Read the text below and answer questions 1-13.
The megafires of California
Drought, housing expansion, and oversupply of tinder make for bigger, hotter fires in the western United States
Questions 1-6
Characteristics of wildfires and wildfire conditions today compared to the past:
- occurrence: more frequent
- temperature: hotter
- speed: faster
- movement: more unpredictably
- size of fires: greater on average than two decades ago
Reasons wildfires cause more damage today compared to the past:
- rainfall: average
- more brush to act as
- increase in yearly temperature
- extended fire
- more building of in vulnerable places
我的答案： 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
正确答案： 1.spread 2.10 times|ten times 3.below 4.fuel 5.seasons 6.homes|housing
查看解析
定位词：movement, more unpredictably
第一段最后一句：The wildfires themselves, experts say, are generally hotter, faster, and spread more erratically than in the past.解答笔记填空题时，除了阅读空格所在句之外，考生最好也能整体性地快速通读一下整体内容，这样往往能够获得额外提示。比如在做本题时，如果考生只关注空格前后的movement和unpredictably,则一定需要认识原文中erratically这个同义替换词才能顺利定位；而如果通读了整体内容则可知，第1题和第2题都需要寻找描述“现在的野火与过去相比所具有的特征属性"的相关内容,且还有用以举例的几个特点more frequent, hotter 和faster,则可以更加顺利地定位并规避生词难度顺利解题，答案为spread。
定位词：size, two，decades ago
第二段最后一句：Megafires, also called 'siege fires'，are the increasingly frequent blazes that burn 500,000 acres or more- -10 times the size of the average forest fire of 20 years ago.原文中出现了size这个题干词的原词重现和20这个明显数字定位词，定位十分容易，整个句子结构也不难理解，答案为10 times。
定位词：rainfall, average
第三段最后一句：One explanation for the trend to more superhot fires is that the region, which usually has dry summers, has had significantly below normal precipitation in many recent years.此题的同义替换难度比较高，原文中用了precipitation这个不太常见的词替换了题干中的rainfall,而题干中的average也被替换成了normal。不过如前所说，如果对整体题干通读后，则可知此题的定位应当在后面第4题brush之前，也就是答案必定在one explanation这个句子之中。通过分析原文，考生依然有希望在不认识precipitation的情况下顺利解题，答案为below。
定位词：brush, act as
第三段最后一句：The unintentional consequence has been to halt the natural eradication of underbrush, now the primary fuel for megafires. 本题的定位不困难，只需读懂定位句子的大致结构和意思即可得出答案为fuel。
定位词：extended fire
第四段第三句：Second is fire seasons that on average are 78 days longer than they were 20 years ago.解答此题只需考生认识到extended一词与longer than形成了简单同义替换关系即可，答案为seasons。
定位词：More building of
第四段最后一句：Third is increased construction of homes in wooded areas.词题难度也不高，使用了construction与building两词的同意替换，答案为homes。
Questions 7-13
7 The amount of open space in California has diminished over the last ten years.
8 Many experts believe California has made little progress in readying itself to fight fires.
9 Personnel in the past have been criticized for mishandling fire containment.
10 California has replaced a range of firefighting tools.
11 More firefighters have been hired to improve fire-fighting capacity.
12 Citizens and government groups disapproved of the efforts of different states and agencies working together.
13 Randy Jacobs believes that loss of life from fires will continue at the same levels, despite changes made.
我的答案：
正确答案： 7.TRUE 8.FALSE 9.TRUE 10.TRUE 11.NOT GIVEN 12.FALSE 13.FALSE
查看解析
译文：加州的空地在过去十年里减少了。
定位词：open space, diminished, last ten years
In California, where population growth has averaged more than600,000 a year for at least a
decade, more residential housing is being built. What once was open space is now residential homes providing fuel to make fires burn with greater intensity,' says Terry McHale of the California Department of Forestry firefighters' union.
此题的定位有个小小的难点，若是考生只关注open space这个定位词组，则它所在的句子并未提及“过去十年”这样一条解题时同样需要考虑的信息。此处两句原文之间的关系是：过去十年来人口增长导致需要建立更多住房，而住房所需用地又占用了以前是空地的区域，综合两句可知答案为TRUE。
译文：许多专家相信，加州在做好准备应对火灾方面没有做出什么进步。
定位词：experts, little, progress, readying
That said, many experts give California high marks for making progress on preparedness in recent years...killed numerous people.
本句的详细解析请见前文“佳句赏析”，原文内容是许多专家给加州事前准备工作的进步打出了高分，也就是认可其做出的改进，与选项内容相矛盾，答案为FALSE。
译文：救火人员在过去曾被指责对火灾控制工作处理不当。
定位词：Personnel, criticised for mishandling
Stung in the past by criticism of bungling that allowed fires to spread when they might have been contained, personnel are meeting the peculiar challenges of neighborhood- -and canyon-hopping fires better than previously, observers say.
本题的难度之一在于句子很长且有难度，可能会让一部分考生感到费解;之二在于criticism和bungling这两个贬义词认识至少一个，才能更方便地理解文意，否则只好根据句子内部的逻辑关系推导其意思了。救火人员在过去确实遭到了批评，原因也确实为控制火势不当，与题干内容相符，答案为TRUE。
译文：加州已经置换了一批救火工具。
定位词：replaced, fire fighting tools
第八段首句：State promises to provide more up-to-date engines, planes, and helicopters to fight fires have been fulfilled,第九段首句：Besides providing money to, upgrade the fire engines ...to run them
本题对考生理解同义替换词的能力要求略高。原文中两次提及“政府承诺提供更新的救火设备并已兑现了诺言”(第八段首句)，以及“提供资金以升级换代救火机车" (第九段首句)，考生需要做的就是灵活理解题干中replace与原文中的up to date和upgrade皆为表达类似意思的同义替换即可。至于更新的对象，则原文中的机车、飞机和直升机皆为救火工具的具体内容，答案为TRUE。
译文：雇用了更多的消防队员以增加抗火救灾能力。
定位词：More firefighters, improve, fire-fighting capacity
原文中只是提到了设备的更新换代和资金投入的增加,并未提及任何“消防人员"的相关信息，答案为NOT GIVEN。
译文：普通公民和政府成员并不费成不同的州和组织一起协同合作。
定位词：Citizens and government groups, disapprove, working together
第九段最后一句There is a sense among both government officials and residents that the speed, dedication, and coordination of firefighters from several states and jurisdictions are resulting in greater efficiency than in past 'siege fire' situations.
本句的详细解释请见前文“佳句赏析”。原文说政府和居民都感觉到各团体和州政府合作以后效率提高了，显然对此种做法抱赞同态度，与题干内容相矛盾抵触，答案为FALSE。
译文: Randy Jacobs相信，虽然做出了一些改变，但由火灾造成的生命损失还是会保持同样的水平。
定位词：Randy Jacobs
第十段第二句至最后一句：I am extraordinarily impressed by the improvements we have witnessed," says Randy, Jacobs, .... we will no longer suffer the loss of life endured in the past...
原文明确说到这位律师的看法是：虽然火灾造成的破坏在所难免，但他们不会再遭受之前那样的生命损失了，与题干内容相矛盾，答案为FALSE。
Read the text below and answer questions 14-26.
Second nature
Your personality isn't necessarily set in stone. With a little experimentation, people can reshape their temperaments and inject passion, optimism, joy and courage into their lives
Questions 14-18
Psychologists have traditionally believed that a personality was impossible and that by a , a person's character tends to be fixed. This is not true according to positive psychologists, who say that our personal qualities can be seen as habitual behaviour. One of the easiest qualities to acquire is . However, regardless of the quality, it is necessary to learn a wide variety of different in order for a new quality to develop; for example, a person must understand and feel some in order to increase their happiness.
我的答案： 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
正确答案： 14.transformation|change 15.young age 16.optimism 17.skills|techniques 18.negative emotions|feelings
查看解析
题干： Psychologists have traditionally believed that a personality 14 was impossible
定位词： Psychologists have traditionally believed、personality、was impossible
答案句： A段第一句 Psychologists have long held that a person‘s character cannot undergo a transformation in any meaningful way.
翻译： 心理学家长期以来一直认为，一个人的性格无法发生任何有意义的转变。
解析： 题干问传统心理学家认为什么是不可能的。“cannot undergo a transformation” 对应 “a personality transformation was impossible”。答案是 transformation。
同义替换：
cannot undergo a transformation → a personality transformation was impossible
答案： transformation
题干： and that by a 15 , a person‘s character tends to be fixed.
定位词： by a、person’s character tends to be fixed
答案句： A段第一句后半部分 the key traits of personality are determined at a very young age.
翻译： 性格的关键特征在很小的时候就决定了。
解析： 题干问在什么阶段性格就固定了。“at a very young age” 对应 “by a young age”。答案是 young age。注意题目要求 NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS，所以是 young age。
同义替换：
determined at a very young age → by a young age, character tends to be fixed
答案： young age
题干： One of the easiest qualities to acquire is 16 .
定位词： easiest qualities to acquire
答案句： A段最后一句 Some qualities are less challenging to develop than others, optimism being one of them.
翻译： 有些品质比其他品质更容易培养，乐观就是其中之一。
解析： 题干问最容易获得的品质之一是什么。“less challenging to develop” 对应 “easiest to acquire”；“optimism being one of them” 对应 “one of the easiest qualities to acquire is optimism”。答案是 optimism。
同义替换：
less challenging to develop → easiest to acquire
optimism being one of them → one of the easiest qualities to acquire is optimism
答案： optimism
题干： However, regardless of the quality, it is necessary to learn a wide variety of different 17 in order for a new quality to develop
定位词： regardless of the quality、necessary to learn a wide variety of different、in order for a new quality to develop
答案句： A段最后一句 However, developing qualities requires mastering a range of skills which are diverse and sometimes surprising.
翻译： 然而，培养品质需要掌握一系列多样且有时令人惊讶的技能。
解析： 题干问无论什么品质，都需要学习各种各样的什么。“mastering a range of skills” 对应 “learn a wide variety of different skills”。答案是 skills。
同义替换：
mastering a range of skills → learn a wide variety of different skills
答案： skills
题干： for example, a person must understand and feel some 18 in order to increase their happiness.
定位词： for example、understand and feel some、in order to increase their happiness
答案句： A段最后一句 For example, to bring more joy and passion into your life, you must be open to experiencing negative emotions.
翻译： 例如，要给生活带来更多的快乐和激情，你必须对体验负面情绪持开放态度。
解析： 题干问为了增加幸福感，一个人必须理解和感受什么。“open to experiencing negative emotions” 对应 “understand and feel some negative emotions”。答案是 negative emotions。注意题目要求 NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS，所以是 negative emotions。
同义替换：
open to experiencing negative emotions → understand and feel some negative emotions
答案： negative emotions
Questions 19-22
A. Christopher Peterson
B. David Fajgenbaum
C. Suzanne Segerstrom
D. Tanya Streeter
E. Todd Kashdan
F. Kenneth Pedeleose
G. Cynthia Pury
19 People must accept that they do not know much when first trying something new.19
20 It is important for people to actively notice when good things happen.20
21 Courage can be learned once its origins in a sense of responsibility are understood.21
22 it is possible to overcome shyness when faced with the need to speak in public.22
我的答案： 19. 20. 21. 22.
正确答案： 19.E 20.C 21.G 22.A
查看解析
译文：人们必须接受这样一点：当他们刚刚开始尝试某项新事物的时候，所知道的就是不多。
定位词：must accept, do not know much
F段倒数第二句：Psychologist Todd Kashdan has this advice for those people taking up a new passion: 'As a new comer, you also have to tolerate and laugh at your own ignorance.'
本题基本上就是考查考生对两组同义替换词的认知，tolerate 和accept放在上下文中表达的是类似的意思，ignorance 则相当于do not know much,答案为E。
译文：人们要去积极地注意到发生的好事情，这一点很重要。
定位词：actively notice, good things
D 段：Suzanne Segerstrom, professor of psychology at the University of Kentucky, believes that the key to increasing optimism is through cultivating optimistic behaviour, rather than positive thinking. She recommends you train yourself to pay attention to good fortune by writing down three positive things that come about each day. This will help you convince yourself that favourable outcomes actually happen all the time, making it easier to begin taking action.
本题考查考生通读若干个句子并按照它们之间的逻辑关系理解其表达意思的能力。第一句出现了人名Suzanne Segerstrom,但却没有直接提及“人们要注意到好事情”，只是隐晦地说“要开发出乐观行为" ；第二句进一步给出建议，同义地表述了“记录每天发生的三件好事”；如果考生读到此处依然没有获得"明示"，则再向下看一句会更加明显，答案为C。
译文：勇气的源头是责任感，这一点一旦被理解了，人们也就学会了获得勇气。
定位词：courage, responsibility
H段第五句：According to Cynthia Pury, a psychologist at Clemson University, Pedelecose's story proves the point that courage is not motivated by fearlessness, but by moral obligation.
本题有个小陷阱，原文句子中除了Cynthia Pury这个真正的观点外，还提及了Pedelcose这个F选项人名，但细心阅读此句就能发现，Pedcleose的故事只是作为一个例子来说明Pury的观点而已，并非在此发表自己的看法。至于moral obligation和sense of responsibility在文中的近义替换，从单词的角度来说倒是不难，答案为G。
译文：当面对要在公众面前讲话的需要时，害羞感是有可能被克服的。
定位词：overcome, shyness, speak in public
B段：'The evidence is good that most personality traits can be altered,' says Christopher Peterson, professor of psychology at the University of Michigan, who cites himself as an example. Inherently introverted, he realised early on that as an academic, his reticence would prove disastrous in the lecture hall. So he learned to be more outgoing and to entertain his classes. ' Now my extroverted behaviour is spontaneous,' he says.
本题的出题方式与第20题有着相似之处：第一句中出现了人名， 但没有直接提到“克服害羞"或“在公众面前讲话" ；第二句话中提到了introverted和reticence这两个与题干中shyness有同义替换功用的单词，但对于不认识这两个词的考生来说则依然无法定位；到了第三、四句意思才更清晰一些，答案为A。
Questions 23-26
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 23.a mention of how rational thinking enabled someone to achieve physical goals | ||||||||
| 24.an account of how someone overcame a sad experience | ||||||||
| 25.a description of how someone decided to rethink their academic career path | ||||||||
| 26.an example of how someone risked his career out of a sense of duty |
我的答案： 23. 24. 25. 26.
正确答案： 23.E 24.C 25.G 26.H
查看解析
译文：提到了理性思考是如何使得某人达成了身体目标的
定位词：rational thinking, achieve, physical goals
E段：…The physical stamina required for this sport is intense but the psychological demands are even more overwhelming Streeter learned to untangle her fears from her. judgment of what her body and mind could do.
在原文的E段中分别以psychological demands和judgment两个同义替换来表达了题干中的“理性思考”这个概念，但如果离开了上下文，单看这几个单词是很难做出对应的。此种题型本身难度较高，考查考生快速读懂文中每个句子并能准确把握句子之间关联的能力，因此解题的关键还在于平时多多练习，提高快速读懂长难句的能力。
译文：描述了一个人是如何克服一场悲伤经历的
定位词：overcame a sad experience
C段：David Fajgenbaum had to make a similar transition. He was preparing for university, when he had an accident that put an end to his sports career. On campus, he quickly found that beyond ordinary counselling, the university had no services for students who were undergoing physical rehabilitation and suffering from depression like him. He therefore launched a support group to help others in similar situations. He took action despite his own pain --- a typical response of an optimist.
本段中的句子其实单独看都不难，但只看一句无法得出“经历悲哀却又克服”的意思来，需要结合几句才好作答。
译文：描述一个人是如何决定要重新思考自己的学业道路的
定位词：decided to rethink, academic career path
G 段：In 2004, physician-scientist Mauro Zappaterra began his PhD research at Harvard Medical School. Unfortunately, he was miserable as his research wasn't compatible with his curiosity about healing. He finally took a break and during eight months in Santa Fe, Zappaterra learned about alternative healing techniques not taught at Harvard. When. he got back, he switched labs to study how cerebrospinal fluid nourishes the developing nervous system.
Section G的第一自然段即描述一个人对自己的博土生研究感到苦恼、中断学业八个月去别处学习、返回校园后改换实验室的过程，考生需结合这几句的意思得出“重新思考学业发展"这个综述。
译文：举例说明一个人是如何出于责任感而冒着失业的风险
定位词：risked, career, sense of duty
For marketing executive Kenneth Pedeleose, it meant speaking out against something he thought was ethically wrong. ...knowing his own job security would be threatened…, Pedeleose's story proves the point that courage is not motivated by fearlessness, but by moral obligation.
本题是四道题中相对难度较低的，对应的Section H中多次出现risk和sense of duty的同义表述，但此题的位置比较接近文章结尾，又给考生造成了一定麻烦，需从根本上提升阅读的速度。
Read the text below and answer questions 27-40.
When evolution runs backwards
Evolution isn't supposed to run backwards – yet an increasing number of examples show that it does and that it can sometimes represent the future of a species
Questions 27-31
27 When discussing the theory developed by Louis Dollo, the writer says that
28 The humpback whale caught off Vancouver Island is mentioned because of
29 What is said about 'silent genes'?
30 The writer mentions the mole salamander because
31 Which of the following does Wagner claim?
我的答案：
正确答案： 27. C 28. D 29. C 30. B 31. A
查看解析
题目：当讨论Louis Dollo所创立的理论时，
第三段：…a Belgian palaecontologist called Louis Dollo was studying fossil records and coming to the opposite conclusion. In 1890 he proposed that evolution was irreversible: ...Early 20th-centurybiologists came to a similar conclusion, though they qualified it in terms of probability stating that there is no reason why evolution cannot run backwards it is just very unlikely. And so the idea of irreversibility in evolution stuck and came to be known as 'Dollo's law' .
作者认为A项说“它立刻就被命名为Dollo法则”，而原文明确说到此理论是经过另外些生物学家补充说明进行修改后逐步命名的，与此相矛盾。B项说“它支持了进化倒退的可能性”，可是Dollo法则的核心内容即认为“进化是不可倒退的" ,因此此项错误。C项说“它在20世纪初由一些生物学家进行了修改" ,正是本段第三句所说内容，为正确答案。D项说“它是建立在多年研究的基础之上”,这是原文中完全没有提及的内容。
题目：之所以会提到温哥华岛外围捕到的座头鲸是因为
第四段：Yet almost since the idea took root, exception shave been cropping up In 1919, for example, a humpback whale with a pair of leg-like appendages over a metre long, complete with a full set of limb bones, was caught of Vancouver Island in Canada. Explorer Roy Chapman Andrews argued at the time that the whale must be a throwback to a land-living ancestor. 'I can see no other explanation,' he wrote in 1921.
A项说“它身体的尺寸大得非比寻常”，而原文中并未提及座头鲸的身体大小。B项说“它很好地代表了Dollo法则”，但原文意在说明有很多例子可以反驳Dollo法则，座头鯨就是其中之一，与选项内容相矛盾。C项说“它在当地引发了一定量的矛盾看法”，这在原文中并无提及。D项说“对它不同一般的特点给出的原因”,原文中正是在提到座头鲸后由一位探索家给出了自己的看法，是正确选项。
题目：关于“沉默基因"文中说了什么?
第五段最后一句：…If these silent genes are somehow switched back on, they argued, long-lost traits could reappear.
A项说“它们的数量根据物种而有所不同”，但文中并未提及数量。B项说"Raff不同意使用这个术语"，也属于未提及信息。C项说“它们可能导致，些特征的重新出现"，正是原文中意思的简单同义替换，为正确答案。D项说“它们可以有无限的寿命”,这条信息在本段中属于未提及，在下一段文章中则由Raff的团队分析认为它们可以持续存在最高达上千万年的时间，与选项相矛盾。
题目：作者之所以提到钝口螈类是因为
第七段：As a possible example, the team pointed to the mole salamanders of Mexico and California ... In other words, metamorphosis in mole salamanders is an atavism. The salamander example fits with Raff's 10-million-year timeframe.
A项说“它代表了大多数两栖类动物的发展过程”,但本文提及这种生物主要是为了列举其中的例外性成员蝾螈，而非以这个物种来代表所有两栖类，因此不是正确答案;但这个选项具有颇大迷感性，需要考生耐心通读全段才能更准确地选择。B项说“它显示Raff的理论是正确的"，文意确实如此，但从“mole salamanders” 这个定位词出现在第七段开头，直到最后一句话给出定论为止，这个正确选项对考生的耐心读长句能力提出了较高挑战。C项说“它丢失和重新获得了不止一种能力"，这是原文中完全不曾提及的信息。D项说“它的祖先成了被广泛研究的对象”，这也是文中没有提到的信息。
题目：以下哪个是Wagner的宣称?
第八段：…In a paper published last year, biologistGunter Wagner of Yale University… According to his analysis of the Bachia family tree, the toed species re evolved toes from toeless ancestors and, what is more, digit loss and gain has occurred on more than one occasion over tens of millions of years.
A项说“Bachia蜥蜴家族的成员有若干次丢失重新获得了某些特征”，这是正确答案，但与第30题有着类似的难点，即需要考生大范围阅读此段，才可得出结论。B项说“证据显示Bachia蜥蜴的进化是由于环的原因”，这是原文未提及的信息。C项说“他对南美蜥蝎的研究支持了Raff的点”,但本段中列举Wagner的研究成果恰恰对Raff的时间框架理论提出反例，这与选项内相矛盾。D项说“他的发现将适用于南美蜥蝎的其他种”，这也是原文中未曾提及的信息。
Questions 32-36
A. the question of how certain long-lost traits could reappear.
B. the occurrence of a particular feature in different species.
C. parallels drawn between behaviour and appearance.
D. the continued existence of certain genetic information.
E. the doubts felt about evolutionary throwbacks.
F. the possibility of evolution being reversible.
G. Dollo's findings and the convictions held by Lombroso.
32 For a long time biologists rejected 32
33 Opposing views on evolutionary throwbacks are represented by33
34 Examples of evolutionary throwbacks have led to34
35 The shark and killer whale are mentioned to exemplify35
36 One explanation for the findings of Wagner's research is36
我的答案： 32. 33. 34. 35. 36.
正确答案： 32.F 33.G 34.A 35.B 36.D
查看解析
译文：很长时间以来生物学家都抗拒
第一段：For the better part of a century, most biologists have been reluctant to use those words, mindful of a principle of evolution that says 'evolution cannot run backwards'.
本题的定位靠前，理解难度也不高，唯一可能对考生解题构成一定障碍的就是reluctant与reject二者之间的同义替换。正确答案为选项F: the possibility of evolution being reversible.“进化可以倒退的可能性”。
译文：关于进化倒退现象的两种相反观点其代表为
第三段：While Lombroso was measuring criminals, a Belgjan palacontologist called Louis Dollo was studying fossil records and coming to the opposite conclusion.
要顺利解答此题，考生最好按照原文行文顺序逐句理解其大意，则可知关于“进化倒退现象是否可能”这个议题存在着两种彼此相反的观点，而其代表者分别为Lombroso和Dollo,答案为选项G: Dollo's findings and the convictions held by Lombroso. "Dollo 的研究发现和Lombroso所持有的观念”
译文：进化倒退现象的例子导致了
第五段：Since then, so many other examples have been discovered that it no longer makes sense to say that evolution is as good as irreversible. And this poses a puzzle: how can characteristics that disappeared millions of years ago suddenly reappear?
本题的定位距离上一题较远，对考生连读几句掌握其大意的能力要求也比较高。由于有了众多进化倒退的例证，就导致接下来的问题的提出，即正确选项A：the question of how certain long-lost traits could reappear.“某些消失已久的特征如何可以重新出现的问题”。
译文：鯊鱼和虎鲸之所以被提到是为了例证
第九段：One possibility is that these traits are lost and then simply reappear, in much the same way that similar structures can independently arise in unrelated species, such as the dorsal fins of sharks and killer whales.
此题的定位并不困难，读懂sharks和killer whale 这两个定位词所在的句子即可解答。正确选项为B: the occurrence of a particular feature in different species.“某个特征在不同物种身上的同时出现”。
译文：对于Wagner研究发现的解释之一是
第八段：n a paper published last year, biologist Gunter Wagner of Yale University reported. The simplest explanation is that the toed lineages never lost their toes …此题的位置虽然与上一题定位逆序，但胜在有Wagner这个大写专有名词。真正的挑战来自于对定位段中连续几个长句子的准确阅读和理解，在Wagner发表了其研究发现后，对此的解释之一是有趾蜥蜴从未丢失过其爪趾，也就是负责此特征的基因信息没有改变过。正确选项为D: the continued existence of certain genetic information.“ 某些基因信息的持续存在”。
Questions 37-40
37 Wagner was the first person to do research on South American lizards.
38 Wagner believes that Bachia lizards with toes had toeless ancestors.
39 The temporary occurrence of long-lost traits in embryos is rare.
40 Evolutionary throwbacks might be caused by developmental problems in the womb.
我的答案：
正确答案： 37.NOT GIVEN 38.YES 39.NO 40.YES
查看解析
译文: Wagner是对南美蜥蝎进行研究的第一人。
定位词：Wagner, first person, South American lizards
第八段：In a paper published last year, biologist Gunter Wagner of Yale University reported some work on the evolutionary history of a group of South American lizards called Bachia ...文章只引用了Wagner的论文结果，并未提及他是否是第一个在此领城进行研究的人，因此答案为NOT GIVEN。
译文: Wagner相信有趾的Bachia蜥蜴有着无趾的祖先。
定位词：Wagner, Bachia lizards, toeless ancestors
第八段：According to his analysis of the Bachia family tree, the toed species re-evolved toes from toeless ancestors and...本题的定位不难，对同义替换的理解也不难，答案为YES。
译文：胚胎中那些消失已久特征的暂时出现是很稀少的现象。
定位词：long-lost traits, embryos
第十段：But if silent genes degrade withir6 to 10 million years, how can long-lost traits be reactivated over longer timescales? The answer may lie in the womb. Early embryos of many species develop ancestral features.要做对此题并不需要考生具备很大的词汇量，像womb“子宫”和embryo“胚胎”这样的略生僻词汇即使都不认识也不影响解题。但此题需要考生对细节信息的关注到位，原文说“许多物种的早期胚胎都发畏出过祖先的特征”，此现象属于普遍而非少见，与题干信息相矛盾，因此答案为NO。
译文：进化返祖现象也许是由子官中的发育问题所引起的。
定位词：Caused by, developmental problems, womb
第十段：Later in development these caused by, features disappear thanks to developmental programs that problems, say "lose the leg'; If for any reason this does not happen, the ancestral feature may not disappear, leading to an atavism.
此题的定位紧跟上一题，不难寻找，但需要考生对这几句话之间的逻辑联系有比较到位的理解，答案为YES。
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