考满分 | 剑桥雅思在线模考

Part 1

Read the text below and answer questions 1-13.

THE FILM

AThe Lumière Brothers opened their Cinematographe, at 14 Boulevard des Capucines in Paris, to 100 paying customers over 100 years ago, on December 8, 1895. Before the eyes of the stunned, thrilled audience, photographs came to life and moved across a flat screen.

BSo ordinary and routine has this become to us that it takes a determined leap of the imagination to grasp the impact of those first moving images. But it is worth trying, for to understand the initial shock of those images is to understand the extraordinary power and magic of cinema, the unique, hypnotic quality that has made film the most dynamic, effective art form of the 20th century.

COne of the Lumière Brothers' earliest films was a 30-second piece which showed a section of a railway platform flooded with sunshine. A train appears and heads straight for the camera. And that is all that happens. Yet the Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky, one of the greatest of all film artists, described the film as a 'work of genius'. 'As the train approached,' wrote Tarkovsky, 'panic started in the theatre: people jumped and ran away. That was the moment when cinema was born. The frightened audience could not accept that they were watching a mere picture. Pictures were still, only reality moved; this must, therefore, be reality. In their confusion, they feared that a real train was about to crush them.'

DEarly cinema audiences often experienced the same contusion. In time, the idea of film became familiar, the magic was accepted - but it never stopped being magic. Film has never lost its unique power to embrace its audiences and transport them to a different world. For Tarkovsky, the key to that magic was the way in which cinema created a dynamic image of the real flow of events. A still picture could only imply the existence of time, while time in a novel passed at the whim of the reader. But in cinema, the real, objective flow of time was captured.

EOne effect of this realism was to educate the world about itself. For cinema makes the world smaller. Long before people travelled to America or anywhere else, they knew what other places looked like; they knew how other people worked and lived.Overwhelmingly, the lives recorded - at least in film fiction - have been American. From the earliest days of the industry, Hollywood has dominated the world film market.American imagery - the cars, the cities, the cowboys - became the primary imagery of film. Film carried American life and values around the globe.

FAnd, thanks to film, future generations will know the 20th century more intimately than any other period. We can only imagine what life was like in the 14th century or in classical Greece. But the life of the modern world has been recorded on film in massive, encyclopaedic detail. We shall be known better than any preceding generations.

GThe 'star' was another natural consequence of cinema. The cinema star was effectively born in 1910. Film personalities have such an immediate presence that, inevitably, they become super-real. Because we watch them so closely and because everybody in the world seems to know who they are, they appear more real to us than we do ourselves. The star as magnified human self is one of cinema's most strange and enduring legacies.

HCinema has also given a new lease of life to the idea of the story. When the Lumière Brothers and other pioneers began showing off this new invention, it was by no means obvious how it would be used. All that mattered at first was the wonder of movement. Indeed, some said that, once this novelty had worn off, cinema would fade away. It was no more than a passing gimmick, a fairground attraction.

ICinema might, for example, have become primarily a documentary form. Or it might have developed like television - as a strange, noisy transfer of music, information and narrative. But what happened was that it became, overwhelmingly, a medium for telling stories. Originally these were conceived as short stories - early producers doubted the ability of audiences to concentrate for more than the length of a reel. Then, in 1912, an Italian 2-hour film was hugely successful, and Hollywood settled upon the novel-length narrative that remains the dominant cinematic convention of today.

JAnd it has all happened so quickly. Almost unbelievably, it is a mere 100 years since that train arrived and the audience screamed and fled, convinced by the dangerous reality of what they saw, and, perhaps, suddenly aware that the world could never be the same again - that, maybe, it could be better, brighter, more astonishing, more real than reality.

Questions 1-5

Reading Passage 1 has ten paragraphs,

A-J

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter

A-J

in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J
1.the location of the first cinema
2.how cinema came to focus on stories
3.the speed with which cinema has changed
4.how cinema teaches us about other cultures
5.the attraction of actors in films

我的答案： 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

正确答案： 1.A 2.I 3.J 4.E 5.G

查看解析

1 解析

定位词：location/first cinema
文中对应第A段第一句The Lumière Brothers opened their Cinematographe, at 14 Boulevard des Capuines in Paris...
吕米埃兄弟在巴黎嘉布欣大道14号放映了他们制作的电影……正确答案为A。

2 解析

定位词：focus on stories
文中对应第I段第三句But what happened was that it became, overwhelmingly, a medium for telling stories.
然而，事实上，电影已经成为一种叙事的媒介。正确答案是I。

3 解析

定位词：speed...has changed
文中对应第J段第一句And it has all happened so quickly.
电影的发展是如此迅速。正确答案是J。

4 解析

定位词：teachers...other cultures
文中对应第E段第三句Long before people travelled to America or anywhere else, they knew what other places looked like；they knew how other people worked and lived.
早在人们到美国或其他地方旅行之前，他们就已经欣赏过目的地的风光，也领略过当地人的工作与生活方式。正确答案是E。

5 解析

定位词：attraction of actors
文中对应第G段第一句The 'star' was another natural consequence of cinema.
“影星”是电影带来的另一个产物。正确答案是G。

我的答案：

正确答案： 6.YES 7.NOT GIVEN 8.NOT GIVEN 9.NO

查看解析

6 解析

参考译文：理解第一批观众对电影院的反应如何很重要。
定位词：first audiences reacted to the cinema
解题关键字：important
文中对应But it is worth trying, for to understand the initial shock of those images is to understand...worth与important近义。
答案：YES

7 解析

参考译文：理解第一批观众对电影院的反应如何很重要。参考译文：吕米埃兄弟关于火车的电影是最伟大的电影之一。
定位词：train
解题关键字：the greatest films
文中对应described the film as a work of genius
答案：NOT GIVEN

8 解析

参考译文：电影院（放映的电影）对其他国家有偏见。
定位词：other countries
解题关键字：a biased view of
文中对应For cinema makes the world smaller.
答案：NOT GIVEN

9 解析

参考译文：故事情节在早期的电影中很重要。
定位词：very early cinema
解题关键字：important
文中对应Cinema might, for example, have become primarily a documentary form.... Or it might have developed like television.
答案：NO

我的答案：

正确答案： 10. B 11. C 12. D 13. D

查看解析

10 解析

定位词：film of the train
题目：作者提到那部关于火车的电影是为了说明：
A.早期的电影很简单 B.早期电影的影响
C.早期的电影很短 D.早期的电影很有想象力
文中对应C段：塔科夫斯基写道：“随着火车不断驶近，影院里呈现出一片慌恐的景象：人们惊慌失措，四散而逃。就在这一刻，电影宣告诞生。惊恐的观众们无法相信他们看到的仅仅是一部电影……”
正确答案：B

11 解析

定位词：Tarkovsky/the attraction of the cinema
题目：按照塔科夫斯基的观点，电影的魅力在于：
A.给观众留下深刻印象 B.故事讲得比书本好
C.描述时间的流逝 D.描述人们熟悉的事件
D段最后一句：然而，电影却能够捕提真实而客观的时间流动。
正确答案：C

12 解析

定位词：first began
题目：电影刚诞生时，人们认为：
A.电影将直是叙述故事 B.电影应当在露天市场播放
C.电影观众并不很喜欢电影 D.电影的未来一片渺茫
H段第二至四句：当吕米埃兄弟和其他先驱者首先展示电影这项新发明时，他们根本不清楚应当怎样应用它。最初，重要的只是活动的影像。的确，有些人就断言，一且新奇感消失，电影就会逐渐淡出人们的视线。由此可见，起初人们对电影发展的未来并不明确。
正确答案：D

13 解析

定位词：cinema/flat screen
题目：本文的最佳题目为：
A.电影明星的崛起 B.电影与小说之比较
C.好莱坞的霸主地位 D.大银幕的力量
纵观全文，都在大篇幅讲电影，big screen代指电影。
Tips：选文章题目一定要看文章大部分篇幅在讲什么，而不能以偏概全。
正确答案：D

Part 2

Read the text below and answer questions 14-27.
Motivating Employees under Adverse Conditions

THE CHALLENGE

It is a great deal easier to motivate employees in a growing organisation than a declining one. When organisations are expanding and adding personnel, promotional opportunities, pay rises, and the excitement of being associated with a dynamic organisation create feelings of optimism. Management is able to use the growth to entice and encourage employees. When an organisation is shrinking, the best and most mobile workers are prone to leave voluntarily. Unfortunately, they are the ones the organisation can least afford to lose - those with the highest skills and experience. The minor employees remain because their job options are limited.
Morale also suffers during decline. People fear they may be the next to be made redundant. Productivity often suffers, as employees spend their time sharing rumours and providing one another with moral support rather than focusing on their jobs. For those whose jobs are secure, pay increases are rarely possible. Pay cuts, unheard of during times of growth, may even be imposed. The challenge to management is how to motivate employees under such retrenchment conditions. The ways of meeting this challenge can be broadly divided into six Key Points, which are outlined below.

KEY POINT ONE

There is an abundance of evidence to support the motivational benefits that result from carefully matching people to jobs. For example, if the job is running a small business or an autonomous unit within a larger business, high achievers should be sought. However, if the job to be filled is a managerial post in a large bureaucratic organisation, a candidate who has a high need for power and a low need for affiliation should be selected. Accordingly, high achievers should not be put into jobs that are inconsistent with their needs. High achievers will do best when the job provides moderately challenging goals and where there is independence and feedback. However, it should be remembered that not everybody is motivated by jobs that are high in independence, variety and responsibility.

KEY POINT TWO
14
The literature on goal-setting theory suggests that managers should ensure that all employees have specific goals and receive comments on how well they are doing in those goals. For those with high achievement needs, typically a minority in any organisation, the existence of external goals is less important because high achievers are already internally motivated. The next factor to be determined is whether the goals should be assigned by a manager or collectively set in conjunction with the employees. The answer to that depends on perceptions of goal acceptance and the organisation's culture. If resistance to goals is expected, the use of participation in goal-setting should increase acceptance. If participation is inconsistent with the culture, however, goals should be assigned. If participation and the culture are incongruous, employees are likely to perceive the participation process as manipulative and be negatively affected by it.

KEY POINT THREE
15
Regardless of whether goals are achievable or well within management's perceptions of the employee's ability, if employees see them as unachievable they will reduce their effort. Managers must be sure, therefore, that employees feel confident that their efforts can lead to performance goals. For managers, this means that employees must have the capability of doing the job and must regard the appraisal process as valid.

KEY POINT FOUR
16
Since employees have different needs, what acts as a reinforcement for one may not for another. Managers could use their knowledge of each employee to personalise the rewards over which they have control. Some of the more obvious rewards that managers allocate include pay, promotions, autonomy, job scope and depth, and the opportunity to participate in goal-setting and decision-making.

KEY POINT FIVE
17
Managers need to make rewards contingent on performance. To reward factors other than performance will only reinforce those other factors. Key rewards such as pay increases and promotions or advancements should be allocated for the attainment of the employee's specific goals. Consistent with maximising the impact of rewards, managers should look for ways to increase their visibility. Eliminating the secrecy surrounding pay by openly communicating everyone's remuneration, publicising performance bonuses and allocating annual salary increases in a lump sum rather than spreading them out over an entire year are examples of actions that will make rewards more visible and potentially more motivating.

KEY POINT SIX
18
The way rewards are distributed should be transparent so that employees perceive that rewards or outcomes are equitable and equal to the inputs given. On a simplistic level, experience, abilities, effort and other obvious inputs should explain differences in pay, responsibility and other obvious outcomes. The problem, however, is complicated by the existence of dozens of inputs and outcomes and by the fact that employee groups place different degrees of importance on them. For instance, a study comparing clerical and production workers identified nearly twenty inputs and outcomes. The clerical workers considered factors such as quality of work performed and job knowledge near the top of their list, but these were at the bottom of the production workers' list. Similarly, production workers thought that the most important inputs were intelligence and personal involvement with task accomplishment, two factors that were quite low in the importance ratings of the clerks. There were also important, though less dramatic, differences on the outcome side. For example, production workers rated advancement very highly, whereas clerical workers rated advancement in the lower third of their list. Such findings suggest that one person's equity is another's inequity, so an ideal should probably weigh different inputs and outcomes according to employee group.
Questions 14-18

Reading Passage 2 has six Key Points.
Choose the correct heading for Key Points
TWO
to
SIX
from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number
i-viii
in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.

I. Ensure the reward system is fair

II. Match rewards to individuals

III. Ensure targets are realistic

IV. Link rewards to achievement

V. Encourage managers to take more responsibility

VI. Recognise changes in employees' performance over time

VII. Establish targets and give feedback

VIII. Ensure employees are suited to their jobs

我的答案： 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

正确答案： 14.VII   15.III   16.II   17.IV   18.I

查看解析

14 解析

段落主题句：KEY POINT TWO 首句：The literature on goal-setting theory suggests that managers should ensure that all employees have specific goals and receive comments on how well they are doing in those goals.
“目标设定理论的相关文献提出，管理者们必须确保所有的员工都有明确的目标并且能够在实现该目标的过程中获得评价。”
TIPS：对于概括段意的题型，段落的首句和末句十分重要，一般都是段落中心句。所以只要提炼这些句子，就可以得出段落中心。偶尔也会出现全段没有明确中心句的情况，这时就要将段落划分成几个不同的意群，然后将这几个意群的意思综合起来。该段开头句有两个关键词： specific goals和comments on...，分别与vi中的targets和feedback为近义词，因此答案为vii。

15 解析

段落主题句：KEY POINT THREE 首句：Regardless of whether goals are achievable or well within management's perceptions of the employee's ability if employees see them as unachievable they will reduce their effort. “无论目标是否能够实现，也无论目标是否在管理层认定的员工能力范围之内，只要员工们认为无法实现目标，他们就不会那么努力。”纵观全文，本文的特点是每段的开头句基本都是该段的中心句。本段第一句强调必须让员工认为目标可以实现，可以实现的就是现实的，因此答案应该是iii， ensure targets are realistic（确保目标是现实的）。

16 解析

段落主题句：KEY POINT FOUR 第二句：Managers could use their knowledge of each employee to personalise the rewards over which they have control.
“在其控制范围内，管理者可以根据对不同员工的了解来给予他们相应的奖励。”
这里关键是personalise the rewards（将奖励个性化），即针对不同人给予不同奖励。也就是选项ii所说的match rewards to individuals（将奖励与个人挂钩）。因此答案是ii。

17 解析

段落主题句：KEY POINT FIVE 首句：Managers need to make rewards contingent on performance.
“管理者需鑿将奖励与绩效挂钩。”
make...contingent on就是将...联系起来，achievement与performance是近义词。故答案是iv。

18 解析

段落主题句：KEY PONT SIX 首句: The way rewards are distributed should be transparent so that employees perceive that rewards or outcomes are equitable and equal to the inputs given.
“奖励的分配方式必须选明，使员工认识到奖励或成果是公平并且与特定投人相对等的。” reward system就是有关reward问题的集合，包括reward的分配方式，也就是原文中的The way rewards are distributed，而且fair和equitable是同义词，都是“公平”的意思。所以答案是i。

Questions 19-24

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 19-24 on your answer sheet, write
YES
if the statement agrees with the views of the writer.
NO
if the statement contradicts the views of the writer.
NOT GIVEN
if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.

19 A shrinking organisation tends to lose its less skilled employees rather than its more skilled employees.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

20 It is easier to manage a small business than a large business.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

21 High achievers are well suited to team work.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

22 Some employees can feel manipulated when asked to participate in goal-setting.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

23 The staff appraisal process should be designed by employees.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

24 Employees' earnings should be disclosed to everyone within the organisation.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

我的答案：

正确答案： 19.NO   20.NOT GIVEN   21.NO   22.YES   23.NOT GIVEN   24.YES

查看解析

19 解析

参考译文：一个衰退的企业往往流失的是技能不高的员工而不是技能熟练的员工。
定位词：shrinking organisation
解题关键字：lose/less skilled employees/more skilled employees
文中对应When an organisation is shrinking, the best and most mobile workers are prone to leave voluntarily. Unfortunately, they are the ones the organisation can least afford to lose—those with the highest skills and experience. “当企业衰退时,流动性最强的优秀员工就会主动离开。不幸的是，这些才能出众、经验丰富的员工正是企业最不能失去的人才。”由此可知，企业衰退时容易流失的是技能熟练的员工。所以选NO。
答案：NO

20 解析

参考译文：管理小企业比管理大企业容易。
定位词：small business/large business
解题关键字：easier
文中对应KEY POINT ONE: For example, if the job is running a small business or an autonomous unit within a larger business, high achievers should be sought. However, if the job to be filled is a managerial post in a large bureaucratic organisation, a candidate who has a high need for power and a low need for affiliation should be selected. “例如，小型企业或大型企业中自主单位的经营者，应当由业绩杰出者担任。但是，如果空缺的是大型官僚机构的管理职位，则应当选择对权力需求高而对关系需求低的人选。”全文只在这两句话中提到了small business和large business，由原文意思可见，作者并没有比较二者管理的难易程度，所以对该题干句，应填NOT GIVEN。
答案：NOT GIVEN

21 解析

参考译文：业绩杰出者适合团队工作。
定位词：high achievers
解题关键字：team work
文中对应KEY POINT ONE中: High achievers will do best when the job provides moderately challenging goals and where there is independence and feedback. “只有其职业能够带来具有一定挑战性的目标、独立性和反馈时,业绩杰出者才会全力以赴地工作。”这里“独立性”是关键词，而团队工作往往意味着团队内各个成员间相互依赖，所以题干意思与原文意思截然相反。
答案：NO

22 解析

参考译文：当被邀请参加目标制定时，有些员工会感到自己被人操纵。
定位词：participate/goal-setting
解题关键字：feel manipulated
文中对应If participation and the culture are incongruous, employees are likely to perceive the participation process as manipulative and be negatively affected by it. “如果参与机制与企业文化不一致，员工则有可能认为自己在参与过程中被操纵，并且受到负面影响。”虽然题干没有写出这个“如果”的条件，但是用了some，相当于限定了范围。feel manipulated与perceive...as manipulative是同一个意思。所以此题干与原文意思一致。
答案：YES

23 解析

参考译文：员工评估流程应当由员工设计。
定位词：appraisal process
解题关键字：designed by employees
文中对应KEY POINT THREE: For managers, this means that employees must have the capability of doing the job and must regard the appraisal process as valid. “对于管理者面言，这意味着员工必须能够胜任工作，而且必须承认（绩效）评估流程的有效性。”这是全文唯一提及appraisal process的句子，可以看出并没有题干所表述的意思，所以答案是NOT GIVEN。
答案：NOT GIVEN

24 解析

参考译文：员工的收人应当对组织内的每个人公开。
定位词：employees' earnings
解题关键字：be disclosed to everyone
文中对应KEY POINT FIVE： ...by openly communicating everyone's remuneration, publicising performance bonuses... “……通过公示员工工资数目、公布绩效奖金数额……”openly communicating, publicise和disclose是同义词，所以题干的说法是正确的。
答案：YES

Questions 25-27

Look at the following groups of workers(Questions 25-27) and the list of descriptions below.
Match each group with the correct description,
A-E
.
Write the correct letter,
A-E
, in boxes 25-27 on your answer sheet.

A. They judge promotion to be important.

B. They have less need of external goals.

C. They think that the quality of their work is important.

D. They resist goals which are imposed.

E. They have limited job options.

25 high achievers25

26 clerical workers26

27 production workers27

我的答案： 25. 26. 27.

正确答案： 25.B   26.C   27.A

查看解析

25 解析

定位词：high achievers
文中对应KEY POINT TWO: the existence of external goals is less important because high achievers are already internally motivated. “
外部目标的存在并非十分重要，因为业绩杰出者已具有极强的内在动机。”
因为外部目标对业绩杰出者并不十分重要，所以他们不大需要外部目标。所以正确答案为B。

26 解析

定位词：clerical workers
文中对应KEY POINT SIX: The clerical workers considered factors such as quality of work performed and job knowledge near the top of their list. “
行政工作人员将工作表现质量和业务知识等因素排在名单前列”。
既然把quality of work排在前列，肯定认为这点很重要，所以正确答案是C。

27 解析

定位词：production workers
文中对应KEY POINT SIX: For example, production workers rated advancement very highly.
“例如，生产工人认为晋升非常重要。”
advancement与promotion是近义词，生产工人把这点排在很高的位置，说明他们认为这点很重要。
正确答案是A。
Part 3

Read the text below and answer questions 28-40.
The Search for the Anti-aging Pill

In government laboratories and elsewhere, scientists are seeking a drug able to prolong life and youthful vigor. Studies of caloric restriction are showing the way

As researchers on aging noted recently, no treatment on the market today has been proved to slow human aging - the build-up of molecular and cellular damage that increases vulnerability to infirmity as we grow older. But one intervention, consumption of a low-calorie* yet nutritionally balanced diet, works incredibly well in a broad range of animals, increasing longevity and prolonging good health. Those findings suggest that caloric restriction could delay aging and increase longevity in humans, too.

Unfortunately, for maximum benefit, people would probably have to reduce their caloric intake by roughly thirty per cent, equivalent to dropping from 2,500 calories a day to 1,750. Few mortals could stick to that harsh a regimen, especially for years on end. But what if someone could create a pill that mimicked the physiological effects of eating less without actually forcing people to eat less? Could such a 'caloric-restriction mimetic', as we call it, enable people to stay healthy longer, postponing age-related disorders (such as diabetes, arteriosclerosis, heart disease and cancer) until very late in life? Scientists first posed this question in the mid-1990s, after researchers came upon a chemical agent that in rodents seemed to reproduce many of caloric restriction's benefits. No compound that would safely achieve the same feat in people has been found yet, but the search has been informative and has fanned hope that caloric-restriction (CR)mimetics can indeed be developed eventually.

The benefits of caloric restriction

The hunt for CR mimetics grew out of a desire to better understand caloric restriction's many effects on the body. Scientists first recognized the value of the practice more than 60 years ago, when they found that rats fed a low-calorie diet lived longer on average than free-feeding rats and also had a reduced incidence of conditions that become increasingly common in old age. What is more, some of the treated animals survived longer than the oldest-living animals in the control group, which means that the maximum lifespan (the oldest attainable age), not merely the normal lifespan, increased. Various interventions, such as infection-fighting drugs, can increase a population's average survival time, but only approaches that slow the body's rate of aging will increase the maximum lifespan.

The rat findings have been replicated many times and extended to creatures ranging from yeast to fruit flies, worms, fish, spiders, mice and hamsters. Until fairly recently, the studies were limited to short-lived creatures genetically distant from humans. But caloric-restriction projects underway in two species more closely related to humans - rhesus and squirrel monkeys - have made scientists optimistic that CR mimetics could help people.

The monkey projects demonstrate that, compared with control animals that eat normally, caloric-restricted monkeys have lower body temperatures and levels of the pancreatic hormone insulin, and they retain more youthful levels of certain hormones that tend to fall with age.

The caloric-restricted animals also look better on indicators of risk for age-related diseases. For example, they have lower blood pressure and triglyceride levels (signifying a decreased likelihood of heart disease), and they have more normal blood glucose levels (pointing to a reduced risk for diabetes, which is marked by unusually high blood glucose levels). Further, it has recently been shown that rhesus monkeys kept on caloric-restricted diets for an extended time (nearly 15 years) have less chronic disease. They and the other monkeys must be followed still longer, however, to know whether low-calorie intake can increase both average and maximum lifespans in monkeys. Unlike the multitude of elixirs being touted as the latest anti-aging cure, CR mimetics would alter fundamental processes that underlie aging. We aim to develop compounds that fool cells into activating maintenance and repair.

How a prototype caloric-restriction mimetic works

The best-studied candidate for a caloric-restriction mimetic, 2DG (2-deoxy-D-glucose), works by interfering with the way cells process glucose. It has proved toxic at some doses in animals and so cannot be used in humans. But it has demonstrated that chemicals can replicate the effects of caloric restriction; the trick is finding the right one.

Cells use the glucose from food to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the molecule that powers many activities in the body. By limiting food intake, caloric restriction minimizes the amount of glucose entering cells and decreases ATP generation. When 2DG is administered to animals that eat normally, glucose reaches cells in abundance but the drug prevents most of it from being processed and thus reduces ATP synthesis. Researchers have proposed several explanations for why interruption of glucose processing and ATP production might retard aging. One possibility relates to the ATP-making machinery's emission of free radicals, which are thought to contribute to aging and to such age-related diseases as cancer by damaging cells. Reduced operation of the machinery should limit their production and thereby constrain the damage. Another hypothesis suggests that decreased processing of glucose could indicate to cells that food is scarce (even if it isn't) and induce them to shift into an anti-aging mode that emphasizes preservation of the organism over such 'luxuries' as growth and reproduction.

* calorie: a measure of the energy value of food
Questions 28-32

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 28-32 on your answer sheet, write
YES
if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer.
NO
if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer.
NOT GIVEN
if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.

28 Studies show drugs available today can delay the process of growing old.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

29 There is scientific evidence that eating fewer calories may extend human life.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

30 Not many people are likely to find a caloric-restricted diet attractive.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

31 Diet-related diseases are common in older people.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

32 In experiments, rats who ate what they wanted led shorter lives than rats on a low-calorie diet.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

我的答案：

正确答案： 28.NO   29.YES   30.YES   31.NOT GIVEN   32.YES

查看解析

28 解析

参考译文：研究表明现在已有药物可以延缓衰老进程。
定位词：drugs available today/growing old
解题关键字：delay
文中对应第一段第一句: As researchers on aging noted recently, no treatment on the market today has been proved to slow human aging.... “衰老问题的研究者们最近指出，目前市面上还没有任何疗法证明可以延缓人类衰老。”“任何疗法”包含药物，所以“目前没有疗法能延缓衰老”就意味着目前没有药物可以延缓衰老。
答案：NO

29 解析

参考译文：有科学证据表明少摄入热量会延长人的寿命。
定位词：eating fewer calories/extend human life
解题关键字：scientific evidence
文中对应第一段最后一句: Those findings suggest that caloric restriction could delay aging and increase longevity in humans, too. “这些研究结果表明，限制热量的摄取可能也会延缓衰老，延长人类寿命。”scientific evidence与findings是近义词，所以符合题干。
答案：YES

30 解析

参考译文：喜欢热量摄入受限型饮食的人可能不多。
定位词：caloric-restricted
解题关键字：Not many people/attractive
文中对应第二段第二句: Few mortals could stick to that harsh a regimen. “很少有人能够坚持这样严格的养生之道”，喜欢的才能坚持，既然不能坚持，肯定是觉得不够attractive。
答案：YES

31 解析

参考译文：与膳食有关的疾病在老年人中普遍存在。
定位词：diet-related diseases
解题关键字：common/older people
文中对应原文自始至终都没有提及这个观点。
答案：NOT GIVEN

32 解析

参考译文：在实验中，自由摄食鼠类比摄取低热量食物的鼠类活得短。
定位词：rats
解题关键字：led shorter lives than
文中对应第三段第二句: rats fed a low-calorie diet lived longer on average than free-feeding rats“被喂食低热量食物的鼠类平均寿命长于自由摄取食物的鼠类”，这里关键是知道free-feeding与ate what they wanted是同一个意思。
答案：YES

Questions 33-37

Classify the following descriptions as relating to
Write the correct letter
A，B
or
C
in boxes 33-37 on your answer sheet.

A. caloric-restricted monkeys

B. control monkeys

C. neither caloric-restricted monkeys nor control monkeys

33 Monkeys were less likely to become diabetic.33

34 Monkeys experienced more chronic disease.34

35 Monkeys have been shown to experience a longer than average life span.35

36 Monkeys enjoyed a reduced chance of heart disease.36

37 Monkeys produced greater quantities of insulin.37

我的答案： 33. 34. 35. 36. 37.

正确答案： 33.A   34.B   35.C   36.A   37.B

查看解析

33 解析

定位词：less likely/diabetic
文中对应第六段第二句中: ...they have more normal blood glucose levels（pointing to a reduced risk for diabetes）
“血塘浓度也比较正常（表示得糖尿病的风险较低）”。正确答案为A。

34 解析

定位词：more chronic disease
文中对应第六段第三句: Further, it has recently been shown that rhesus monkeys kept on caloric-restricted diets for an extended time（nearly 15 years）have less chronic disease.
“此外，有关研究最近指出，长期限制热量摄入（将近15年）的恒河猴患慢性病的几率也较低。”
定位词：rhesus monkeys与control monkeys比较，前者患慢性病几率低，也就是说后者患慢性病几率高。正确答案是B。

35 解析

定位词：a longer than average lifespan
文中对应第六段第四句: They and other monkeys must be followed still longer, however, to know whether low-calorie intake can increase both average and maximum lifespans in monkeys.
“但想要知道限制热量摄入是否会延长喉类的平均寿命和最大寿命，我们还必须对这些恒河猴以及其他猴类做更长时间的跟踪研究。”
They指的是caloric-restricted monkeys, other monkeys指的就是control monkeys，原文既然说还需更多研究才能知道它们的寿命是否得到延长，也就是说两类猴都还没有表明寿命得到延长。正确答案是C。

36 解析

定位词：reduce chance of heart disease
文中对应第六段第二句中: For example, they have lower blood pressure and triglyceride levels（signifying a decreased likelihood of heart disease）...
“例如，它们的血压与甘油三酸酯含量都比较低（表示得心脏病的可能性较小）”。
这句话阐述的是calorie-restricted animal的情况，也就是calorie-restricted monkeys的情况，所以正确答案是A。

37 解析

定位词：greater quantities of insulin
文中对应第五段中: ...compared with control animals that eat normally, caloric-restricted monkeys have lower body temperatures and levels of the pancreatic hormone insulin
“比起正常饮食的对照组动物,限制热量摄入组猴子的体温和胰岛素浓度都较低”。
限制热量摄入组的猴子比对照组猴子的胰岛素浓度低，说明其胰岛素分泌量少，故对照组的胰岛素分泌较多。正确答案是B。

Questions 38-40

CR mimetic|Less [blank]38[/blank] is processed production of ATP is decreased[+] Theory 1:|Cells less damaged by disease because fewer [blank]39[/blank] are emitted[+] Theory 1:|Cells focus on [blank]40[/blank] because food is in short supply

CR mimetic

Less is processed production of ATP is decreased

Theory 1:

Cells less damaged by disease because fewer are emitted

Theory 1:

Cells focus on because food is in short supply

我的答案： 38. 39. 40.

正确答案： 38.glucose 39.free radicals 40.preservation

查看解析

38 解析

定位词：production of ATP is decreased
文中对应第八段第二句: By limiting food intake, caloric restriction minimizes the amount of glucose entering cells and decreases ATP generation.
“通过限制食物的摄取量，可使进人细胞的葡萄糖降到最低，因此减少ATP的生成量。”
通过minimizes the amount of glucose和less...is processed的对应很快选出答案应该是glucose。

39 解析

定位词：one possibility
文中对应第八段中: One possibility relates to the ATP-making machinery's emission of free radicals, which are thought to contribute to aging and to such age-related diseases as cancer by damaging cells.
“其中一种说法与ATP生成过程中自由基的释放有关，人们认为自由基会损伤细胞，因此引起衰老以及像癌症这类与衰老有关的疾病。”
根据原文，free radical促进cancer之类的disease破坏细胞，所以free radicals越少，被疾病破坏的细胞就越少。即题目中给出的部分: cells less damaged by disease，所以答案为free radicals。

40 解析

定位词：focus on
文中对应第八段最后一句: Another hypothesis suggests that decreased processing of glucose could indicate to cells that food is scarce（even if it isn't）and induce them to shift into an anti-aging mode that emphasizes preservation....
“另一种假设认为，葡萄糖代谢的降低让细胞以为食物不足（即使事实并非如此），而促使细胞进入抗衰老的状态，这种状态着重的是维持……”
emphasize与focus on近义，scarce与in short supply同义，所以对应答案为preservation。

考满分 ielts

C6-Test 3

Part 1

1 解析

2 解析

3 解析

4 解析

5 解析

6 解析

7 解析

8 解析

9 解析

10 解析

11 解析

12 解析

13 解析

Part 2

14 解析

15 解析

16 解析

17 解析

18 解析

19 解析

20 解析

21 解析

22 解析

23 解析

24 解析

25 解析

26 解析

27 解析

Part 3

28 解析

29 解析

30 解析

31 解析

32 解析

33 解析

34 解析

35 解析

36 解析

37 解析

38 解析

39 解析

40 解析