-
Part 1
Read the text below and answer questions 1-13.
Early Childhood Education
New Zealand's National Party spokesman on education, Dr Lockwood Smith,recently visited the US and Britain. Here he reports on the findings of his trip and what they could mean for New Zealand's education policy
A'Education To Be More' was published last August. It was the report of the New Zealand Government's Early Childhood Care and Education Working Group. The report argued for enhanced equity of access and better funding for childcare and early childhood education institutions. Unquestionably, that's a real need; but since parents don't normally send children to pre-schools until the age of three, are we missing out on the most important years of all?
BA 13-year study of early childhood development at Harvard University has shown that, by the age of three, most children have the potential to understand about 1000 words - most of the language they will use in ordinary conversation for the rest of their lives.
Furthermore, research has shown that while every child is born with a natural curiosity, it can be suppressed dramatically during the second and third years of life. Researchers claim that the human personality is formed during the first two years of life, and during the first three years children learn the basic skills they will use in all their later learning both at home and at school. Once over the age of three, children continue to expand on existing knowledge of the world.
CIt is generally acknowledged that young people from poorer socio-economic backgrounds tend to do less well in our education system. That's observed not just in New Zealand, but also in Australia, Britain and America. In an attempt to overcome that educational under-achievement, a nationwide programme called 'Headstart' was launched in the United States in 1965. A lot of money was poured into it. It took children into pre-school institutions at the age of three and was supposed to help the children of poorer families succeed in school.
Despite substantial funding, results have been disappointing. It is thought that there are two explanations for this. First, the programme began too late. Many children who entered it at the age of three were already behind their peers in language and measurable intelligence. Second, the parents were not involved. At the end of each day, 'Headstart' children returned to the same disadvantaged home environment.
DAs a result of the growing research evidence of the importance of the first three years of a child's life and the disappointing results from 'Headstart', a pilot programme was launched in Missouri in the US that focused on parents as the child's first teachers. The 'Missouri' programme was predicated on research showing that working with the family, rather than bypassing the parents, is the most effective way of helping children get off to the best possible start in life. The four-year pilot study included 380 families who were about to have their first child and who represented a cross-section of socio-economic status, age and family configurations. They included single-parent and two-parent families, families in which both parents worked, and families with either the mother or father at home.
The programme involved trained parent-educators visiting the parents' home and working with the parent, or parents, and the child. Information on child development, and guidance on things to look for and expect as the child grows were provided, plus guidance in fostering the child's intellectual, language, social and motor-skill development. Periodic check-ups of the child's educational and sensory development (hearing and vision) were made to detect possible handicaps that interfere with growth and development. Medical problems were referred to professionals.
Parent-educators made personal visits to homes and monthly group meetings were held with other new parents to share experience and discuss topics of interest. Parent resource centres, located in school buildings, offered learning materials for families and facilitators for child care.
EAt the age of three, the children who had been involved in the 'Missouri' programme were evaluated alongside a cross-section of children selected from the same range of socio-economic backgrounds and family situations, and also a random sample of children that age. The results were phenomenal. By the age of three, the children in the programme were significantly more advanced in language development than their peers, had made greater strides in problem solving and other intellectual skills, and were further along in social development. In fact, the average child on the programme was performing at the level of the top 15 to 20 per cent of their peers in such things as auditory comprehension, verbal ability and language ability.
Most important of all, the traditional measures of 'risk', such as parents' age and education, or whether they were a single parent, bore little or no relationship to the measures of achievement and language development. Children in the programme performed equally well regardless of socio-economic disadvantages. Child abuse was virtually eliminated. The one factor that was found to affect the child's development was family stress leading to a poor quality of parent-child interaction. That interaction was not necessarily bad in poorer families.
FThese research findings are exciting. There is growing evidence in New Zealand that children from poorer socio-economic backgrounds are arriving at school less well developed and that our school system tends to perpetuate that disadvantage. The initiative outlined above could break that cycle of disadvantage. The concept of working with parents in their homes, or at their place of work, contrasts quite markedly with the report of the Early Childhood Care and Education Working Group. Their focus is on getting children and mothers access to childcare and institutionalised early childhood education. Education from the age of three to five is undoubtedly vital, but without a similar focus on parent education and on the vital importance of the first three years, some evidence indicates that it will not be enough to overcome educational inequity.Questions 1-4
Reading Passage 1 has six sections,A-F.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letterA-Fin boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.A B C D E F 1.details of the range of family types involved in an education programme 2.reasons why a child's early years are so important 3.reasons why an education programme failed 4.a description of the positive outcomes of an education programme 我的答案： 1. A 2. A 3. A 4. A
正确答案： 1.D 2.B 3.C 4.E
查看解析
1 解析
定位词：detail/the range of/family types/an education programme
D段：The four-year pilot study included 380 families who were about to have their first child and who represented a cross-section of socio-economic status, age and family configurations. 这句话对应题干上的the range of family。接下来作者详细地描述了这些家庭的状况：They included single- parent and two-parent families, families in which both parents worked, and families with either the mother or father at home. 正好可以对应题干，上的details一词。
注意：尽管E段也提到了家庭，但是其论述重点已经不在于表明家庭的多样性，故不选。
2 解析
定位词：reasons/early years/important B段：
在这一部分作者从两方面论述了早教为什么重要：
1) A 13-year study of early childhood development at Harvard University has shown that…
2) Furthermore, research has shown that...
尽管本段并没有直接说出reason这个词，但是我们足以总结出早期教育对儿童十分重要。
3 解析
定位词：reasons/failed
C段：Despite substantial funding, results have been disappointing. Itis thought that there are two explanations for this...
4 解析
定位词：description/positive outcomes
E段：At the age of three, the children who had been involved in the “Missouri" programme were evaluated… The results were phenomenal...
Questions 5-10
Classify the following features as characterisingWrite the correct letterA，B，CorDin boxes 5-10 on your answer sheet.-
A. the 'Headstart' programme
-
B. the 'Missouri' programme
-
C. both the 'Headstart' and the 'Missouri' programmes
-
D. neither the 'Headstart' nor the 'Missouri' programme
5 was administered to a variety of poor and wealthy families5
6 continued with follow-up assistance in elementary schools6
7 did not succeed in its aim7
8 supplied many forms of support and training to parents8
9 received insufficient funding9
10 was designed to improve pre-schoolers' educational development10
我的答案： 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
正确答案： 5.B 6.D 7.A 8.B 9.D 10.C
查看解析
5 解析
题干：哪个项目既针对富裕家庭也针对贫困家庭?
定位词：poor/wealthy
D段：The four- year pilot study ... family configurations.
其中across- section of socio-economic status 就证明该项目包含了不同经济状况的家庭。而这一点在 Headstart计划中并未提到。所以答案选B。
6 解析
题干：哪个项目包括在小学中提供后续帮助?
定位词：follow-up/elementary schools
结果是：两个项目都没有提到这一点。所以答案选D。
7 解析
题干：哪项计划未能完成目标?
定位词：did not succeed
C段：Despite substantial funding, results have been disappointing. It is thought that there are two explanations for this...
显然答案是A。
8 解析
题干：哪个项目为家长提供了大量帮助和训练?
定位词：support and training/parents
D段：The programme involved trained parent-educators visiting the parents’ home...
答案选B。
9 解析
题干：哪个项目资金不足?
定位词：insufficient funding
C段：Despite substantial funding...这句话证明Headstart计划资金充足。而关于密苏里计划，作者根本就没有提到资金的问题。所以这道题目只能选D。
10 解析
定位词：pre-schoolers
D段：As a result of the growing research evidence of the importance of the first three years of a child's life and the disappointing results from “Headstart", …
证明密苏里计划是为了弥补Headstart计划的不足而产生的新计划，所以目标也是为了提升儿童的教育。所以答案选C。
Questions 11-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet, writeTRUEif the statement agrees with the information given in the text.FALSEif the statement contradicts the information.NOT GIVENif there is no information on this.11 Most 'Missouri' programme three-year-olds scored highly in areas such as listening, speaking, reasoning and interacting with others.
12 'Missouri' programme children of young, uneducated, single parents scored less highly on the tests.
13 The richer families in the 'Missouri' programme had higher stress levels.
我的答案： 11. FALSE 12. TRUE 13. TRUE
正确答案： 11.TRUE 12.FALSE 13.NOT GIVEN
查看解析
11 解析
参考译文：大多数参与密苏里项目的三岁儿童在诸如听、说、推理及与他人互动等方面都超乎寻常。
定位词：Missouri
文中对应点 E段：...By the age of three, the children ... verbal ability and language ability.
listening等同于文中auditory comprehension; speaking等同于文中verbal ability and language ability; reasoning等同于文中problem solving; interacting 等同于文中social development。
答案 TRUE
12 解析
参考译文：在密苏里计划中，父母年龄偏低.文化程度不高或单亲家庭的孩子在测试中得分较低。
定位词：Missouri / young / uneducated/ single
文中对应点 E段: Most important of all, the traditional measures of “risk", such as parents’ age and education, or whether they were a single parent, bore little or no relationship to the measures of achievement and language development.
这句话明确表明家长的年龄、教育背景，或是否是单亲家庭，对孩子的成绩和语言发展都没有太大的影响。
答案 FALSE
13 解析
参考译文 密苏里计划中，富裕家庭面临的压力更大。
定位词：richer
如果回到文章通读密苏里计划所在的D段和E段，我们会发现作者根本没有提到富裕家庭所面临的压力问题。作者只在E段末句提到：The one factor that was found to affect the child' s development was family stress leading to a poor quality of parent-child interaction. That interaction was not necessarily bad in poorer families.
人们发现的唯一一个会影响孩子发展的因素就是由于家庭压力所导致的亲子交流质量不佳。而这种交流在较为贫困的家庭倒不一定差。但是从这句话我们也无法推知富裕家庭的压力是否更大。所以答案只能选NOT GIVEN。
答案 NOT GIVEN
-
-
Part 2
Read the text below and answer questions 14-26.
Disappearing Delta
AThe fertile land the Nile delta is being eroded along Egypt s Mediterranean coast at an astounding rate, in some parts estimated at 100 metres per year. In the past, land scoured away from the coastline by the currents of the Mediterranean Sea used to be replaced by sediment brought down to the delta by the River Nile, but this is no longer happening.14BUp to now, people have blamed this loss of delta land on the two large dams at Aswan in the south of Egypt, which hold back virtually all of the sediment that used to flow down the river. Before the dams were built, the Nile flowed freely, carrying huge quantities of sediment north from Africa's interior to be deposited on the Nile delta. This continued for 7,000 years, eventually covering a region of over 22,000 square kilometres with layers of fertile silt. Annual flooding brought in new, nutrient-rich soil to the delta region, replacing what had been washed away by the sea, and dispensing with the need for fertilizers in Egypt's richest food-growing area. But when the Aswan dams were constructed in the 20th century to provide electricity and irrigation, and to protect the huge population centre of Cairo and its surrounding areas from annual flooding and drought, most of the sediment with its natural fertilizer accumulated up above the dam in the southern, upstream half of Lake Nasser, instead of passing down to the delta.
CNow, however, there turns out to be more to the story. It appears that the sediment-free water emerging from the Aswan dams picks up silt and sand as it erodes the river bed and banks on the 800-kilometre trip to Cairo. Daniel Jean Stanley of the Smithsonian Institute noticed that water samples taken in Cairo, just before the river enters the delta, indicated that the river sometimes carries more than 850 grams of sediment per cubic metre of water - almost half of what it carried before the dams were built. 'I'm ashamed to say that the significance of this didn't strike me until after I had read 50 or 60 studies,' says Stanley in Marine Geology. 'There is still a lot of sediment coming into the delta, but virtually no sediment comes out into the Mediterranean to replenish the coastline. So this sediment must be trapped on the delta itself.'15DOnce north of Cairo, most of the Nile water is diverted into more than 10,000 kilometres of irrigation canals and only a small proportion reaches the sea directly through the rivers in the delta. The water in the irrigation canals is still or very slow-moving and thus cannot carry sediment, Stanley explains. The sediment sinks to the bottom of the canals and then is added to fields by farmers or pumped with the water into the four large freshwater lagoons that are located near the outer edges of the delta: So very little of it actually reaches the coastline to replace what is being washed away by the Mediterranean currents.16EThe farms on the delta plains and fishing and aquaculture in the lagoons account for much of Egypt's food supply. But by the time the sediment has come to rest in the fields and lagoons it is laden with municipal, industrial and agricultural waste from the Cairo region, which is home to more than 40 million people. 'Pollutants are building up faster and faster,' says Stanley.
Based on his investigations of sediment from the delta lagoons, Frederic Siegel of George Washington University concurs. 'In Manzalah Lagoon, for example, the increase in mercury, lead, copper and zinc coincided with the building of the High Dam at Aswan, the availability of Cheap electricity, and the development of major power-based industries,' he says. Since that time the concentration of mercury has increased significantly. Lead from engines that use leaded fuels and from other industrial sources has also increased dramatically. These poisons can easily enter the food chain, affecting the productivity of fishing and farming. Another problem is that agricultural wastes include fertilizers which stimulate increases in plant growth in the lagoons and upset the ecology of the area, with serious effects on the fishing industry.17FAccording to Siegel, international environmental organisations are beginning to pay closer attention to the region, partly because of the problems of erosion and pollution of the Nile delta, but principally because they fear the impact this situation could have on the whole Mediterranean coastal ecosystem. But there are no easy solutions. In the immediate future, Stanley believes that one solution would be to make artificial floods to flush out the delta waterways, in the same way that natural floods did before the construction of the dams. He says, however, that in the long term an alternative process such as desalination may have to be used to increase the amount of water available 'In my view, Egypt must devise a way to have more water running through the river and the delta,' says Stanley. Easier said than done in a desert region with a rapidly growing population.Questions 14-17
Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs,A-F.Choose the correct heading for paragraphsBandD-Ffrom the list of headings below.Write the correct numberi-viiiin boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.-
I. Effects of irrigation on sedimentation
-
II. The danger of flooding the Cairo area
-
III. Causing pollution in the Mediterranean
-
IV. Interrupting a natural process
-
V. The threat to food production
-
VI. Less valuable sediment than before
-
VII. Egypt's disappearing coastline
-
VIII. Looking at the long-term impact
我的答案： 14. 15. 16. 17.
正确答案： 14.IV 15.I 16.V 17.VIII
查看解析
14 解析
B段：Up to now, people have blamed ... down the river. 这句话告诉我们由于阿斯旺水坝的修建，原本的自然过程被打乱了，阻挡了原来顺流而下的淤泥，因此答案为iv。
15 解析
D段整个段落关键高频词：irrigation canals / sediment / sink D段详细地描述了灌溉渠里沉淀的淤泥对于尼罗河三角洲的影响。因此答案应该是i。
16 解析
E段后部：These poisons can easily enter the food chain, affecting the productivity of fishing and farming. 这一段有的考生会误选iii。本段的确讲到了尼罗河沿岸的污染问题，但是并未提到地中海，而是在段落末尾提到污染对农业及渔业的影响。因此答案是v。
17 解析
F段：... but principally because they fear the impact this situation could have on the whole Medi-terranean coastal ecosystem...that in the long term... 这段话中的确提到了污染可能对地中海沿岸生态环境造成的影响。但是如果通观全局的话，viii 是比iii更合适的答案。因为viii更具概括性和终结感，更适合做末段的段意。故答案是viii。
Questions 18-23
Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 18-23 on your answer sheet, writeYESif the statement agrees with the information given in the text.NOif the statement contradicts the information.NOT GIVENif there is no information on this.18 Coastal erosion occurred along Egypt's Mediterranean coast before the building of the Aswan dams.
19 Some people predicted that the Aswan dams would cause land loss before they were built.
20 The Aswan dams were built to increase the fertility of the Nile delta.
21 Stanley found that the levels of sediment in the river water in Cairo were relatively high.
22 Sediment in the irrigation canals on the Nile delta causes flooding.
23 Water is pumped from the irrigation canals into the lagoons.
我的答案： 18. YES 19. YES 20. YES 21. YES 22. YES 23. YES
正确答案： 18.YES 19.NOT GIVEN 20.NO 21.YES 22.NOT GIVEN 23.YES
查看解析
18 解析
参考译文：在建造阿斯旺水坝之前，埃及地中海沿岸已经出现了水土流失现象。
定位词：Egypt's Mediterranean
文中对应点 A段：In the past, land scoured away from the coastline by the currents of the Mediterranean Sea used to be replaced by sediment brought down to the delta by the river Nile, ...
这句话中的斜体字部分说明，在过去，尼罗河三角洲在地中海海浪的冲刷下，已经产生了部分的水土流失。scour away from从...冲走
答案 YES
19 解析
参考译文: 有些人在阿斯旺水坝建造之前就曾预言其会造成水土流失。
定位词：before
文中对应点 B段前半部分提到：到目前为止，人们一直在指责埃及南部阿斯旺的两座大坝，认为它们造成了三角洲土地的流失。但是在这里作者并没有提到大坝建设之前是否有人就此进行预测，这是一个典型的完全未提及型的NOT GIVEN。
答案 NOT GIVEN
20 解析
参考译文：建造阿斯旺水坝是为了使尼罗河三角洲变得更加肥沃。
定位词：Nile delta
文中对应点 B段：But when the Aswan dams were constructed ... annual flooding and drought, ...
这句话表明建设大坝的目的并非提高尼罗河三角洲土壤的肥力，而是为了提供电力和灌溉，保护首都开罗及周边地区免受洪涝灾害及早灾。
答案 NO
21 解析
Stanley发现开罗附近尼罗河水中的泥沙含量相对较高。
定位词：Stanley
文中对应点 C段：... noticed that water samples taken in Cairo, ... before the dams were built.
这句话表明，尽管在大坝修建之后，尼罗河水里的泥沙含量有所下降，但是相对而言还是很高的，几乎相当于大坝建设前的一半。所以答案应该选YES。
答案 YES
22 解析
参考译文：尼罗河三角洲灌溉渠道中的泥沙引起了洪水。
定位词：irrigation canals
文中对应点 D段前半部分提到了灌溉渠道，但是并没有说明是否是由于这些渠道里的泥沙而引起了洪水。这又是一道完全未提及型的NOT GIVEN。
答案 NOT GIVEN
23 解析
参考译文：河水被从灌溉渠道里抽进了泻湖。
定位词：lagoons
文中对应点 D段: The sediment sinks to the bottom of the canals and then is added to fields by farmers or pumped with the water into the four large freshwater lagoons...斜体字部分说明泥沙和水一起被从灌溉渠中抽进了泻湖。
答案 YES
Questions 24-26
Complete the summary of paragraphs E and F with the list of wordsA-Hbelow.Write the correct letterA-Hin boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.-
A. artificial floods
-
B. desalination
-
C. delta waterways
-
D. natural floods
-
E. nutrients
-
F. pollutants
-
G. population control
-
H. sediment
In addition to the problem of coastal erosion, there has been a marked increase in the level of 24 contained in the silt deposited in the Nile delta. To deal with this, Stanley suggests the use of 25 in the short term, and increasing the amount of water available through 26 in the longer term.
我的答案： 24. 25. 26.
正确答案： 24.F 25.A 26.B
查看解析
24 解析
定位词：costal erosion/increase
E段:Pollutants are building up faster and faster... “In Manzalah lagoon, for example, the increase in mercury, lead, copper and zinc...” 首先确定这道题目的位置在E段，building up对应summary中的increase.推出尼罗河三角洲的问题不仅是泥沙沉积，还有污染问题。所以答案应该填F pollutants。
25 解析
定位词：Stanley/in the short term
F段: In the immediate future, Stanley believe that one solution would be to make artificial flood... 用Stanley一词将此题定位在F段，随后找到in the short term的对应词in the immediate future. 所以对付污染问题的短期解决方案是artificial floods。答案应该选A。
26 解析
定位词：in the longer term
F段: …that in the long term an alternative process such as desalination... 找到in the long term一词，很容易就可以找到desalination，而随后的have to be
used to increase the amount of water
available.更加证明答案应该是B。
-
-
Part 3
Read the text below and answer questions 27-40.
The Return of Artificial Intelligence
It is becoming acceptable again to talk of computers performing human tasks such as problem-solving and pattern-recognition
AAfter years in the wilderness, the term 'artificial intelligence' (Al) seems poised to make a comeback. Al was big in the 1980s but vanished in the 1990s. It re-entered public consciousness with the release of Al, a movie about a robot boy. This has ignited public debate about Al, but the term is also being used once more within the computer industry. Researchers, executives and marketing people are now using the expression without irony or inverted commas. And it is not always hype. The term is being applied, with some justification, to products that depend on technology that was originally developed by Al researchers. Admittedly, the rehabilitation of the term has a long way to go, and some firms still prefer to avoid using it. But the fact that others are starting to use it again suggests that Al has moved on from being seen as an over- ambitious and under-achieving field of research.
BThe field was launched, and the term 'artificial intelligence' coined, at a conference in 1956 by a group of researchers that included Marvin Minsky, John McCarthy, Herbert Simon and Alan Newell, all of whom went on to become leading figures in the field. The expression provided An attractive but informative name for a research programme that encompassed such previously disparate fields as operations research, cybernetics, logic and computer science. The goal they shared was an attempt to capture or mimic human abilities using machines. That said, different groups of researchers attacked different problems, from speech recognition to chess playing, in different ways; Al unified the field in name only. But it was a term that captured the public imagination.
CMost researchers agree that Al peaked around 1985. A public reared on science-fiction movies and excited by the growing power of computers had high expectations. For years, Al researchers had implied that a breakthrough was just around the corner. Marvin Minsky said in 1967 that within a generation the problem of creating 'artificial intelligence' would be substantially solved. Prototypes of medical-diagnosis programs and speech recognition appeared to be making progress. It proved to be a false dawn. Thinking computers and household robots failed to materialise, and a backlash ensued. 'There was undue optimism in the early 1980s; says David Leake, a researcher at Indiana University. 'Then when people realised these were hard problems, there was retrenchment. By the late 1980s, the term Al was being avoided by many researchers, who opted instead to align themselves with specific sub-disciplines such as neural networks, agent technology, case-based reasoning, and so on.'
DIronically, in some ways Al was a victim of its own success. Whenever an apparently mundane problem was solved, such as building a system that could land an aircraft unattended, the problem was deemed not to have been Al in the first place. 'If it works, it can't be Al' as Dr Leake characterises it. The effect of repeatedly moving the goal-posts in this way was that Al came to refer to 'blue-sky' research that was still years away from commercialisation. Researchers joked that Al stood for 'almost implemented'. Meanwhile, the technologies that made it onto the market, such as speech recognition, language translation and decision-support software, were no longer regarded as Al. Yet all three once fell well within the umbrella of Al research.
EBut the tide may now be turning, according to Dr Leake. HNC Software of San Diego, backed by a government agency, reckon that their new approach to artificial intelligence is the most powerful and promising approach ever discovered. HNC claim that their system, based on a cluster of 30 processors, could be used to spot camouflaged vehicles on a battlefield or extract a voice signal from a noisy background - tasks humans can do well, but computers cannot. 'Whether or not their technology lives up to the claims made for it, the fact that HNC are emphasising the use of Al is itself an interesting development' says Dr Leake.
FAnother factor that may boost the prospects for Al in the near future is that investors are now looking for firms using clever technology, rather than just a clever business model, to differentiate themselves. In particular, the problem of information overload, exacerbated by the growth of e-mail and the explosion in the number of web pages, means there are plenty of opportunities for new technologies to help filter and categorise information - classic Al problems. That may mean that more artificial intelligence companies will start to emerge to meet this challenge.
GThe 1969 film, 2001'A Space Odyssey, featured an intelligent computer called HAL 9000. As well as understanding and speaking English, HAL could play chess and even learned to lipread. HAL thus encapsulated the optimism of the 1960s that intelligent computers would be widespread by 200 I. But 2001 has been and gone, and there is still no sign of a HAL-like computer. Individual systems can play chess or transcribe speech, but a general theory of machine intelligence still remains elusive. It may be, however, that the comparison with HAL no longer seems quite so important, and Al can now be judged by what it can do, rather than by how well it matches up to a 30-year-old science-fiction film. 'People are beginning to realise that there are impressive things that these systems can do' says Dr Leake hopefully.Questions 27-31
Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs,A-G.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letterA-Gin boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.NBYou may use any letter more than once.A B C D E F G 27.how AI might have a military impact 28.the fact that AI brings together a range of separate research areas 29.the reason why AI has become a common topic of conversation again 30.how AI could help deal with difficulties related to the amount of information available electronically 31.where the expression A1 was first used 我的答案： 27. A 28. A 29. A 30. A 31. A
正确答案： 27.E 28.B 29.A 30.F 31.B
查看解析
27 解析
定位词：military
E段：…could be used to spot camouflaged vehicles on a battlefield...
camouflage (伪装)和battlefield (战场)两个词都证明这一段提到了AI的军事用途。
28 解析
定位词：bring together/separate research areas
B段:...research programme that encompassed such previously disparate fields as operations research, cybernetics, logic and computer science,
这个研究领域涵盖了先前几个毫不相关的领域，如工序研究、控制论、逻辑和计算机科学。
29 解析
定位词：reason/common topic/again
A段：After years in the wilderness, the term "artificial intelligence" (AI)seems poised to make a comeback... But the fact that others are starting to use it again suggests that AI has moved on from being seen as an over-ambitious and under- achieving field of research.这一段解释了AI回归的原因。
30 解析
定位词：difficulties/amount/information available electronically
F段: In particular, the problem of information overload, exacerbated ... —classic AI problems.
AI在处理大量信息方面很有帮助。
31 解析
定位词：first
B段: The field was launched, and the term "artificial intelligence" coined, at a conference in 1956 by a group of researchers...
coin的意思是“创造"，证明AI一词是在1956年第一次被创造出来的。
Questions 32-37
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 32-37 on your answer sheet, writeTRUEif the statement agrees with the information given in the text.FALSEif the statement contradicts the information.NOT GIVENif there is no information on this.32 The researchers who launched the field of Al had worked together on other projects in the past.
33 In 1985, AI was at its lowest point.
34 Research into agent technology was more costly than research into neural networks.
35 Applications of AI have already had a degree of success.
36 The problems waiting to be solved by Al have not changed since 1967.
37 The film 2001: A Space Odyssey reflected contemporary ideas about the potential of A1 computers.
我的答案： 32. TRUE 33. TRUE 34. TRUE 35. TRUE 36. TRUE 37. TRUE
正确答案： 32.NOT GIVEN 33.FALSE 34.NOT GIVEN 35.TRUE 36.FALSE 37.TRUE
查看解析
32 解析
参考译文：创建人工智能领域的研究者过去在其他领域也进行过合作。
定位词：researchers/ launch
文中对应点 B段: The field was launched, and the term “artificial intelligence” coined, at a conference in 1956 by a group of researchers... all of whom went on to become leading figures in the field.
这句话仅仅提到了AI这一领域的开创者们后来都成了领军人物，但是并没有提到他们在过去是否进行过合作。这是一道明显的画蛇添足式的NOT GIVEN题目。
答案 NOT GIVEN
33 解析
参考译文：1985年，人工智能跌至谷底。
定位词：1985
对应C段: Most researchers agree that AI peaked around 1985.
peak一词是指达到顶峰，与the lowest point正好相反。
答案 FALSE
34 解析
参考译文：智能主体技术研究比神经网络研究花费更高。
定位词：agent technology/neural networks
对应C段: By the late 1980s, the term AI was being avoided by many researchers, who opted instead to align themselves with specific sub-disciplines such as neural networks, agent technology, case- based reasoning, and so on.
这句话只是简单地提到了神经网络和智能主体技术，并未将两者在花费上作任何比较，显然是一道典型的NOT GIVEN题型。
答案 NOT GIVEN
35 解析
参考译文：人工智能的应用已经取得了一定成功。
定位词：Applications/success
文中对应点 D段: Meanwhile, the technologies ... of AI research.
这句话提出人工智能研究中的三项技术已经取得了一定程度的商业成功。
答案 TRUE
36 解析
参考译文：自1967年以来，急待人工智能解决的问题几乎没有什么变化。
定位词：1967/problems
文中对应点 E段和F段：But the tide may now be turning...Another factor that may boost the prospects for AI in the near future is that...
在这两段中虽然没有直接提到人工智能所面临的问题是否已经变化，但是字里行间都在暗示变化正在产生。人工智能将会被应用到军事、谍报、信息处理等崭新领域。所以题目中提到的一成不变显然是错误的。其实如果我们从常识角度思考，也会知道人工智能技术在近30年里肯定会有所发展，面临的问题也会有很大不同。
答案 FALSE
37 解析
参考译文：影片《2001太空漫游》反映了当时人们对人智能电脑潜力的看法。
定位词：2001: A Space Odyssey
文中对应点 G段：HAL thus encapsulated the optimism of the 1960s that intelligent computers would be widespread by 2001.
encapsulate是“概括” 的意思， contemporary 与1960s对应。HAL集中体现了20世纪60年代的乐观情绪，认为到了2001年，智能计算机将得到广泛应用。
答案 TRUE
Questions 38-40
Choose the correct letterA, B, CorD.Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.38 According to researchers, in the late 1980s there was a feeling that
39 In Dr Leake's opinion, the reputation of AI suffered as a result of
40 The prospects for AI may benefit from
我的答案： 38. A 39. A 40. A
正确答案： 38. B 39. A 40. D
查看解析
38 解析
定位词：late 1980s
题目：根据研究者的话，在80年代末，人们普遍感到：
A.人工智能理论永远不会被发展
B.对人工智能原有的期待也许不会实现
C.大规模应用即将实现
D.功能更强的电脑才是未来进步的关键
文中对应C段A/C/D三个答案不是太绝对，就是和文中叙述相反，只有B反映出了80年代末人们对人工智能的看法。
正确答案: B
39 解析
定位词：Dr. Leake
题目：Leake博士认为，人工智能声誉处于不利地位的原因是：
A.改变的观点
B.不成熟的应用
C.糟糕的项目
D.经济压力
C段:“There was undue optimism in the early 1980s," says David Leake, ... “Then when people realised these were hard problems, there was retrenchment.”
retrenchment是“削减，减去，紧缩”的意思，在这里是指人们对人工智能的乐观态度正在消退。
正确答案: A
40 解析
定位词：prospect
题目：人工智能的前景可以从____中获益。
A.目前已有的应用
B.新的商业模式
C.纯网络公司的订单
D.新的优先投资
F段: Another factor that may ... a clever business model, to differentiate themselves.
C答案过于绝对，应该首先被排除。A答案显然与上文这句话不相符，也应该被排除。而B答案在文中并没有被提到。
正确答案: D