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Part 1
Read the text below and answer questions 1-13.
Advantages of public transport
A new study conducted for the World Bank by Murdoch University's Institute for Science and Technology Policy (ISTP) has demonstrated that public transport is more efficient than cars. The study compared the proportion of wealth poured into transport by thirty-seven cities around the world. This included both the public and private costs of building, maintaining and using a transport system.
The study found that the Western Australian city of Perth is a good example of a city with minimal public transport. As a result, 17% of its wealth went into transport costs. Some European and Asian cities, on the other hand, spent as little as 5%. Professor Peter Newman, ISTP Director, pointed out that these more efficient cities were able to put the difference into attracting industry and jobs or creating a better place to live.
According to Professor Newman, the larger Australian city of Melbourne is a rather unusual city in this sort of comparison. He describes it as two cities: 'A European city surrounded by a car-dependent one'. Melbourne's large tram network has made car use in the inner city much lower, but the outer suburbs have the same car-based structure as most other Australian cities. The explosion in demand for accommodation in the inner suburbs of Melbourne suggests a recent change in many people's preferences as to where they live.
Newman says this is a new, broader way of considering public transport issues. In the past, the case for public transport has been made on the basis of environmental and social justice considerations rather than economics. Newman, however, believes the study demonstrates that 'the auto-dependent city model is inefficient and grossly inadequate in economic as well as environmental terms'.
Bicycle use was not included in the study but Newman noted that the two most 'bicycle friendly' cities considered - Amsterdam and Copenhagen - were very efficient, even though their public transport systems were 'reasonable but not special'.
It is common for supporters of road networks to reject the models of cities with good public transport by arguing that such systems would not work in their particular city. One objection is climate. Some people say their city could not make more use of public transport because it is either too hot or too cold. Newman rejects this, pointing out that public transport has been successful in both Toronto and Singapore and, in fact, he has checked the use of cars against climate and found 'zero correlation'.
When it comes to other physical features, road lobbies are on stronger ground. For example,Newman accepts it would be hard for a city as hilly as Auckland to develop a really good rail network. However, he points out that both Hong Kong and Zürich have managed to make a success of their rail systems, heavy and light respectively, though there are few cities in the world as hilly.1AIn fact, Newman believes the main reason for adopting one sort of transport over another is politics: 'The more democratic the process, the more public transport is favored.' He considers Portland, Oregon, a perfect example of this. Some years ago, federal money was granted to build a new road. However, local pressure groups forced a referendum over whether to spend the money on light rail instead. The rail proposal won and the railway worked spectacularly well. In the years that have followed, more and more rail systems have been put in, dramatically changing the nature of the city. Newman notes that Portland has about the same population as Perth and had a similar population density at the time.2BIn the UK, travel times to work had been stable for at least six centuries, with people avoiding situations that required them to spend more than half an hour travelling to work. Trains and cars initially allowed people to live at greater distances without taking longer to reach their destination. However, public infrastructure did not keep pace with urban sprawl, causing massive congestion problems which now make commuting times far higher.3CThere is a widespread belief that increasing wealth encourages people to live farther out where cars are the only viable transport. The example of European cities refutes that. They are often wealthier than their American counterparts but have not generated the same level of car use. In Stockholm, car use has actually fallen in recent years as the city has become larger and wealthier. A new study makes this point even more starkly. Developing cities in Asia, such as Jakarta and Bangkok, make more use of the car than wealthy Asian cities such as Tokyo and Singapore. In cities that developed later, the World Bank and Asian Development Bank discouraged the building of public transport and people have been forced to rely on cars -creating the massive traffic jams that characterize those cities.4DNewman believes one of the best studies on how cities built for cars might be converted to rail use is The Urban Village report, which used Melbourne as an example. It found that pushing everyone into the city centre was not the best approach. Instead, the proposal advocated the creation of urban villages at hundreds of sites, mostly around railway stations.5EIt was once assumed that improvements in telecommunications would lead to more dispersal in the population as people were no longer forced into cities. However, the ISTP team's research demonstrates that the population and job density of cities rose or remained constant in the 1980s after decades of decline. The explanation for this seems to be that it is valuable to place people working in related fields together. 'The new world will largely depend on human creativity, and creativity flourishes where people come together face-to-face.'Questions 1-5
Reading Passage 1 has five marked paragraphs,A-E.Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.Write the correct numberi-viiiin boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.-
I. Avoiding an overcrowded centre
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II. A successful exercise in people power
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III. The benefits of working together in cities
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IV. Higher incomes need not mean more cars
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V. Economic arguments fail to persuade
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VI. The impact of telecommunications on population distribution
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VII. Increases in travelling time
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VIII. Responding to arguments against public transport
我的答案： 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
正确答案： 1.II 2.VII 3.IV 4.I 5.III
查看解析
1 解析
定位词：people power exercise
文中对应A段第一句中的politics和democratic
主题句是“The more democratic the process, the more public transport is favored.”
段落标题应该被翻译为：人民成功地履行了权利。其实就是在暗示民主一词。
“民主”并不一定总是个好词，具体例子可以参考剑桥雅思三第二套第31题。建议考生注意民主一词在不同语言环境下的不同含义。故正确答案为ii。2 解析
定位词：increase travelling time
文中对应B段末句commuting times far higher
最后一句中的However是完成此题的关键。本段首句提到通勤时间在过去至少六百年中都维持不变，很有误导作用。但是接下来的However又引出...causing massive congestion problems which now make commuting times far higher.
Commuting对应heading中的travelling。
故正确答案是vii。3 解析
定位词：higher incomes not more cars
文中对应C段前两句
C段首句中widespread一词需要加深理解，类似叙述一般都是错误观点。比如用popular/widespread / prevailing / overwhelming等词引出的观点都是作者的靶子，在下文中往往会被否定掉。在后文中作者接着说欧洲城市的例子可以反驳前句观点。故正确答案是iv。4 解析
定位词：avoid overcroweded centre
文中对应D段末句
Instead是一个转折连接词，后面的观点与前者刚好相反。上一句说pushing everyone into the city centre was not the best approach，刚好证明我们应该避免造成一个过度拥挤的市中心。
故正确答案是i。5 解析
定位词：working together
文中对应E段第二句
…it is valuable to place working in related fields together
注意段落中的标志词，如once...however...the explanation for this...
正确答案是iii。Questions 6-10
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet, writeTRUEif the statement agrees with the information given in the text.FALSEif the statement contradicts the information.NOT GIVENif there is no information on this.6 The ISTP study examined public and private systems in every city of the world.
7 Efficient cities can improve the quality of life for their inhabitants.
8 An inner-city tram network is dangerous for car drivers.
9 In Melbourne, people prefer to live in the outer suburbs.
10 Cities with high levels of bicycle usage can be efficient even when public transport is only averagely good.
我的答案：
正确答案： 6.FALSE 7.TRUE 8.NOT GIVEN 9.FALSE 10.TRUE
查看解析
6 解析
参考译文：ISTP的研究涵盖了世界上所有城市。
定位词：ISTP study
解题关键词：every
文中对应第一段第2~3句。
原文说的是thirty-seven cities around the world。
属于数量抵触型加绝对型FALSE。
答案：FALSE7 解析
参考译文：高效的城市可以改善居民的生活质量。
定位词：efficient/improve the quality
解题关键词：improve
文中对应第二段: ...these more efficient cities...creating a better place to live
“创造出更好的居住环境”就是“改善了居民的居住环境”。
答案：TRUE8 解析
参考译文：内城的有轨电车系统对私家车驾驶者很危险。
定位词：inner-city/tram network/dangerous/car drivers
解题关键词：car drivers
文中对应第三段的第三句换到有轨电车系统使汽车的使用率降低了许多，但并未谈及私家车驾驶者。
答案：NOT GIVEN9 解析
参考译文：在墨尔本，人们更喜欢住在远郊。
定位词：Melbourne/outer suburbs
解题关键词：outer
文中对应第三段最后一句：The explosion in demand for accommodation in the inner suburbs of Melbourne suggests a recent change in many people's preferences as to where they live.
as to=concerning 就……方面；关于
这句话正说明人们喜欢住在近郊而非远郊。
答案：FALSE10 解析
参考译文：对于自行车使用率高的城市，即使公共交通水平一般，交通效率也很高。
定位词：bicycle/public transport
解题关键词：efficient
文中对应点：第五段：the two most 'bicycle- friendly' cities considered...were very efficient, even though their public transport systems were 'reasonable but not special' .
averagely good 与reasonable but not speciall是同一个意思。
答案：TRUEQuestions 11-13
Look at the following cities (Questions 11-13) and the list of descriptions below.Match each city with the correct description,A-F.Write the correct letter,A-F, in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.-
A. successfully uses a light rail transport system in hilly environment
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B. successful public transport system despite cold winters
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C. profitably moved from road to light rail transport system
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D. hilly and inappropriate for rail transport system
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E. heavily dependent on cars despite widespread poverty
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F. inefficient due to a limited public transport system
11 Perth11
12 Auckland12
13 Portland13
我的答案： 11. 12. 13.
正确答案： 11.F 12.D 13.C
查看解析
11 解析
定位词：Perth
文中对应第二段第一句和第四句
第二段第一句说Perth有minimal public transport，即相当于题干中的limited public transport system，下面又说Perth之外的一些城市是more efficient cities，所以正确答案为F。12 解析
定位词：Auckland
文中对应第七段第二句
第七段第二句提到it would be hard for a city as hilly as Auckland to develop a really good rail network，所以Auckland当然是hilly，既然“难以建立很好的轨道系统”，当然是不适合建这样的系统了。正确答案是D。13 解析
定位词：Portland
文中对应A段
A段The rail proposal won and the railway worked spectacularly well，轨道运行良好肯定是盈利的。正确答案是C。 -
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Part 2
Read the text below and answer questions 14-26.
GREYING POPULATION STAYS IN THE PINK
Elderly people are growing healthier, happier and more independent, say American scientists. The results of a 14-year study to be announced later this month reveal that the diseases associated with old age are afflicting fewer and fewer people and when they do strike, it is much later in life.
In the last 14 years, the National Long-term Health Care Survey has gathered data on the health and lifestyles of more than 20,000 men and women over 65. Researchers, now analysing the results of data gathered in 1994, say arthritis, high blood pressure and circulation problems - the major medical complaints in this age group - are troubling a smaller proportion every year. And the data confirms that the rate at which these diseases are declining continues to accelerate. Other diseases of old age - dementia, stroke, arteriosclerosis and emphysema - are also troubling fewer and fewer people.
'It really raises the question of what should be considered normal ageing,' says Kenneth Manton, a demographer from Duke University in North Carolina. He says the problems doctors accepted as normal in a 65-year-old in 1982 are often not appearing until people are 70 or 75.
Clearly, certain diseases are beating a retreat in the face of medical advances. But there may be other contributing factors. Improvements in childhood nutrition in the first quarter of the twentieth century, for example, gave today's elderly people a better start in life than their predecessors.
On the downside, the data also reveals failures in public health that have caused surges in some illnesses. An increase in some cancers and bronchitis may reflect changing smoking habits and poorer air quality, say the researchers. 'These may be subtle influences,' says Manton, 'but our subjects have been exposed to worse and worse pollution for over 60 years. It's not surprising we see some effect.'
One interesting correlation Manton uncovered is that better-educated people are likely to live longer. For example, 65-year-old women with fewer than eight years of schooling are expected, on average, to live to 82. Those who continued their education live an extra seven years. Although some of this can be attributed to a higher income, Manton believes it is mainly because educated people seek more medical attention.
The survey also assessed how independent people over 65 were, and again found a striking trend. Almost 80% of those in the 1994 survey could complete everyday activities ranging from eating and dressing unaided to complex tasks such as cooking and managing their finances. That represents a significant drop in the number of disabled old people in the population. If the trends apparent in the United States 14 years ago had continued, researchers calculate there would be an additional one million disabled elderly people in today's population. According to Manton, slowing the trend has saved the United States government's Medicare system more than $200 billion, suggesting that the greying of America's population may prove less of a financial burden than expected.
The increasing self-reliance of many elderly people is probably linked to a massive increase in the use of simple home medical aids. For instance, the use of raised toilet seats has more than doubled since the start of the study, and the use of bath seats has grown by more than 50%. These developments also bring some health benefits, according to a report from the MacArthur Foundation's research group on successful ageing. The group found that those elderly people who were able to retain a sense of independence were more likely to stay healthy in old age.
Maintaining a level of daily physical activity may help mental functioning, says Carl Cotman, a neuroscientist at the University of California at Irvine. He found that rats that exercise on a treadmill have raised levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor coursing through their brains. Cotman believes this hormone, which keeps neurons functioning, may prevent the brains of active humans from deteriorating.
As part of the same study, Teresa Seeman, a social epidemiologist at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, found a connection between self-esteem and stress in people over 70. In laboratory simulations of challenging activities such as driving, those who felt in control of their lives pumped out lower levels of stress hormones such as cortisol. Chronically high levels of these hormones have been linked to heart disease.
But independence can have drawbacks. Seeman found that elderly people who felt emotionally isolated maintained higher levels of stress hormones even when asleep. The research suggests that older people fare best when they feel independent but know they can get help when they need it.
'Like much research into ageing, these results support common sense,' says Seeman. They also show that we may be underestimating the impact of these simple factors. 'The sort of thing that your grandmother always told you turns out to be right on target,' she says.Questions 14-22
Complete the summary using the list of words,A-Qbelow.Write the correct letterA-Qin boxes 14-22 on your answer sheet.-
A. cost
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B. falling
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C. technology
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D. undernourished
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E. earlier
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F. later
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G. disabled
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H. more
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I. increasing
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J. nutrition
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K. education
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L. constant
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M. medicine
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N. pollution
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O. environmental
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P. health
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Q. independent
Research carried out by scientists in the United States has shown that the proportion of people over 65 suffering from the most common age-related medical problems is 14 and that the speed of this change is 15 It also seems that these diseases are affecting people 16 in life than they did in the past. This is largely due to developments in 17 but other factors such as improved 18 may also be playing a part. Increases in some other illnesses may be due to changes in personal habits and to 19 The research establishes a link between levels of 20 and life expectancy. It also shows that there has been a considerable reduction in the number of elderly people who are 21 which means that the 22 involved in supporting this section of the population may be less than previously predicted.
我的答案： 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.
正确答案： 14.B 15.I 16.F 17.M 18.J 19.N 20.K 21.G 22.A
查看解析
14 解析
定位词：proportion/people over 65/age-ralated medical problems
文中对应第二段：smaller proportion
根据第二段中...are troubling a smaller proportion，可知正确答案为B。15 解析
定位词：speed
文中对应第二段:accelerate
根据第二段中the rate at which these diseases are declining continues to accelerate，rate与speed近义，可知正确答案是I。16 解析
定位词：past
文中对应第三段中1982/not appearing
第三段中提到the problems doctors accepted as normal in a 65-year-old in 1982 are often not appearing until people are 70 or 75，第二段提到数据是1994年采集的，所以1982代表了the past，疾病由65岁推迟到70或者75岁才发作，显然是later。正确答案是F。17 解析
定位词：due to development
文中对应第四段中medical advances
第四段开头提到certain diseases are beating a retreat in the face of medical advances，表明有些疾病是被医药进步打败的。advances和developments是近义词，medical和medicine是同源词。正确答案是M。18 解析
定位词：improved
文中对应第四段中contributing factors
根据第四段中there may be other contributing factors.Improvements in childhood nutrition...，可知正确答案是J。19 解析
定位词：other illnesses
文中对应第五段中poorer air quality/worse and worse pollution
第五段提到An increase in some cancers and bronchitis may reflect changing smoking habits and poorer air quality...和...been exposed to worse pollution，changes in personal habits与changing smoking habits相对应，所以原文提供的另一因素poorer air quality就是与答案相关的内容。正确答案是N。20 解析
定位词：link/life expectancy
文中对应第六段中correlation/better-educated/live longer
第六段第一句中的correlation和live longer分别对应题干中的link和life expectancy，所以原文的better-educated就是答案的原形，被选项中只有K项的education与此相符。正确答案是K。21 解析
定位词：considerable/reduction
文中对应第七段中significant/drop
considerable与significant、reduction与drop分别为近义词，再根据第七段中a significant drop in the number of disabled old people，答案应为disabled。正确答案是G。22 解析
定位词：less/predicted
文中对应第八段中less of a financial burden/expected
predicted与expected对应，互为近义词，只需找financial burden的近义词即可。正确答案是A。Questions 23-26
Complete each sentence with the correct endingA-Hbelow.Write the correct letterA-Hin boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.-
A. may cause heart disease.
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B. can be helped by hormone treatment.
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C. may cause rises in levels of stress hormones.
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D. have cost the United States government more than $200 billion.
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E. may help prevent mental decline.
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F. may get stronger at night.
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G. allow old people to be more independent.
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H. can reduce stress in difficult situations.
23 Home medical aids23
24 Regular amounts of exercise24
25 Feelings of control over life25
26 Feelings of loneliness26
我的答案： 23. 24. 25. 26.
正确答案： 23.G 24.E 25.H 26.C
查看解析
23 解析
定位词：home medical aids
文中对应第八段中home medical aids
第八段第一句The increasing self-reliance of many elderly people is probably linked to a massive increase in the use of simple home medical aids.许多老年人自理能力的增强可能与简易家庭医疗辅助用品的广泛使用有关。题干是将这句话反过来问简易家庭医疗辅助用品有什么作用，self-reliance与independent表达同样含义，所以选G。24 解析
定位词：regular amounts of exercise
文中对应第九段daily physical activity
exercise与physical activity近义， regular与daily近义，所以选E。25 解析
定位词：feelings of control over life
文中对应第十段中felt in control of their lives
根据第十段中challenging activities和those who felt in control of their lives pumped out lower levels of stress hormone，challenging activities与difficult situations 近义，lower levels of stress hormones自然压力就小。正确答案是H。26 解析
定位词：feelings of loneliness
文中对应第十一段中emotionally isolated/higher levels of stress hormones
feelings of loneliness与emotionally isolated近义，所以选C。 -
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Part 3
Read the text below and answer questions 27-40.
Numeration
One of the first great intellectual feats of a young child is learning how to talk, closely followed by learning how to count. From earliest childhood we are so bound up with our system of numeration that it is a feat of imagination to consider the problems faced by early humans who had not yet developed this facility. Careful consideration of our system of numeration leads to the conviction that, rather than being a facility that comes naturally to a person, it is one of the great and remarkable achievements of the human race.
It is impossible to learn the sequence of events that led to our developing the concept of number. Even the earliest of tribes had a system of numeration that, if not advanced, was sufficient for the tasks that they had to perform. Our ancestors had little use for actual numbers; instead their considerations would have been more of the kind Is this enough? rather than How many? when they were engaged in food gathering, for example. However, when early humans first began to reflect on the nature of things around them, they discovered that they needed an idea of number simply to keep their thoughts in order. As they began to settle, grow plants and herd animals, the need for a sophisticated number system became paramount. It will never be known how and when this numeration ability developed, but it is certain that numeration was well developed by the time humans had formed even semi-permanent settlements.
Evidence of early stages of arithmetic and numeration can be readily found. The indigenous peoples of Tasmania were only able to count one, two, many; those of South Africa counted one, two, two and one, two twos, two twos and one, and so on. But in real situations the number and words are often accompanied by gestures to help resolve any confusion. For example, when using the one, two, many type of system, the word many would mean, Look at my hands and see how many fingers I am showing you. This basic approach is limited in the range of numbers that it can express, but this range will generally suffice when dealing with the simpler aspects of human existence.
The lack of ability of some cultures to deal with large numbers is not really surprising. European languages, when traced back to their earlier version, are very poor in number words and expressions. The ancient Gothic word for ten, tachund, is used to express the number 100 as tachund tachund. By the seventh century, the word teon had become interchangeable with the tachund or hund of the Anglo-Saxon language, and so 100 was denoted as hund teontig, or ten times ten. The average person in the seventh century in Europe was not as familiar with numbers as we are today. In fact, to qualify as a witness in a court of law a man had to be able to count to nine!
Perhaps the most fundamental step in developing a sense of number is not the ability to count, but rather to see that a number is really an abstract idea instead of a simple attachment to a group of particular objects. It must have been within the grasp of the earliest humans to conceive that four birds are distinct from two birds; however, it is not an elementary step to associate the number 4, as connected with four birds, to the number 4, as connected with four rocks. Associating a number as one of the qualities of a specific object is a great hindrance to the development of a true number sense. When the number 4 can be registered in the mind as a specific word, independent of the object being referenced, the individual is ready to take the first step toward the development of a notational system for numbers and, from there, to arithmetic.
Traces of the very first stages in the development of numeration can be seen in several living languages today. The numeration system of the Tsimshian language in British Columbia contains seven distinct sets of words for numbers according to the class of the item being counted: for counting flat objects and animals, for round objects and time, for people, for long objects and trees, for canoes, for measures, and for counting when no particular object is being numerated. It seems that the last is a later development while the first six groups show the relics of an older system. This diversity of number names can also be found in some widely used languages such as Japanese.
Intermixed with the development of a number sense is the development of an ability to count. Counting is not directly related to the formation of a number concept because it is possible to count by matching the items being counted against a group of pebbles, grains of corn, or the counter's fingers. These aids would have been indispensable to very early people who would have found the process impossible without some form of mechanical aid. Such aids, while different, are still used even by the most educated in today's society due to their convenience. All counting ultimately involves reference to something other than the things being counted. At first it may have been grains or pebbles but now it is a memorised sequence of words that happen to be the names of the numbers.Questions 27-31
Complete each sentence with the correct endingA-Gbelow.Write the correct letterA-Gin boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.-
A. was necessary in order to fulfil a civic role.
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B. was necessary when people began farming.
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C. was necessary for the development of arithmetic.
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D. persists in all societies.
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E. was used when the range of number words was restricted.
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F. can be traced back to early European languages.
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G. was a characteristic of early numeration systems.
27 A developed system of numbering27
28 An additional hand signal28
29 In seventh-century Europe, the ability to count to a certain number29
30 Thinking about numbers as concepts separate from physical objects30
31 Expressing number differently according to class of item31
我的答案： 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.
正确答案： 27.B 28.E 29.A 30.C 31.G
查看解析
27 解析
定位词：developed/system of numbering
文中对应第二段倒数第四行As they began to settle， grow plants and herd animals, the need for a sophisticated number system became paramount.
这句话中sophisticated和number system分别与题干developed和system of numbering是近义词，因此只要找出与grow plants and herd animals近义的选项即可.显然farming可以代替。因此正确答案为B。28 解析
定位词：hand signal
文中对应第三段第四行gestures/resolve confusion
根据第三段中But in real situations the number and words are often accompanied by gestures to help resolve any confusion.和这句话之前所举的具体例子中表示数字的词有限，即题干E表达的the range of number words was restricted，gestures又与hand signal互为近义词，所以正确答案是E。29 解析
定位词：seventh-century Europe/count to a certain number
文中对应第四段中最后两句：The average person in the seventh century in Europe was not as familiar with numbers as we are today. In fact，to qualify as a witness in a court of law a man had to be able to count to nine!
count to nine与count to a certain number近义，a witness in a court of law与题干A的fulfill a civic role近义。正确答案是A。30 解析
定位词：concept/physical objects
文中对应第五段：abstract idea/particular objects/independent of
第五段第一句说...see that a number is rally an abstract idea...最后一句说...independent of the object being referenced，the individual is...from there，to arithmetic.题干中concepts和physical objects分别与abstract idea 和particular objects互为近义词。正确答案是C。31 解析
定位词：class of item
文中对应第六段中：the very first stages/the class of the item
根据第六段开头the very first stages和第二句中the class of the item得出正确答案是G。Questions 32-40
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 32-40 on your answer sheet, writeTRUEif the statement agrees with the information given in the text.FALSEif the statement contradicts the information.NOT GIVENif there is no information on this.32 For the earliest tribes, the concept of sufficiency was more important than the concept of quantity.
33 Indigenous Tasmanians used only four terms to indicate numbers of objects.
34 Some peoples with simple number systems use body language to prevent misunderstanding of expressions of number.
35 All cultures have been able to express large numbers clearly.
36 The word 'thousand' has Anglo-Saxon origins.
37 In general, people in seventh-century Europe had poor counting ability.
38 In the Tsimshian language, the number for long objects and canoes is expressed with the same word.
39 The Tsimshian language contains both older and newer systems of counting.
40 Early peoples found it easier to count by using their fingers rather than a group of pebbles.
我的答案：
正确答案： 32.TRUE 33.FALSE 34.TRUE 35.FALSE 36.NOT GIVEN 37.TRUE 38.FALSE 39.TRUE 40.NOT GIVEN
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32 解析
参考译文：对早期部落而言，充足这一概念比数量更重要。
定位词：the earliest tribes
解题关键字：sufficiency/more important/quantity
文中对应第二段中...their considerations would have been more of the kind Is this enough？rather than How many？（他们会更多地考虑“够了吗？”而不是“有多少？”）sufficiency与quantity分别和Is this enough与How many对应。
答案：TRUE33 解析
参考译文：塔斯马尼亚土著人只使用四个词来表示物体的数量。
定位词：Tasmanians
解题关键字：Four
文中对应第三段: ...The indigenous peoples of Tasmania were only able to count one，two，many.只有三个词而不是四个。
答案：FALSE34 解析
参考译文：某些只有简单计数体系的民族使用肢体语言来防止对数字表达形式的误解。
定位词：peoples with simple number systems
解题关键字：body language/prevent misunderstanding
文中对应第三段中But in real situations the number and words are often accompanied by gestures to help resolve any confusion.
答案：TURE35 解析
参考译文：所有的文化都能清楚地表达大数字。
定位词：large numbers
解题关键字：all
文中对应第四段第一句：The lack of ability of some cultures to deal with large numbers is not really surprising (一些文化缺少处理较大数字的能力，这并不令人惊讶。)
答案：FALSE36 解析
参考译文：“千”这个词源于盎格鲁—撒克逊语。
定位词：Anglo-Saxon
解题关键字：thousand
文中对应第四段提到：到公元7世纪，"teon"”一词变得可以与盎格鲁一撒克逊语中的词语“tachund"或"hund"相互交换，因此100可表示为“hund teontig”或者“十乘十”。并没有提到“千”。
答案：NOT GIVEN37 解析
参考译文：一般而言，7世纪的欧洲人计数能力不佳。
定位词：seventh-century Europe
解题关键字：poor counting ability
文中对应第二段中...their considerations would have been more of the kind Is this enough？rather than How many？（他们会更多地考虑“够了吗？”而不是“有多少？”）sufficiency与quantity分别和Is this enough与How many对应。
答案：TRUE38 解析
参考译文：在塔斯马尼亚语言中，表达长条物体和表达独木舟的数量用的是一个词。
定位词：Tsimshian language
解题关键字：Tsimshian language
文中对应第六段中...distinct sets of words for numbers according to the class of the item being counted：...for long objects...，for canoes...
答案：FALSE39 解析
参考译文：塔斯马尼亚语言中既有旧的计数体系也有新的计数体系。
定位词：Tsimshian language
解题关键字：older and newer systems of counting
文中对应第六段倒数第二句It seems that the last is a later development while the first six groups show the relics of an older system. （看起来最后一组词语是后来发展的，,而前六组则带有古代计数方法的痕迹。）
答案：TRUE40 解析
参考译文：原始人发现用手计数比用鹅卵石更容易。
定位词：early peoples / fingers / pebbles
解题关键字：easier
文中对应第七段中：计算与数字概念的形成并非直接相关，因为我们完全有可能将被计数的物品用一堆石子、一把谷粒或者计数者的手指代替来进行计算。没有提到二者简易度的比较。
答案：NOT GIVEN -