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Part 1
Read the text below and answer questions 1-13.
Why pagodas don’t fall down
In a land swept by typhoons and shaken by earthquakes, how have Japan's tallest and seemingly flimsiest old buildings - 500 or so wooden pagodas - remained standing for centuries? Records show that only two have collapsed during the past 1400 years. Those that have disappeared were destroyed by fire as a result of lightning or civil war. The disastrous Hanshin earthquake in 1995 killed 6,400 people, toppled elevated highways, flattened office blocks and devastated the port area of Kobe. Yet it left the magnificent five-storey pagoda at the Toji temple in nearby Kyoto unscathed, though it levelled a number of buildings in the neighbourhood.
Japanese scholars have been mystified for ages about why these tall, slender buildings are so stable. It was only thirty years ago that the building industry felt confident enough to erect office blocks of steel and reinforced concrete that had more than a dozen floors. With its special shock absorbers to dampen the effect of sudden sideways movements from an earthquake, the thirty-six-storey Kasumigaseki building in central Tokyo - Japan's first skyscraper - was considered a masterpiece of modern engineering when it was built in 1968.
Yet in 826, with only pegs and wedges to keep his wooden structure upright, the master builder Kobodaishi had no hesitation in sending his majestic Toji pagoda soaring fifty-five metres into the sky - nearly half as high as the Kasumigaseki skyscraper built some eleven centuries later. Clearly, Japanese carpenters of the day knew a few tricks about allowing a building to sway and settle itself rather than fight nature's forces. But what sort of tricks?
The multi-storey pagoda came to Japan from China in the sixth century. As in China, they were first introduced with Buddhism and were attached to important temples. The Chinese built their pagodas in brick or stone, with inner staircases, and used them in later centuries mainly as watchtowers. When the pagoda reached Japan, however, its architecture was freely adapted to local conditions - they were built less high, typically five rather than nine storeys, made mainly of wood and the staircase was dispensed with because the Japanese pagoda did not have any practical use but became more of an art object. Because of the typhoons that batter Japan in the summer, Japanese builders learned to extend the eaves of buildings further beyond the walls. This prevents rainwater gushing down the walls. Pagodas in China and Korea have nothing like the overhang that is found on pagodas in Japan.
The roof of a Japanese temple building can be made to overhang the sides of the structure by fifty per cent or more of the building's overall width. For the same reason, the builders of Japanese pagodas seem to have further increased their weight by choosing to cover these extended eaves not with the porcelain tiles of many Chinese pagodas but with much heavier earthenware tiles.
But this does not totally explain the great resilience of Japanese pagodas. Is the answer that, like a tall pine tree, the Japanese pagoda - with its massive trunk-like central pillar known as shinbashira - simply flexes and sways during a typhoon or earthquake? For centuries, many thought so. But the answer is not so simple because the startling thing is that the shinbashira actually carries no load at all. In fact, in some pagoda designs, it does not even rest on the ground, but is suspended from the top of the pagoda - hanging loosely down through the middle of the building. The weight of the building is supported entirely by twelve outer and four inner columns.
And what is the role of the shinbashira, the central pillar? The best way to understand the shinbashira's role is to watch a video made by Shuzo Ishida, a structural engineer at Kyoto Institute of Technology. Mr Ishida, known to his students as 'Professor Pagoda' because of his passion to understand the pagoda, has built a series of models and tested them on a 'shake- table' in his laboratory. In short, the shinbashira was acting like an enormous stationary pendulum. The ancient craftsmen, apparently without the assistance of very advanced mathematics, seemed to grasp the principles that were, more than a thousand years later, applied in the construction of Japan's first skyscraper. What those early craftsmen had found by trial and error was that under pressure a pagoda's loose stack of floors could be made to slither to and fro independent of one another. Viewed from the side, the pagoda seemed to be doing a snake dance - with each consecutive floor moving in the opposite direction to its neighbours above and below. The shinbashira, running up through a hole in the centre of the building, constrained individual storeys from moving too far because, after moving a certain distance, they banged into it, transmitting energy away along the column.
Another strange feature of the Japanese pagoda is that, because the building tapers, with each successive floor plan being smaller than the one below, none of the vertical pillars that carry the weight of the building is connected to its corresponding pillar above. In other words, a five- storey pagoda contains not even one pillar that travels right up through the building to carry the structural loads from the top to the bottom. More surprising is the fact that the individual storeys of a Japanese pagoda, unlike their counterparts elsewhere, are not actually connected to each other. They are simply stacked one on top of another like a pile of hats. Interestingly, such a design would not be permitted under current Japanese building regulations.
And the extra-wide eaves? Think of them as a tightrope walker's balancing pole. The bigger the mass at each end of the pole, the easier it is for the tightrope walker to maintain his or her balance. The same holds true for a pagoda. 'With the eaves extending out on all sides like balancing poles,' says Mr Ishida, 'the building responds to even the most powerful jolt of an earthquake with a graceful swaying, never an abrupt shaking.' Here again, Japanese master builders of a thousand years ago anticipated concepts of modern structural engineering.Questions 1-4
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, writeYESif the statement agrees with the claims of the writer.NOif the statement contradicts the claims of the writer.NOT GIVENif it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.1 Only two Japanese pagodas have collapsed in 1400 years.
2 The Hanshin earthquake of 1995 destroyed the pagoda at the Toji temple.
3 The other buildings near the Toji pagoda had been built in the last 30 years.
4 The builders of pagodas knew how to absorb some of the power produced by severe weather conditions.
我的答案：
正确答案： 1.YES 2.NO 3.NOT GIVEN 4.YES
查看解析
1 解析
参考译文： 一千四百年来，仅有两座日本宝塔倒塌。
定位词：1400 years
对应第一段第二句：Records shows that only two have collapsed during the last 1400years.有记录显示，在过去1400年间，只有两座倒塌了。
这道题是全文的第一道题，考生做题精神饱满，心情愉悦，应该不会想到要求助于什么技巧（比如题干中有only，就认为是FALSE），找到原文对应处就可以了。使用1400 years定位到第一段第二句，该句表明1400年间只有两座日本宝塔倒塌，形同白送分，考生要抓住这样容易得分的机会。
答案 YES
2 解析
参考译文： 1995年，阪神地震摧毁了东寺里的宝塔。
定位词： 1995，Toji temple
文中对应点 第一段最后一句：Yet it left the magnificent five-storey pagoda at the Toji temple in nearby Kyoto unscathed, though it levelled a number of buildings in the neighbourhood.尽管大地震将京都附近东寺周围的大量建筑夷为平地，可寺里宏伟的五层宝塔却完好无损。本题的考点在于要将原文中的leave…unscathed同题干中的destroy对立起来。unscathed指“没有负伤的，未受损伤的"，这样就与题干中的destroy(毁坏)相抵触。有的考生词汇量偏小，不认识unscathed，但可以通过前面的left一词感觉出来five-storey pagoda at the Toji temple是被留下来了，留下来就没有被摧毁，歪打正着选答案NO。
leave可以表示使处于某种状态，例如：
Fear left her lips stiff.恐惧使她张口结舌。
Leave the future to take care of itself未来就顺其自然吧。
答案 NO
3 解析
参考译文：东寺宝塔周围的其他建筑是在过去三十年间建成的。
定位词：30 years
文中对应点 第二段第二句: It was only thirty years ago that the building industry felt confident enough to erect office blocks of steel and reinforced concrete that had more than a dozen floors. 仅仅在30年前，建筑界的从业者们才有足够信心建造高于十二层的钢筋混凝土办公大楼。这句话与此题的唯一联系就是这个thirty years，抛开这一点，两者简直是牛头不对马嘴。即使读完全段，也未见题干中所表达的意思，而且the other buildings near the Toji pagoda的勉强对等成分也出现在第一段a number of buildings in the neighbourhood。一道题目的主要成分零散在文中数段，这就是典型的形散神必散型的NOT GIVEN。
答案 NOT GIVEN
4 解析
参考译文： 日本宝塔的建造者们懂得如何消除极端天气条件所造成的破坏。
定位词： builders, weather
对应第三段第二句：Clearly, Japanese carpenters of the day knew a few tricks about allowing abuilding to sway and settle itself rather than fight nature's force.显而易见，当时的日本木匠懂得一些窍门让建筑物可以顺风摇摆，不与自然力量对抗,而是顺应自然，从而稳稳矗立。这是一道词语替换幅度较大的题目，基本要靠意译来对应。题干中的absorb本指“吸收"，所谓吸收极端天气的能量，其实就是为了免遭极端天气如地震等的破坏。文中提到allow a building to sway and settle itself rather than fight nature's force, nature's force其实就是题干中的the power produced by severe weather conditions, absorb对 应rather than fight，不抵抗自然之力，而是顺其自然,通过摇摆而稳稳站立住了。
答案 YES
Questions 5-10
Classify the following as typical ofWrite the correct letter,A, BorC, in boxes 5-10 on your answer sheet.-
A. both Chinese and Japanese pagodas
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B. only Chinese pagodas
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C. only Japanese pagodas
5 easy interior access to top5
6 tiles on eaves6
7 use as observation post7
8 size of eaves up to half the width of the building8
9 original religious purpose9
10 floors fitting loosely over each other10
我的答案： 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
正确答案： 5.B 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.C
查看解析
5 解析
定位词：interior access to top
第四段第三、四句：The Chinese built their pagodas in brick or stone, with inner stair cases... When the pagoda reached Japan…the staircase was dispensed with because the Japanese pagoda did not have any practical use. 中国人用砖石造塔，内设楼梯……当宝塔到达日本，日本人加以改进，楼梯被弃用了……
很明显，只有中国的塔有楼梯，也就能方便地到达顶层；日本宝塔没有楼梯，谈何容易到达顶层呢? staircase 楼梯，引申一下，就是中国宝塔的特点就是人们很容易就能登上塔顶。所以答案为B。
关键词组：be dispensed with弃用，不再拥有
例如:：I think we will soon see juries dispensed with in criminal.我想我们不久就会看到在刑事审理中不再使用陪审团。
6 解析
定位词：tiles on eaves
用tile一词定位到第五段第二句：For the same reason, the builders of Japanese pagodas seem to have further increased their weight by choosing to cover these extended eaves not with the porcelain tiles of many Chinese pagodas but with much heavier earthenware tiles.出于同样的原因，日本宝塔的建造者们通过采用较重的陶瓦来覆盖这些延伸的屋檐从而大量增加自身的重量，而不像许多中国宝塔那样采用瓷瓦。这句话表明不管是日本塔还是中国塔，屋檐上当然都盖着瓦，只是所用的瓦材质不同而已。所以答案是A。
7 解析
定位词：observation post
第四段第三、四句：The Chinese used them in later centuries mainly as watchtowers. When the pagoda reached Japan, ... staircase was dispensed with because the Japanese pagoda did not have any practical use but became more of an art object.中国人……后来这些宝塔就主要用作守望塔。然而当这些宝塔传人日本时，……日本宝塔没有什么实用性，更多是当作艺术品，所以没有楼梯。
中国人将塔用作守望塔, watchtower就等同于observation post，而日本人仅仅将塔作为艺术品来看待，并无实际用途，当然不会当守望塔用。答案当然是B。
语言点：more of更大程度上
例如：he is more of a poet than a musician.与其说他是个音乐家,还不如说他是个诗人。
8 解析
定位词：eave，half the width of the building
利用题目中的half一词可以找到文中第五段出现的fifty per cent,然后细读该句。The roof of a Japanese temple building can be made 10 overhang the sides of the structure by fifty per cent or more of the building's overall width.联系上一段最后一句：Pagodas in China and Korea have nothing like the overhang that is found on pagodas in Japan.两句综合在一起，表明只有日本宝塔有悬空的屋檐，而且日本寺庙建筑的屋檐悬于建筑物的侧面之外部分的宽度可以达到建筑物总宽的一半或更多。因此屋檐宽度超过建筑物宽度一半的当然只有日本宝塔了。所以答案是C。
9 解析
定位词：religious
第四段第二句：As in China, they were first introduced with Buddhism…像在中国一样，它们最初是随着佛教而被引进的……Buddhism佛教，对应题干的religious as in China中的as表示“正如”，证明日本塔和中国塔都有宗教功能。所以答案是A。
10 解析
定位词：floors，loosely over each other
这道题很难定位，因为此大题大多数题目的答案都出现在第四、五段。考生在第四、五段寻找floors和loosely这样的定位词，却没有找到；直到第六段的倒数第三行，才发现loosely 一词，但是辨别之后发现与本题无关。继续扫读，一直到第八段another strange feature of Japanese pagoda，提醒考生此段将讲到日本塔另一个与众不同之处，也就是日本塔所特有的。向下寻找，有这样的句子：
More surprising is fact that the individual storeys of a Japanese pagoda, unlike their counterparts elsewhere, are not actually connected to each other. They are simply stacked one on top of another like a pile of hats. 更令人惊讶的是8本宝塔的每一个单独楼层间实际上都不相连，这一点不同于其他任何地方的同类建筑。它们就像一摞帽子一样只是被层一层地叠加起来。
unlike their counterparts再次强调这是8本塔所特有的，stack对应fitting帽子的比喻表明楼层之间是松散地建造在一起的。所以答案为C。
Questions 11-13
Choose the correct letterA, B, CorD.Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.11 In a Japanese pagoda, the shinbashira
12 Shuzo Ishida performs experiments in order to
13 The storeys of a Japanese pagoda are
我的答案：
正确答案： 11. D 12. C 13. C
查看解析
11 解析
定位词：shinbashira
题目：日本宝塔中的shinbashira
A承担着整个建筑的重量。 C将楼层与地基相连。
B在压力下可以像树一样弯曲。 D防止楼层移得太远。
对应第六、第七段。第六段第四句：shinbashira actually carries no load at all这句话直接否定了答案A。
第五句：In fact, it does not even rest on the ground...甚至不碰触地面)，既然不碰触地面，也就无法连接楼层和地基了。答案C不可能。like a tall pine tee出现在第六段第二句，但是很快被作者用but the answer is not so simple给否定掉了，再说B答案又是对这一句话的添油加醋，所以也不可能是答案。这样，即使只用排除法，也可以确定答案是D。
当然，文中也有对应点。第比段最后一句: The shinbashira, constrained individual storeys from moving too far…
12 解析
定位词：Shuzo Ishida
题目：Shuzo Ishida进行实验是为了
A改进摩天大楼的设计。 C了解宝塔的力学原理。
B在压力下可以像树一样弯曲。 D理解古代数学。
对应点：第七段
在这一段找到宝塔教授Shuzo Ishida，接着找到his passion to understand the pagoda, has built a series of...明确指出教授做实验是为了了解日本宝塔，接下来讲述了他实验的结果，人们终于知道shinbashira的构造和工作原理了。根据文章对shinbashira描述，知道人们一直认为其承担了宝塔的重量，也就是C所指的力学，教授做实验也是为了验证这一说法，这就对应了选项C。
混淆项A并未被提及，B初看上去就十分不靠谱，而D纯粹是节外生枝型的选项，文章的确提到数学，指的是古代的工匠们未得到十分先进的数学的辅助，和宝塔教授的研究毫无关系。
13 解析
定位词：storey
题目：日本宝塔的各个楼层是
A仅用本头连接的。 C松松地彼此堆叠在一起。
B仅仅固定在中柱上。 D由特殊的重物相连。
文中对应点: 第八段第三、四句：More surprising is fact that the individual storeys of a Japanese pagoda, unlike their counterparts elsewhere, are not actually connected to each other. They are simply stacked one on top of another like a pile of hats. 更令人惊讶的是日本宝塔的每一个单独楼层间实际上都不相连，这一点不同于其他任何地方的同类建筑。它们就像一摞帽子一样只是被一层一层地叠加起来。这个考点实际上和第10题的考点是重合的。所以答案为C。
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Part 2
Read the text below and answer questions 14-26.
The True Cost Of Food
AFor more than forty years the cost of food has been rising. It has now reached a point where a growing number of people believe that it is far too high, and that bringing it down will be one of the great challenges of the twenty first century. That cost, however, is not in immediate cash. In the west at least, most food is now far cheaper to buy in relative terms than it was in 1960. The cost is in the collateral damage of the very methods of food production that have made the food cheaper: in the pollution of water, the enervation of soil, the destruction of wildlife, the harm to animal welfare and the threat to human health caused by modern industrial agriculture.
BFirst mechanisation, then mass use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides, then monocultures, then battery rearing of livestock, and now genetic engineering - the onward march of intensive farming has seemed unstoppable in the last half-century, as the yields of produce have soared. But the damage it has caused has been colossal. In Britain, for example, many of our best-loved farmland birds, such as the skylark, the grey partridge, the lapwing and the corn bunting, have vanished from huge stretches of countryside, as have even more wild flowers and insects. This is a direct result of the way we have produced our food in the last four decades. Thousands of miles of hedgerows, thousands of ponds, have disappeared from the landscape. The faecal filth of salmon farming has driven wild salmon from many of the sea lochs and rivers of Scotland. Natural soil fertility is dropping in many areas because of continuous industrial fertiliser and pesticide use, while the growth of algae is increasing in lakes because of the fertiliser run-off.
CPut it all together and it looks like a battlefield, but consumers rarely make the connection at the dinner table. That is mainly because the costs of all this damage are what economists refer to as externalities: they are outside the main transaction, which is for example producing and selling a field of wheat, and are borne directly by neither producers nor consumers. To many, the costs may not even appear to be financial at all, but merely aesthetic - a terrible shame, but nothing to do with money. And anyway they, as consumers of food, certainly aren't paying for it, are they?
DBut the costs to society can actually be quantified and, when added up, can amount to staggering sums. A remarkable exercise in doing this has been carried out by one of the world's leading thinkers on the future of agriculture, Professor Jules Pretty, Director of the Centre for Environment and Society at the University of Essex. Professor Pretty and his colleagues calculated the externalities of British agriculture for one particular year. They added up the costs of repairing the damage it caused, and came up with a total figure of ￡2,343m. This is equivalent to ￡208 for every hectare of arable land and permanent pasture, almost as much again as the total government and EU spend on British farming in that year. And according to Professor Pretty, it was a conservative estimate.
EThe costs included: ￡120m for removal of pesticides; ￡16m for removal of nitrates; ￡55m for removal of phosphates and soil; ￡23m for the removal of the bug cryptosporidium from drinking water by water companies; ￡125m for damage to wildlife habitats, hedgerows and dry stone walls; ￡1,113m from emissions of gases likely to contribute to climate change; ￡106m from soil erosion and organic carbon losses; ￡169m from food poisoning; and ￡607m from cattle disease. Professor Pretty draws a simple but memorable conclusion from all this: our food bills are actually threefold. We are paying for our supposedly cheaper food in three separate ways: once over the counter, secondly through our taxes, which provide the enormous subsidies propping up modern intensive farming, and thirdly to clean up the mess that modern farming leaves behind.
FSo can the true cost of food be brought down? Breaking away from industrial agriculture as the solution to hunger may be very hard for some countries, but in Britain, where the immediate need to supply food is less urgent, and the costs and the damage of intensive farming have been clearly seen, it may be more feasible. The government needs to create sustainable, competitive and diverse farming and food sectors, which will contribute to a thriving and sustainable rural economy, and advance environmental, economic, health, and animal welfare goals.
GBut if industrial agriculture is to be replaced, what is a viable alternative? Professor Pretty feels that organic farming would be too big a jump in thinking and in practices for many farmers. Furthermore, the price premium would put the produce out of reach of many poorer consumers. He is recommending the immediate introduction of a 'Greener Food Standard', which would push the market towards more sustainable environmental practices than the current norm, while not requiring the full commitment to organic production. Such a standard would comprise agreed practices for different kinds of farming, covering agrochemical use, soil health, land management, water and energy use, food safety and animal health. It could go a long way, he says, to shifting consumers as well as farmers towards a more sustainable system of agriculture.Questions 14-17
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs,A-G.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letterA-Gin boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.NBYou may use any letter more than once.A B C D E F G 14.a cost involved in purifying domestic water 15.the stages in the development of the farming industry 16.the term used to describe hidden costs 17.one effect of chemicals on water sources 我的答案： 14. 15. 16. 17.
正确答案： 14.E 15.B 16.C 17.B
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14 解析
定位词：cost/purifying domestic water ￡23m for the removal of the bug cryptosporidium from drinking water by water companies 解这道题的窍门是首先在题干上发现cost词，可以推测出这一段一定会大谈金钱。这样只要到文中寻找钱的符号集中出现的段落就可以了，很容易就找到了E段，接着在E段第二、三行找到对应语句，选出答案。
15 解析
定位词：strange /farming industry First mechanisation, then mass use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides, then monocultures…
此题解题窍门是要了解题干中的stages在文中的体现。这个信息表明该段会讲工业化农业的发展阶段。复数表明不止一个阶段，既然是发展那么就会有时间标志词出现。当考生扫读完A段到达B段的时候，就会发现fist一词，接着会发现then，第二个then，第三个then，最后找到now。尽管stage一词并没有出现，但是mechanisation, mass use of chemical fertilisers, monocultures, battery rearing of livestock和genetic engineering都是农业发展的具体体现，考生不难看出这个题对应的是B段。
16 解析
定位词：term/hidden costs externalities…outside the maintransaction...
To many, the costs may not even appear to be financial... 此题解题的关键字是term(术语)，顾名思义，术语就是学科专家们用来描述某件事物的专广用语。根据题干可知，此处被描述的事物为costs(代价，损失)，描述者显然是这一方面的专家，即economists(经济学专家)，结合这两点可以锁定C段中的文字：…the costs of all this damage are what economists refer to as externalities，由此可分析出这个术语便指的是externalities (外部经济效应)，作者紧接着在后面解释了这些代价被称为外部经济效应的原因，即它们不在主要交易过程之中，如生产或是出售一块地里的小麦，同时它们也不是由生产者和消费者直接来承担的。hidden一词在文中没有出现，但是从上面的文字中不难看出来，那些代价或损失不是人们所能直接看到的，是隐蔽的。所以答案是C段。
17 解析
定位词：effect/chemicals water sources the growth of algae is increasing in lakes because of the fertiliser run-off
此题如果按照常规解法，是按照题F中的chemicals找到文章首次讲到化肥对水资源污染的地方。首先在B段中部会发现but the damage it has caused，了解到文章开始讲工业化农业的影响了，damage与effect含义等同，接着找下去，在B段倒数第一行找到；the growth of algae is increasing in lakes because of the fertiliser run-off, fertiliser run-off指的是化肥的渗出(化肥当中所含的各种化学元素，在流人河川之后，会造成水中藻类的大量增生)，lakes对应水源，故答案是B段。
Questions 18-21
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet, writeYESif the statement agrees with the claims of the writer.NOif the statement contradicts the claims of the writer.NOT GIVENif it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.18 Several species of wildlife in the British countryside are declining.
19 The taste of food has deteriorated in recent years.
20 The financial costs of environmental damage are widely recognised.
21 One of the costs calculated by Professor Pretty was illness caused by food.
我的答案：
正确答案： 18.YES 19.NOT GIVEN 20.NO 21.YES
查看解析
18 解析
参考译文 ：英国乡村的数种野生动植物数量在下降。
定位词 ：British countryside
文中对应点 B段第五行：In Britain, for example, many of our best-loved farmland birds, such as the skylark, the grey partridge, the lapwing and the com bunting, have vanished from huge stretches of countryside, as have even more wild flowers and insects.
例如，在英国，许多深受人们喜爱的农田鸟类，比如云雀、灰山鹑、麦鸡和黍鹀，还有更多的野花和昆虫，都已经从乡村大片的土地上消失了。
先利用Britain将此题定位到文章B段，接着找到上面这句话，考生可以看出有一些鸟类、野花和昆虫都已经消失了，不同的几个物种都在面临着消失的尴尬境地。由此可以推知，英国乡下野生物种的数量的确是在下降。vanish虽然不能够和declining直接等同，但是两者所表达的本意都是相同的，都是指物种的减少，故此题答案应该选YES。
答案 YES
19 解析
参考译文 近年来食物的味道变糟了。
定位词 ：taste/food
文中对应点 此题的解题关键还是要依循顺序原则，此题答案应该在上一题之后，20题之前。也就是说此题应该位于B段后半段，在刚才的MATCHING题目当中，考生已经比较详细通读过这个部分，不仅没有发现哪句话提到食物味道变糟糕，甚至连food一词都没有看到，因此已经可以判断这是个完全没有被提及的NOT GIVEN题。但是假如有的考生担心的话，可以再通读一下文章，有的段落里尽管有food一词，但是却跟味道毫无关系，所以可以完全确定这个题目选NOT GIVEN。
答案 NOT GIVEN
20 解析
参考译文：环境破坏背后的经济代价已经广为人知
定位词 ：financial costs
对应C段：Put it all together and it looks like a battlefield, but consumers rarely make the connection at the dinner table. ...to many, the costs may not even appear to be financial at all, but merely aesthetic—a terrible shame, but nothing to do with money.
读到这里，领悟力强的考生已经知道答案是NO了。由以上C段中的内容可知，虽然我们的土地已经被工业化农业破坏得像个战场般满目疮痍，但消费者在吃饭的时候却很少能联想到这些，更别说将这些破环用金钱来衡量了。由此可推知，人们还没有广泛地认识到环境破坏所带来的经济代价。文中的rarely和To many…not…与题干中的widely相互矛盾，由此可知答案是NO。
答案 NO
21 解析
参考译文：Pretty教授所计算出的代价之一是由食物引发的疾病。
定位词：Professor Pretty, illness
对应E段：…￡169m from food poisoning; ...
food poisoning指食物中毒，在用Professor Pretty的名字定位到E段之后，考生会发现这一段在列举农业的隐形开销，只要找到illness caused by food的对应成分food poisoning就可以了。Pretty教授的确计算了因食物引起的疾病就医的花销。
答案 YES
Questions 22-26
Complete the summary below.ChooseNO MORE THAN THREE WORDSfrom the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.Professor Pretty concludes that our are higher than most people realise, because we make three different types of payment. He feels it is realistic to suggest that Britain should reduce its reliance on .
Although most farmers would be unable to adapt to Professor Pretty wants the government to initiate change by establishing what he refers to as a He feels this would help to change the attitudes of both .我的答案： 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.
正确答案： 22.food bills|food costs 23.modern intensive farming|intensive farming 24.organic farming 25.Greener Food Standard 26.farmers and consumers|consumers and farmers
查看解析
22 解析
定位：Professor/Pretty/concludes/higher
Professor Pretty draws a simple but memorable conclusion from all this: our food bills are actually threefold. We are paying for our supposedly cheaper food in three separate ways…
题目翻译为：Pretty教授下了结论，我们的22...比大多数人意识到的更高因为我们在为三种不同的款项买单。
根据空前的our确定空中要填名同，后面的形容词是higher。higher可以对应文章中的threefold(三倍); because we make three different types of payment也可以和threefold相对应。这道题目很容易填上答案food bills,但注意不要填成单数。
23 解析
定位：Britain /reduced its reliance on
Breaking away from industrial agriculture as the solution to hunger may be very hard for some countries, but in Britain, where the immediate need to supply food is less urgent, and the costs and the damage of intensive farming have been clearly seen, it may be more feasible.
题目翻译为：教授认为建议英国减少其对23…的依赖是现实的。
空前有介词on，证明空中要填名词。原文中作者说对于一些国家来说，摆脱工业化农业生产方式的同时也解决饥饿问题是件很困难的事情，但在英国，对粮食的需求并非如此紧迫，并且现代化的密集型农业所耗费的成本和造成的损失清晰可见，放弃现代化农业是可行的。言外之意就是说英国现在太依赖intensive farming了 ，而要放弃intensive farming是可行的。所以空中应该填写: intensive farming。
24 解析
24&25
定位：farmers/Pretty/government/change/a
Professor Pretty feels that organic farming would be too big a jump in thinking and in practices for many farmers... He is recommending the immediate introduction of a “Greener Food Standard”…
题目翻译为：尽管大多数农民都适应不了24..., Pretty教授还是希望政府通过建立他所谓的25...来开始改变。
通过24和25空前方的to(在此作介词)和a判断出来两个空要填名词，而且25题很可能填上专有名词。原文中的organic farming would be too big a jump in thinking and in practices for many farmers意为“对于许多农民来说，有机农业在思想上和实践上都是一个很大的跨越”，言外之意就是说许多农民都很难适应有机农业，在意思上与24空所在的半句相对应，所以24空应该填organic farming。25空只需要向下寻找，找到教授的名字,再找到不定冠词a，很快就能找到正确答案Greener Food Standard，即他希望政府能马上制定“绿色食品标准”。
25 解析
24&25
定位：farmers/Pretty/government/change/a
Professor Pretty feels that organic farming would be too big a jump in thinking and in practices for many farmers... He is recommending the immediate introduction of a “Greener Food Standard”…
题目翻译为：尽管大多数农民都适应不了24..., Pretty教授还是希望政府通过建立他所谓的25...来开始改变。
通过24和25空前方的to(在此作介词)和a判断出来两个空要填名词，而且25题很可能填上专有名词。原文中的organic farming would be too big a jump in thinking and in practices for many farmers意为“对于许多农民来说，有机农业在思想上和实践上都是一个很大的跨越”，言外之意就是说许多农民都很难适应有机农业，在意思上与24空所在的半句相对应，所以24空应该填organic farming。25空只需要向下寻找，找到教授的名字,再找到不定冠词a，很快就能找到正确答案Greener Food Standard，即他希望政府能马上制定“绿色食品标准”。
26 解析
定位：both…and…
It could go a long way, he says, to shifting consumers as well as farmers…
题目翻译为：教授觉得上述计划会帮助改变26...和…的态度。分析题目的结构可知，这里要填并列关系的两个名词。文中句子里的shift可以与题目中的change相对应，文中as well as连接的便是两个并列成分，符合题目的结构，由此可知答案是farmers和consumers。也可以颠倒顺序填写。
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Part 3
Read the text below and answer questions 27-40.
Makete Integrated Rural Transport Project
Section A
The disappointing results of many conventional road transport projects in Africa led some experts to rethink the strategy by which rural transport problems were to be tackled at the beginning of the 1980s. A request for help in improving the availability of transport within the remote Makete District of south- western Tanzania presented the opportunity to try a new approach.
The concept of 'integrated rural transport' was adopted in the task of examining the transport needs of the rural households in the district. The objective was to reduce the time and effort needed to obtain access to essential goods and services through an improved rural transport system. The underlying assumption was that the time saved would be used instead for activities that would improve the social and economic development of the communities. The Makete Integrated Rural Transport Project (MIRTP) started in 1985 with financial support from the Swiss Development Corporation and was co-ordinated with the help of the Tanzanian government.27Section B
When the project began, Makete District was virtually totally isolated during the rainy season. The regional road was in such bad shape that access to the main towns was impossible for about three months of the year. Road traffic was extremely rare within the district, and alternative means of transport were restricted to donkeys in the north of the district. People relied primarily on the paths, which were slippery and dangerous during the rains.
Before solutions could be proposed, the problems had to be understood. Little was known about the transport demands of the rural households, so Phase Ⅰ, between December 1985 and December 1987, focused on research. The socio-economic survey of more than 400 households in the district indicated that a household in Makete spent, on average, seven hours a day on transporting themselves and their goods, a figure which seemed extreme but which has also been obtained in surveys in other rural areas in Africa. Interesting facts regarding transport were found: 95% was on foot; 80% was within the locality; and 70% was related to the collection of water and firewood and travelling to grinding mills.28Section C
Having determined the main transport needs, possible solutions were identified which might reduce the time and burden. During Phase Ⅱ, from January to February 1991, a number of approaches were implemented in an effort to improve mobility and access to transport.
An improvement of the road network was considered necessary to ensure the import and export of goods to the district. These improvements were carried out using methods that were heavily dependent on labour. In addition to the improvement of roads, these methods provided training in the operation of a mechanical workshop and bus and truck services. However, the difference from the conventional approach was that this time consideration was given to local transport needs outside the road network.
Most goods were transported along the paths that provide short-cuts up and down the hillsides, but the paths were a real safety risk and made the journey on foot even more arduous. It made sense to improve the paths by building steps, handrails and footbridges.
It was uncommon to find means of transport that were more efficient than walking but less technologically advanced than motor vehicles. The use of bicycles was constrained by their high cost and the lack of available spare parts. Oxen were not used at all but donkeys were used by a few households in the northern part of the district. MIRTP focused on what would be most appropriate for the inhabitants of Makete in terms of what was available, how much they could afford and what they were willing to accept. After careful consideration, the project chose the promotion of donkeys - a donkey costs less than a bicycle- and the introduction of a locally manufacturable wheelbarrow.
Section D
At the end of Phase Ⅱ, it was clear that the selected approaches to Makete's transport problems had had different degrees of success. Phase Ⅲ, from March 1991 to March 1993, focused on the refinement and institutionalisation of these activities.
The road improvements and accompanying maintenance system had helped make the district centre accessible throughout the year. Essential goods from outside the district had become more readily available at the market, and prices did not fluctuate as much as they had done before.
Paths and secondary roads were improved only at the request of communities who were willing to participate in construction and maintenance. However, the improved paths impressed the inhabitants, and requests for assistance greatly increased soon after only a few improvements had been completed.
The efforts to improve the efficiency of the existing transport services were not very successful because most of the motorised vehicles in the district broke down and there were no resources to repair them. Even the introduction of low-cost means of transport was difficult because of the general poverty of the district. The locally manufactured wheelbarrows were still too expensive for all but a few of the households. Modifications to the original design by local carpenters cut production time and costs. Other local carpenters have been trained in the new design so that they can respond to requests. Nevertheless, a locally produced wooden wheelbarrow which costs around 5000Tanzanian shillings (less than US$20) in Makete, and is about one quarter the cost of a metal wheelbarrow, is still too expensive for most people.
Donkeys, which were imported to the district, have become more common and contribute, in particular, to the transportation of crops and goods to market. Those who have bought donkeys are mainly from richer households but, with an increased supply through local breeding, donkeys should become more affordable. Meanwhile, local initiatives are promoting the renting out of the existing donkeys.
It should be noted, however, that a donkey, which at 20,000Tanzanian shillings costs less than a bicycle, is still an investment equal to an average household's income over half a year. This clearly illustrates the need for supplementary measures if one wants to assist the rural poor.29Section E
It would have been easy to criticise the MIRTP for using in the early phases a'top-down' approach, in which decisions were made by experts and officials before being handed down to communities, but it was necessary to start the process from the level of the governmental authorities of the district. It would have been difficult to respond to the requests of villagers and other rural inhabitants without the support and understanding of district authorities.30Section F
Today, nobody in the district argues about the importance of improved paths and inexpensive means of transport. But this is the result of dedicated work over a long period, particularly from the officers in charge of community development. They played an essential role in raising awareness and interest among the rural communities.
The concept of integrated rural transport is now well established in Tanzania, where a major program of rural transport is just about to start. The experiences from Makete will help in this initiative, and Makete District will act as a reference for future work.Questions 27-30
Reading Passage 3 has six sections,A-F.Choose the correct heading for paragraphsB, C, EandFfrom the list of headings below.Write the correct numberi-xiin boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.-
I. MIRTP as a future model
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II. Identifying the main transport problems
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III. Preference for motorised vehicles
-
IV. Government authorities' instructions
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V. Initial improvements in mobility and transport modes
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VI. Request for improved transport in Makete
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VII. Transport improvements in the northern part of the district
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VIII. Improvements in the rail network
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IX. Effects of initial MIRTP measures
-
X. Co-operation of district officials
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XI. Role of wheelbarrows and donkeys
我的答案： 27. 28. 29. 30.
正确答案： 27.II 28.V 29.X 30.I
查看解析
27 解析
定位词：main transport problems Section
B第二小段：Before solutions could be proposed, the problems had to be understood...so Phase I…focused on research. 此篇文章每个Section由多个段落组成，因此要读过每个小段才能最终确认整个Section的大意。Section B的第小段基本就在描述马科特地区糟糕的交通状况，纯属描述，考生应该快速略过，直奔第二小段。这一小段首句就提到： Before solutions could be proposed, the problems had to be understood. 这里problems第一次原词重现，正好与选项ii中的problems对应。再稍微向下看看，就能找到项目的第一阶段主要集中于调研，并且做了一个涉及400多家当地住户的调查，后面就是该调查得出的数据。综合这两小段，显然，本部分讲的就是确定该地区的问题，也就是选项ii。
28 解析
定位词：initial improvements
Section C第一小段：…a number of approaches were implemented in an effort to improve mobility and access to transport
第二小段：An improvement of the road network...
第三小段: It made sense to improve the paths by building…
第四小段：After careful consideration, the project chose the promotion of donkeys… 从左边的文中对应点考生可以看出，要想选出这一部分的大意，必须要通读整个Section，只看第一小段是不够的。第一小段主要讲项目第二阶段的目标；第二小段提到改善路网，提供培训；第三小段提到给当地人常走的小路修台阶、扶手和人行桥；第四小段提到使用独轮车和驴这两种交通工具。总结四段内容，不难发现，后三小段是交通改善的具体体现，也就不难得出答案为选项v。有的考生可能会被viii或xi迷惑，但是与v相比，这两个选项都太具体了，只是其中的一个方面，不够全面。作为整个Section的大意，应该是高度概括而且全面的。
29 解析
定位词：district officials
Section E: …without the support and understanding of district authorities. 这道题相对比较容易，因为Section E本身只有两句话，而且都集中在政府的作用上。段末提出要是没有当地政府的支持和理解，就很难满足当地村民们的需求，充分肯定了当地官员的作用，而所有的headings中只有x项在讲述district officials(地区官员)，所以它就是正确答案。有的考生可能会被iv所迷惑，因为它谈到了政府官方的建议，貌似可以和E段的第一句相对应，虽然本段出现了government authorities，但重点是解释为什么在项目初期采取了政府下令民间执行的方式，而并未涉及到政府官员的instructions(建议)，故排除。
30 解析
定位词：future model Section
F第二段：...and Makete District will act as a reference for future work. 对解题原则熟悉的考生，在看到选项的future时，已经可以把它大胆地归给文章的最后一段了，因为带有future一词的选项的任务往往就是给文章收尾。但是如果考生觉得这样猜测风险太大，那么就可以通读到Section F的最后一句，找到future model的对应词reference，再在reference后看到future work，也可以选出正确选项i。
Questions 31-35
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 31-35 on your answer sheet, writeYESif the statement agrees with the claims of the writer.NOif the statement contradicts the claims of the writer.NOT GIVENif it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.31 MIRTP was divided into five phases.
32 Prior to the start of MIRTP the Makete district was almost inaccessible during the rainy season.
33 Phase I of MIRTP consisted of a survey of household expenditure on transport.
34 The survey concluded that one-fifth or 20% of the household transport requirement as outside the local area.
35 MIRTP hoped to improve the movement of goods from Makete district to the country's capital.
我的答案：
正确答案： 31.NO 32.YES 33.NO 34.YES 35.NOT GIVEN
查看解析
31 解析
参考译文：马科特乡村一体化交通项目被划分为五个阶段。
定位词：five
文中对应点 不得不说，这是一道很无厘头、很不得要领的题目。解题方法是：千万不要多想，一定要去“字面理解”文章中出现的第一、第二、第三个阶段。有的考生在文中只找到三个阶段，却联想说文中也没有说只有这三个阶段啊。其实，从Section E开始赞美当地官员、Section F开始歌颂这个项目的重要性和对将来的影响，就应该能够推测出来整个项目只有三个阶段了。答案当然是NO。
答案 NO
32 解析
参考译文:在一体化交通项目开始之前，雨季的马科特几乎与外界隔绝。
定位词:prior to the start, rainy season
对应Section B第一小段第一句：When the project began, Makete District was virtually totally isolated during the rainy season.
原句中的began对应题干中的start, virtually totally isolated 对应almost inaccessible。inaccessible指“无法达到的，不可进人的”，正好对应isolated(与世隔绝的)。此题基本做到了词语的一一对应。只要词汇量够大，这个题目就很容易解答出来。
答案 YES
33 解析
参考译文:马科特一体化交通项目第一阶段包括对当地家庭交通花费的调查。
定位词:Phase I
文中对应点 利用Phase I将此题定位到section B的第二小段，找到socio-economic survey一词， 确定文章在此处提到了调查。
原句: The socio-economic survey of more than 400 households in the district indicated that a household in Makete spent, on average, seven hours a day on transporting themselves and their goods...
从这句话可以看出，调查主要是关于当地家庭花在出行上的时间，并不是题目中所说的交通开销。当然，有的考生会说，那文章中也没有明确说调查不是关于开销的呀。在雅思阅读文章中，每当提到事物的原因做某事的目的、或者调查研究的目的时，一般这个原因和目的都是唯一的。也就是说，如果文中说这样做的目的是A，题中说这么做的目的是B，一般就选择NO。
答案 NO
34 解析
参考译文:调查结果显示20%的家庭出行地是在本地区以外。
定位词:one-fifth or 20%
文中对应点 首先由题目中的one-fifth或者20%定位到Section B第二小段的80%。原文： 80% was within the locality
locality指“地区，区域”。该句说80%的家庭出行仅限于本地，推理一下，那么剩下的20%出行是在本地之外了。做一个简单的数学运算，就能得知答案为YES。这道题切忌咬文嚼字，不要以为一道题目不可能这么简单。YES
答案 YES
35 解析
参考译文: 马科特乡村一体化交通项目希望能够改善马科特与其国家首都之间的货物运输。
定位词: capital
文中对应点 按顺序原则定位到Section C。Section C第一小段最后一句: ... number of approaches were implemented in an effort to improve mobility and access to transport. 在这句话中，并没有提到首都。向下寻找，直到section C的最后， capital一词也没有出现，这时已经完全可以肯定，这是一道无中生有、完全没有提及型的NOT GIVEN。
假如一时无法判断，则可以先做下一题。第36题定位在section C的第三小段，按照顺序原则，这就把此题的答案锁死在了Section C的第一、二小段，再度浏览寻找之后，只在第二小段看到一句貌似有点关系的句子: An improvement of the road network was considered necessary to ensure the import and export of goods to the district.这句话里也不见capital踪影，尽管提到了货物运输，却完全没有提到首都。所以答案肯定是NOT GIVEN。
答案 NOT GIVEN
Questions 36-39
Complete each sentence with the correct ending,A-J, below.Write the correct letter,A-J, in boxes 36-39 on your answer sheet.-
A. provided the people of Makete with experience in running bus and truck services.
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B. was especially successful in the northern part of the district.
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C. differed from earlier phases in that the community became less actively involved.
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D. improved paths used for transport up and down hillsides.
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E. was no longer a problem once the roads had been improved.
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F. cost less than locally made wheelbarrows.
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G. was done only at the request of local people who were willing to lend a hand.
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H. was at first considered by MIRTP to be affordable for the people of the district.
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I. hindered attempts to make the existing transport services more efficient.
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J. was thought to be the most important objective of Phase Ⅲ.
36 Construction of footbridges, steps and handrails36
37 Frequent breakdown of buses and trucks in Makete37
38 The improvement of secondary roads and paths38
39 The isolation of Makete for part of the year39
我的答案： 36. 37. 38. 39.
正确答案： 36.D 37.I 38.G 39.E
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36 解析
定位词：footbridges, steps, handrails Section
C第三小段：Most goods were transported along the paths that provide short- cuts up and down the hillsides, but the paths were a real safety risk and made the journey on foot even more arduous, It made sense to improve the paths by building steps, handrails and footbridges.大多数物资是通过小路运输的，这些小路为上下山提供了捷径，但却需要冒着很大的生命危险，要是步行就更艰难了。所以，就有必要通过修建台阶、扶手和人行桥等来改善路况。
找到这两句话之后，开始在选项栏中寻找对应句尾，特别要注意特殊词之间的联系，很快就能看到选项D: improved paths used for transport up and down hillsides. (改善用于上下山的小路)正好和文中原句对应。因此D就是正确答案。
37 解析
定位词：breakdown, buses and trucks Section
D第四小段第一句: The efforts to improve the efficiency of the existing transport services were not very successful because most of the motorised vehicles in the district broke down and there were no resources to repair them.由于当地大多数机动车发生故障时没有条件修理，所以提升现有交通服务效率的努力并不是很成功。这道题和上一道题隔得比较远，找起来稍有困难，但也并非找不到。题目中的buses and trucks对应文中的motorised vehicles , breakdown很容易和动词词组broke down相对应。作者在这里再次进行了一次因果关系转变。I选项中的hinder(阻碍)一词是解题的关键，efficient对应文中的efficiency，该选项是原文前半句话的另一表达。答案是I。
38 解析
定位词：secondary roads and paths Section
D第三小段第一句：Paths and secondary roads were improved only at the request of communities who were willing to participate in construction and maintenance.只有愿意参与道路建设与养护的社区提出要求时，施工方才会去帮助他们改善小路和二级公路。
利用定位词很快就能定位到Section D第三小段第一句，再利用at the request of和willing定位到选项G: was done only at the request of local people who were willing to lend a hand. willing to lend a hand等同于文中的willing to participate in construction and maintenance，都指愿意在公路的建设和养护中出力。答案是G。
39 解析
定位词：isolation, part of the year
Section D的第二小段第一句: The road improvements and accompanying maintenance system had helped make the district centre accessible throughout the year.
理解这句话时，可以结合原文Section B一开始就提到的马科特地区在雨季就几乎与世隔绝这个事实来理解。那么该句可理解为以往到了雨季就几乎隔离的地区现在已经全年都可到达，言下之意隔离不再是个问题了，对应选项，只有E表达了这个意思。另外，原文这句话的意思并不能和题目完全对应，所以，考生可以使用排除法，先去掉刚才三道题目已经选过的选项,然后把剩下的选项逐一对应到题干后面去，看看哪一句在语法和语义上都能够说得通。考生很快就会发现，只有一个答案可选，那就是E选项。
Questions 40
Choose the correct letterA, B, CorD.Write the correct letter in boxes 40 on your answer sheet.40 Which of the following phrases best describes the main aim of Reading Passage 3?
我的答案：
正确答案： 40. B
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40 解析
定位词：main aim
题目：下列哪项最好地描述了本文的主要目的?
A表明别的国家也需要马科特乡村一体化交通项目这样的项目。
B描述了马科特乡村一体化交通项目是如何实施的，以及取得了怎样的成就。
C研究马科特乡村一体化交通项目是如何推广驴子的用途的。
D警示大家马科特乡村一体化交通项目这样的项目很可能存在严重问题。
首先剔除D：三个正面，一个负面，负面选项先出局，大体浏览一下文章也能看出文中并未涉及这个内容；C项过于具体，驴的使用只是计划的一部分，不够全面；然后在剩下的A、B中比较：A属于拔高型，文章只在最后提到马科特的成功可以作为以后的范例，并未直接说明其他国家需要，而且这也不是文章的主要内容；最终只有选项B概括了全文，答案为B。
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