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Part 1
Read the text below and answer questions 1-13.
Sheet glass manufacture: the float process
Glass, which has been made since the time of the Mesopotamians and Egyptians, is little more than a mixture of sand, soda ash and lime. When heated to about 1500 degrees Celsius (℃)this becomes a molten mass that hardens when slowly cooled. The first successful method for making clear, flat glass involved spinning. This method was very effective as the glass had not touched any surfaces between being soft and becoming hard, so it stayed perfectly unblemished, with a 'fire finish'. However, the process took a long time and was labour intensive.
Nevertheless, demand for flat glass was very high and glassmakers across the world were looking for a method of making it continuously. The first continuous ribbon process involved squeezing molten glass through two hot rollers, similar to an old mangle. This allowed glass of virtually any thickness to be made non-stop, but the rollers would leave both sides of the glass marked, and these would then need to be ground and polished. This part of the process rubbed away around 20 per cent of the glass, and the machines were very expensive.
The float process for making flat glass was invented by Alistair Pilkington. This process allows the manufacture of clear, tinted and coated glass for buildings, and clear and tinted glass for vehicles. Pilkington had been experimenting with improving the melting process, and in 1952 he had the idea of using a bed of molten metal to form the flat glass, eliminating altogether the need for rollers within the float bath. The metal had to melt at a temperature less than the hardening point of glass (about 600~C), but could not boil at a temperature below the temperature of the molten glass (about 1500~C). The best metal for the job was tin.
The rest of the concept relied on gravity, which guaranteed that the surface of the molten metal was perfectly flat and horizontal. Consequently, when pouring molten glass onto the molten tin, the underside of the glass would also be perfectly flat. If the glass were kept hot enough, it would flow over the molten tin until the top surface was also flat, horizontal and perfectly parallel to the bottom surface. Once the glass cooled to 604~C or less it was too hard to mark and could be transported out of the cooling zone by rollers~, The glass settled to a thickness of six millimetres because of surface tension interactions between the glass and the tin. By fortunate coincidence, 60 per cent of the flat glass market at that time was for six millimetre glass.
Pilkington built a pilot plant in 1953 and by 1955 he had convinced his company to build a full-scale plant. However, it took 14 months of non-stop production, costing the company ￡100, 000 a month, before the plant produced any usable glass. Furthermore, once they succeeded in making marketable flat glass, the machine was turned off for a service to prepare it for years of continuous production. When it started up again it took another four months to get the process right again. They finally succeeded in 1959 and there are now float plants all over the world, with each able to produce around 1000 tons of glass every day, non-stop for around 15 years.
Float plants today make glass of near optical quality. Several processes - melting, refining, homogenising - take place simultaneously in the 2000 tonnes of molten glass in the furnace. They occur in separate zones in a complex glass flow driven by high temperatures. It adds up to a continuous melting process, lasting as long as 50 hours, that delivers glass smoothly and continuously to the float bath, and from there to a coating zone and finally a heat treatment zone, where stresses formed during cooling are relieved.
The principle of float glass is unchanged since the 1950s. However, the product has changed dramatically, from a single thickness of 6. 8 mm to a range from sub-millimetre to 25 mm, from a ribbon frequently marred by inclusions and bubbles to almost optical perfection. To ensure the highest quality, inspection takes place at every stage. Occasionally, a bubble is not removed during refining, a sand grain refuses to melt, a tremor in the tin puts ripples into the glass ribbon. Automated on-line inspection does two things. Firstly, it reveals process faults upstream that can be corrected. Inspection technology allows more than 100 million measurements a second to be made across the ribbon, locating flaws the unaided eye would be unable to see. Secondly, it enables computers downstream to steer cutters around flaws.
Float glass is sold by the square metre, and at the final stage computers translate customer requirements into patterns of cuts designed to minimise waste.Questions 1-8
Complete the table and diagram below.ChooseNO MORE THAN TWO WORDSfrom the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
我的答案： 1. fire finish 2. unblemished 3. intensive labour 4. squeezing 5. marked 6. molten metal 7. float bath 8. tin
正确答案： 1.spinning 2.unblemished|perfectly unblemished 3.labour-intensive|labor-intensive|labor intensive|labour intensive 4.thickness 5.marked 6.glass|molten glass 7.tin|metal|molten tin|molten metal 8.rollers
查看解析
1 解析
定位词：method
第一段：... it stayed perfectly unblemished, ...
此题的定位较容易。空格中所填词应为method的名称。所以此题填: spinning。2 解析
定位词：remained
第一段: However, the process took a long time and was labour intensive.
此题的定位词被同义转述为stayed。所以此题填：(perfectly) unblemished。3 解析
定位词：slow
第二段：This allowed glass of virtually any thickness to be made non-stop, ...
此题的定位词被同义转述为took a long time,空格中所填词为与slow并列的一个缺点。所以此题填: labour/labor intensive。4 解析
定位词：Ribbon, varying
第一段:The first successful method for making clear, flat glass involved spinning.
此题通过Ribbon可以定位到第二段，其中Advantage部分集中在第三句；文中any对应题中varying。所以此题填：thickness。5 解析
定位词：glass, 20%
第二段: ...but the rollers would leave both sides of the glass marked, ...
此题通过20%定位于对应句之后的那一句，按照顺序原则找到对应处中的glass。空格中所填词应为glass的状态。所以此题填：marked。6 解析
定位词：Pilkington, float process
第三段:Pilkington had been experimenting with improving the melting process, and in1952 he had the idea of using a bed of molten metal to form the flat glass, eliminating altogether the need for rollers within the float bath.
此题的定位较易，且连续三个空格所填词均于一句话中确定，需要看懂图中流程。空格中所填词为流进整个装置的物质。所以此题填：(molten) glass。7 解析
定位词：同6题
第三段:Pilkington had been experimenting with improving the melting process, and in1952 he had the idea of using a bed of molten metal to form the flat glass, eliminating altogether the need for rollers within the float bath.
空格中所填词为在glass下面的物质，文中对应句里bed一词对应其位置。所以此题填：(molten) tin/metal。8 解析
定位词：同6题
第三段:Pilkington had been experimenting with improving the melting process, and in1952 he had the idea of using a bed of molten metal to form the flat glass, eliminating altogether the need for rollers within the float bath.
空格中所填词为glass两侧滚动装置的名称。所以此题填：rollers。Questions 9-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet, writeTRUEif the statement agrees with the information given in the text.FALSEif the statement contradicts the information.NOT GIVENif there is no information on this.9 The metal used in the float process had to have specific properties.
10 Pilkington invested some of his own money in his float plant.
11 Pilkington's first full-scale plant was an instant commercial success.
12 The process invented by Pilkington has now been improved.
13 Computers are better than humans at detecting faults in glass.
我的答案： 9. TRUE 10. NOT GIVEN 11. TRUE 12. TRUE 13. NOT GIVEN
正确答案： 9.TRUE 10.NOT GIVEN 11.FALSE 12.TRUE 13.TRUE
查看解析
9 解析
参考译文：浮法工艺流程中使用的金属必须具备独特的属性。
定位词：metal
第三段：The metal had to melt at a temperature less than the hardening point of glass ( about 600C ),but could not boil at a temperature below the temperature of the molten glass ( about 1500C ).
本句指出：该金属的熔点必须低于玻璃的硬化温度(约600摄氏度)，但同时沸点要高于熔化玻璃的温度(约1500摄氏度)。文中对应句确实提到了该金属熔点上的特性。故此题答案为：TRUE。10 解析
参考译文：Pilkington给自己的浮法玻璃厂投了些钱。
定位词：Pilkington, float plant
第五段: Pilkington built a pilot plant in 1953 and by 1955 he had convinced his company to build a full-scale plant. However, it took 14 months of non- stop production, costing the company
￡是100,000 a month..
文中对应句仅提到公司给该车间投资，未提及Pilkington本人是否投资。故此题答案为NOT GIVEN。11 解析
参考译文：Pilkington的第一套工业装置马上就取得了商业上的成功。
定位词：commercial success
第五段:Furthermore, once they succeeded in making marketable flat glass, the machine was turned off for a service to prepare it for years of continuous production. When it started up again it took文中对应点 another four months to get the process right again. They finally succeeded in 1959....
文中对应句指出，该工厂在1959年才获得成功，在那之前都是一些准备工作，这与题目中的“立即成功”矛盾。故此题答案为: FALSE。12 解析
参考译文：Pilkington发明的流程现在已有所改进。
定位词：process, improved
第七段:The principle of float glass is unchanged since the 1950s. However, the product has changed dramatically, from a single thickness of 6.8 mm to a range from sub-millimetre to 25 mm, from a ribbon frequently marred by inclusions and bubbles to almost optical perfection.
文中对应句先肯定了整个工艺的原理一直没变化，随后又用一个长句子阐述了生产上的变化。
故此题答案为：TRUE。13 解析
参考译文：在检测玻璃上的瑕疵方面，电脑比人类强。
定位词：computers, detecting faults
第七段:To ensure the highest quality, inspection takes place at every stage.
本题考查比较级和最高级的同义转述。文中inspection是由电脑执行的，且能确保最高的
质量，说明人在这方面确实不如电脑。故此题答案为：TRUE。 -
Part 2
Read the text below and answer questions 14-26.
THE LITTLE ICE AGE
AThis book will provide a detailed examination of the Little Ice Age and other climatic shifts, but, before I embark on that, let me provide a historical context. We tend to think of climate - as opposed to weather - as something unchanging, yet humanity has been at the mercy of climate change for its entire existence, with at least eight glacial episodes in the past 730, 000 years. Our ancestors adapted to the universal but irregular global warming since the end of the last great Ice Age, around 10, 000years ago, with dazzling opportunism. They developed strategies for surviving harsh drought cycles, decades of heavy rainfall or unaccustomed cold; adopted agriculture and stock-raising, which revolutionised human life; and founded the world's first pre-industrial civilisations in Egypt, Mesopotamia and the Americas. But the price of sudden climate change, in famine, disease and suffering, was often high.14BThe Little Ice Age lasted from roughly 1300 until the middle of the nineteenth century. Only two centuries ago, Europe experienced a cycle of bitterly cold winters; mountain glaciers in the Swiss Alps were the lowest in recorded memory, and pack ice surrounded Iceland for much of the year. The climatic events of the Little Ice Age did more than help shape the modern world. They are the deeply important context for the current unprecedented global warming. The Little Ice Age was far from a deep freeze, however; rather an irregular seesaw of rapid climatic shifts, few lasting more than a quarter-century, driven by complex and still little understood interactions between the atmosphere and the ocean. The seesaw brought cycles of intensely cold winters and easterly winds, then switched abruptly to years of heavy spring and early summer rains, mild winters, and frequent Atlantic storms, or to periods of droughts, light northeasterly winds, and summer heat waves.
CReconstructing the climate changes of the past is extremely difficult, because systematic weather observations began only a few centuries ago, in Europe and North America. Records from India and tropical Africa are even more recent. For the time before records began, we have only 'proxy records' reconstructed largely from tree rings and ice cores, supplemented by a few incomplete written accounts. We now have hundreds of tree-ring records from throughout the northern hemisphere, and many from south of the equator, too, amplified with a growing body of temperature data from ice cores drilled in Antarctica, Greenland, the Peruvian Andes, and other locations. We are close to a knowledge of annual summer and winter temperature variations over much of the northern hemisphere going back 600 years.15DThis book is a narrative history of climatic shifts during the past ten centuries, and some of the ways in which people in Europe adapted to them. Part One describes the Medieval Warm Period, roughly 900 to 1200. During these three centuries, Norse voyagers from Northern Europe explored northern seas, settled Greenland, and visited North America. It was not a time of uniform warmth, for then, as always since the Great Ice Age, there were constant shifts in rainfall and temperature. Mean European temperatures were about the same as today, perhaps slightly cooler.16EIt is known that the Little Ice Age cooling began in Greenland and the Arctic in about 1200. As the Arctic ice pack spread southward, Norse voyages to the west were rerouted into the open Atlantic, then ended altogether. Storminess increased in the North Atlantic and North Sea. Colder, much wetter weather descended on Europe between 1315 and 1319, when thousands perished in a continent-wide famine. By 1400, the weather had become decidedly more unpredictable and stormier, with sudden shifts and lower temperatures that culminated in the cold decades of the late sixteenth century. Fish were a vital commodity in growing towns and cities, where food supplies were a constant concern. Dried cod and herring were already the staples of the European fish trade, but changes in water temperatures forced fishing fleets to work further offshore. The Basques, Dutch, and English developed the first offshore fishing boats adapted to a colder and stormier Atlantic. A gradual agricultural revolution in northern Europe stemmed from concerns over food supplies at a time of rising populations. The revolution involved intensive commercial farming and the growing of animal fodder on land not previously used for crops. The increased productivity from farmland made some countries self-sufficient in grain and livestock and offered effective protection against famine.17FGlobal temperatures began to rise slowly after 1850, with the beginning of the Modern Warm Period. There was a vast migration from Europe by land-hungry farmers and others, to which the famine caused by the Irish potato blight contributed, to North America, Australia, New Zealand, and southern Africa. Millions of hectares of forest and woodland fell before the newcomers' axes between 1850 and 1890, as intensive European farming methods expanded across the world. The unprecedented land clearance released vast quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, triggering for the first time humanly caused global warming. Temperatures climbed more rapidly in the twentieth century as the use of fossil fuels proliferated and greenhouse gas levels continued to soar. The rise has been even steeper since the early 1980s. The Little Ice Age has given way to a new climatic regime, marked by prolonged and steady warming. At the same time, extreme weather events like Category 5 hurricanes are becoming more frequent.Questions 14-17
Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs,A-F.Choose the correct heading for paragraphsBandD-Ffrom the list of headings below.Write the correct numberi-ixin boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.-
I. Predicting climatic changes
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II. The relevance of the Little Ice Age today
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III. How cities contribute to climate change
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IV. Human impact on the climate
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V. How past climatic conditions can be determined
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VI. A growing need for weather records
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VII. A study covering a thousand years
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VIII. People have always responded to climate change
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IX. Enough food at last
我的答案： 14. II 15. VIII 16. V 17. IV
正确答案： 14.II 15.VII 16.IX 17.IV
查看解析
14 解析
B段首句:The Little Ice Age lasted from roughly 1300 until the middle of the nineteenth century.
B段首句指出，小冰期大致从公元1300年持续到19世纪中期，且整段话就是在描述小冰期对于现在的一些影响。因此答案为ii。15 解析
D段首句:This book is a narrative history of climatic shifts during the past ten centuries, and some of the ways in which people in Europe adapted to them.
D段首句强调，该书的内容是对1000年来气候变化的描述以及欧洲人的适应方式。因此答案为vii。16 解析
E段末句:The increased productivity from farmland made some countries self-sufficient in grain and livestock and offered effective protection against famine.
E段末句指出，部分国家在粮食和家畜方面的自给自足为抵制饥荒提供了有效保障。因此答案为ix。17 解析
F段首两句:Global temperatures began to rise slowly after 1850, with the beginning of the Modern Warm Period. There was a vast migration from Europe by land-hungry farmers and others, ...
F段首句和次句指出，全球气温的上升引起了大规模的人口迁徙，随后描述了其对气候变化的影响。
因此答案为iv。Questions 18-22
Complete the summary using the list of words,A-Ibelow.Write the correct letterA-Iin boxes 18-22 on your answer sheet.-
A. climatic shifts
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B. ice cores
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C. tree rings
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D. glaciers
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E. interactions
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F. weather observations
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G. heatwaves
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H. storms
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I. written accounts
Documentation of past weather conditions is limited: our main sources of knowledge of conditions in the distant past are 18 and 19. We can deduce that the Little Ice Age was a time of 20, rather than of consistent freezing. Within it there were some periods of very cold winters, others of 21 and heavy rain, and yet others that saw 22 with no rain at all.
我的答案： 18. C 19. B 20. A 21. G 22. H
正确答案： 18.C 19.B 20.A 21.H 22.G
查看解析
18 解析
定位词：past, source, of, knowledge
C段:For the time before records began, we have only ‘proxy records ’reconstructed largely from tree rings and ice cores, ...
此题定位较难，在C段中扫描到第三行才会发现past的反义词recent，但也说明从其后开始就是答案的出处。空格中所填词应为对于过去气候认识的来源。
故此题答案为B或C。19 解析
定位词：past, source, of, knowledge
C段:For the time before records began, we have only ‘proxy records ’reconstructed largely from tree rings and ice cores, ...
此空所填词为另一种对于过去气候认识的来源，且与18题为并列关系。故此题答案为B或C。20 解析
定位词：consistent, freezing
B段:The Little Ice Age was far from a deep freeze, however; rather an irregular seesaw of rapid climatic shifts, ...
此题定位很难，出现了严重的乱序。定位词对应B段定位句中的deep freeze。空格中所填词应与consistent freezing的意思相反(rather than)。故此题答案为A。21 解析
定位词：cold winters
B段:The seesaw brought cycles of intensely cold winters and easterly winds, then switched abruptly to years of heavy spring and early summer rains, mild winters, and frequent Atlantic storms, or to periods of droughts, light northeasterly winds, and summer heat waves.
此题按照顺序原则较易定位。空格中所填词应与heavy rains形成并列。故此题答案为H。22 解析
定位词：cold winters
B段:The seesaw brought cycles of intensely cold winters and easterly winds, then switched abruptly to years of heavy spring and early summer rains, mild winters, and frequent Atlantic storms, or to periods of droughts, light northeasterly winds, and summer heat waves.
此空所填词为with no rain所修饰的对象，其对应文中的droughts。通过扫描剩余选项以及文中的对应句，很容易得到答案。故此题答案为G。Questions 23-26
Classify the following events as occurring during theWrite the correct letter,A, BorC, in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.-
A. Medieval Warm Period
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B. Little Ice Age
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C. Modern Warm Period
23 Many Europeans started farming abroad.23
24 The cutting down of trees began to affect the climate.24
25 Europeans discovered other lands.25
26 Changes took place in fishing patterns.26
我的答案： 23. C 24. C 25. A 26. B
正确答案： 23.C 24.C 25.A 26.B
查看解析
23 解析
定位词：Europeans, farming abroad
F段:.... with the beginning of the Modern Warm Period. There was a vast migration from Europe by land hungry farmers and others, .... Many Europeans started farming abroad. 翻译:很多欧洲人开始在海外从事农业活动。
此题定位较易，根据定位词很容易找到对应段落，可知本题描述的是Modern Warm Period。故此题答案为C。24 解析
定位词：cutting down of trees, affect the climate
F段:Millions of hectares of forest and woodland fell before the new comers' axes between1850 and 1890，as intensive European farming methods expanded across the world. The unprecedented land clearance released vast quantities of carbon dioxide in to the atmosphere, triggering for the first time humanly caused global warming.
The cutting down of trees began to affect the climate.
翻译:砍伐树林开始影响气候。
此题定位较易，定位句指出，数百万公顷的森林和林地毁于拓荒者的斧下，并引起第一次人为的全球变暖。且此段整段均在谈论Modern Warm Period。故此题答案为C。25 解析
Europeans, other land
D段:Part One describes the Medieval Warm Period, roughly 900 to 1200. During these three centuries, Norse voyagers from Northern Europe explored northern seas, settled Greenland, and visited North America.
Europeans discovered other lands.
翻译:欧洲人发现了新大陆。
此题定位较易，在定位的第二句中指出，古斯堪的纳维亚的航海者们从欧洲北部出发探索北海，在格陵兰岛定居，并探访了北美大陆。故此题答案为A。26 解析
fishing patterns
E段:The Basques, Dutch, and English developed the first offshore fishing boats adapted to a colder and stormier Atlantic. Changes took place in fishing patterns.
翻译:捕鱼的模式发生了变化。
此题定位后需要略读的内容较多，但是通过fishing还是较易定位。文中指出，巴斯克人、荷兰人和英国人最先造出了能够适应在寒冷多风暴的大西洋中航行的离岸渔船。故此题答案为B。 -
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Part 3
Read the text below and answer questions 27-40.
The meaning and power of smell
The sense of smell, or olfaction, is powerful. Odours affect us on a physical, psychological and social level. For the most part, however, we breathe in the aromas which surround us without being consciously aware of their importance to us. It is only when the faculty of smell is impaired for some reason that we begin to realise the essential role the sense of smell plays in our sense of well-being27AA survey conducted by Anthony Synott at Montreal's Concordia University asked participants to comment on how important smell was to them in their lives. It became apparent that smell can evoke strong emotional responses. A scent associated with a good experience can bring a rush of joy, while a foul odour or one associated with a bad memory may make us grimace with disgust. Respondents to the survey noted that many of their olfactory likes and dislikes were based on emotional associations. Such associations can be powerful enough so that odours that we would generally label unpleasant become agreeable, and those that we would generally consider fragrant become disagreeable for particular individuals. The perception of smell, therefore, consists not only of the sensation of the odours themselves, but of the experiences and emotions associated with them.28BOdours are also essential cues in social bonding. One respondent to the survey believed that there is no true emotional bonding without touching and smelling a loved one. In fact, infants recognise the odours of their mothers soon after birth and adults can often identify their children or spouses by scent. In one well-known test, women and men were able to distinguish by smell alone clothing worn by their marriage partners from similar clothing worn by other people. Most of the subjects would probably never have given much thought to odour as a cue for identifying family members before being involved in the test, but as the experiment revealed, even when not consciously considered, smells register.29CIn spite of its importance to our emotional and sensory lives, smell is probably the most undervalued sense in many cultures. The reason often given for the low regard in which smell is held is that, in comparison with its importance among animals, the human sense of smell is feeble and undeveloped. While it is true that the olfactory powers of humans are nothing like as fine as those possessed by certain animals, they are still remarkably acute. Our noses are able to recognise thousands of smells, and to perceive odours which are present only in extremely small quantities.30DSmell, however, is a highly elusive phenomenon. Odours, unlike colours, for instance, cannot be named in many languages because the specific vocabulary simply doesn't exist. 'It smells like. . . , ' we have to say when describing an odour, struggling to express our olfactory experience. Nor can odours be recorded: there is no effective way to either capture or store them over time. In the realm of olfaction, we must make do with descriptions and recollections. This has implications for olfactory research.31EMost of the research on smell undertaken to date has been of a physical scientific nature. Significant advances have been made in the understanding of the biological and chemical nature of olfaction, but many fundamental questions have yet to be answered. Researchers have still to decide whether smell is one sense or two - one responding to odours proper and the other registering odourless chemicals in the air. Other unanswered questions are whether the nose is the only part of the body affected by odours, and how smells can be measured objectively given the nonphysical components. Questions like these mean that interest in the psychology of smell is inevitably set to play an increasingly important role for researchers.32FHowever, smell is not simply a biological and psychological phenomenon. Smell is cultural, hence it is a social and historical phenomenon. Odours are invested with cultural values: smells that are considered to be offensive in some cultures may be perfectly acceptable in others. Therefore, our sense of smell is a means of, and model for, interacting with the world. Different smells can provide us with intimate and emotionally charged experiences and the value that we attach to these experiences is interiorised by the members of society in a deeply personal way. Importantly, our commonly held feelings about smells can help distinguish us from other cultures. The study of the cultural history of smell is, therefore, in a very real sense, an investigation into the essence of human culture.Questions 27-32
Reading Passage 3 has six paragraphs,A-F.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs from the list of headings below.Write the correct numberi-viiiin boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.-
I. The difficulties of talking about smells
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II. The role of smell in personal relationships
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III. Future studies into smell
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IV. The relationship between the brain and the nose
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V. The interpretation of smells as a factor in defining groups
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VI. Why our sense of smell is not appreciated
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VII. Smell is our superior sense
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VIII. The relationship between smell and feelings
我的答案： 27. VIII 28. II 29. VI 30. I 31. III 32. VII
正确答案： 27.VIII 28.II 29.VI 30.I 31.III 32.V
查看解析
27 解析
A段次句: It became apparent that smell can evoke strong emotional responses.
A段主题句指出，气味可以唤起强烈的情感回应，即指出了气味与感觉的关系。因此答案为viii。28 解析
B段首句:Odours are also essential cues in social bonding.
B段主题句强调气味是社会联系的基本线索,即指出了其在人际关系中的作用。因此答案为ii。29 解析
C段首句:In spite of its importance to our emotional and sensory lives, smell is probably the most undervalued sense in many cultures.
C段主题句后半部分指出嗅觉在很多文化中被轻视，随后分析原因。因此答案为vi。30 解析
D段次句:Odours, unlike colours, for instance, cannot be named in many languages because the specific vocabulary simply doesn't exist.
D段主题句直接指出了在很多语言中缺乏描述气味的词汇。因此答案为i。31 解析
E段次句:Significant advances have been made in the understanding of the biological and chemical nature of olfaction, but many fundamental questions have yet to be answered.
E段主题句后半句转折之后指出，很多关于气味的最基本的问题还有待解决，即点明未来的研究任务。因此答案为: iii。32 解析
F段倒数第二句:Importantly, our commonly held feelings about smells can help distinguish us from other cultures.
F段主题句较难确定。句中指出，对于气味的感觉可以区分不同的文化。关键要理解distinguish...的意思。因此答案为v。Questions 33-36
Choose the correct letterA, B, CorD.Write your answers in boxes 33-36 on your answer sheet.33 According to the introduction, we become aware of the importance of smell when
34 The experiment described in paragraph B
35 What is the writer doing in paragraph C?
36 What does the writer suggest about the study of smell in the atmosphere in paragraph E?
我的答案： 33. B 34. A 35. C 36. D
正确答案： 33. C 34. A 35. C 36. D
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33 解析
定位词：introduction, aware of
题目:根据导言，我们意识到嗅觉的重要性是当
A我们发现一种新的气味时。
B我们闻到一种很浓的气味时。
C我们的嗅觉被破坏时。
D我们被气味包围时。
此题定位在Introduction的第四句：只有当嗅觉因某种原因受损而失灵时，我们才开始意识到嗅觉在我们的幸福感中扮演的重要角色。故正确答案为C。34 解析
定位词：experiment, paragraph B
题目:在B段中描述的实验
A展示了我们如何在没有意识到的情况下使用气味。
B演示了家庭成员有着类似的气味。
C证明了对于气味的感觉是习得的。
D比较了男、女性对于气味的感觉。
此题定位段已知，且较易定位于末句的后半部分，其含义为:就算没有这样的意识，气味仍然会给人留下印象。故正确答案为A。35 解析
定位词：paragraph C
题目:作者在C段做了什么? LOP
A支持其他研究
B提出一个建议
C反对一个普遍观点
D描述限制条件
此题需要扫读C段,或者根据第一大题中C段的heading来选择。其段落大意为:嗅觉在很多文化中被低估，人们一直认为，和嗅觉灵敏的动物相比，人类的嗅觉不是那么灵敏;然而其实我们的鼻子是相当灵敏的。故正确答案为C。36 解析
定位词：atmosphere, paragraph E
题目:在E段中,作者通过对空气中的气味的研究暗示了什么?
A对于气味的度量变得更加精确。
B研究者认为，嗅觉纯粹是一种生理反应。
C大部分气味是不招人反感的。
D嗅觉仍需定义。
此题定位于E段第三句,其中air对应atmosphere。它的意思为:研究者们还需要判断嗅觉到底是一种还是两种感觉——一种感觉回应气味本身,另一种感觉记录空气中无味的化学成分。故正确答案为D。Questions 37-40
Complete the sentences below.ChooseONE WORD ONLYfrom the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.37 Tests have shown that odours can help people recognise the belonging to their husbands and wives.
38 Certain linguistic groups may have difficulty describing smell because they lack the appropriate .
39 The sense of smell may involve response to which do not smell, in addition to obvious odours.
40 Odours regarded as unpleasant in certain are not regarded as unpleasant in others.
我的答案： 37. related 38. words 39. odours 40. way
正确答案： 37.clothing 38.vocabulary 39.chemicals 40.cultures
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37 解析
定位词：husbands and wives
B段:... women and men were able to distinguish by smell alone clothing worn by their marriage partners from similar clothing worn by other people.
此题定位句中的marriage partners对应定位词。空格中所填词应为丈夫和妻子所拥有的一件东西，belonging to对应文中的worn by。故此题答案为clothing。38 解析
定位词：linguistic groups, describing
D段:Odours, unlike colours, for instance, cannot be named in many languages because the specific vocabulary simply doesn't exist.
此题定位有难度，但依据顺序原则及对之前所做题目的印象还是能定位到D段，其中named对应describing, languages 对应linguistic groups。空格中所填词应为缺乏的东西。
故此题答案为vocabulary。39 解析
定位词：not smell, obvious odours
E段:...one responding to odours proper and the other registering odourless chemicals in the air.
此题定位较难，但根据第36题的定位句就能直接解题。句中的odourless对应not smell，空格中所填词应为闻不到的东西。故此题答案为chemicals。40 解析
定位词：unpleasant
F段:..smells that are considered to be offensive in some cultures may be perfectly acceptable in others.
此题定位需要根据句子中的对立关系，文中的offensive和perfectly acceptable即为对立，分别对应pleasant fun pleasant。空格中所填词应为被认为unpleasant的地方。故此题答案为cultures。 -