题目定位在第三段，而England一词也印证了我们的定位。但是如果想在这一段直接找到与题目相对应的词语却非常困难。本段只是提到英格兰是率先有科学家热情地接受并宣传哥白尼的思想的国家统一。 这些学者当中，有两位对语言感兴趣，他们分别是John Wallis和John Wilkins。1660 年，这两位学者帮助组建了英国皇家学会，来推广实证性的科学研究。所以我们可以推断出本题目为TRUE。
Questions 38-40
Complete the table.ChooseNO MORE THAN TWO WORDSfrom the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.
38
39
40
我的答案： 38. 38 39. 39 40. 40
正确答案： 38.popular 39.Principia|the Principia|Newton's Principia|mathematical treatise 40.local|more local|local audience
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38 解析
定位第五段：Hence, popular science was written in English.
题解：此处要填个与original相对的词，故popular最合适。
39 解析
定位第四段：For example, Newton published his mathematical treatise, known as the Principia, ...
题解：通过旁边的纵栏我们了解到英文是用来书写大百科全书的，而横栏又告诉我们此处需要个例子，于是我们需要填写的就是用拉丁文书写的一个范例，所以填Principia。
40 解析
定位第五段：…whereas English reached a socially wider, but more local audience.题解：通过横栏的audience词我们找到了第五段。拉丁文的目标读者是国际学者，而英文的目标读者则更广泛，也更本地化。
答案是local。