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Part 1
Read the text below and answer questions 1-13.
The Context, Meaning and Scope of Tourism
A Travel has existed since the beginning of time, when primitive man set out, often traversing great distances in search of game, which provided the food and clothing necessary for his survival. Throughout the course of history, people have travelled for purposes of trade, religious conviction, economic gain, war, migration and other equally compelling motivations. In the Roman era, wealthy aristocrats and high government officials also travelled for pleasure. Seaside resorts located at Pompeii and Herculaneum afforded citizens the opportunity to escape to their vacation villas in order to avoid the summer heat of Rome. Travel, except during the Dark Ages, has continued to grow and, throughout recorded history, has played a vital role in the development of civilisations and their economies.
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B Tourism in the mass form as we know it today is a distinctly twentieth-century phenomenon. Historians suggest that the advent of mass tourism began in England during the industrial revolution with the rise of the middle class and the availability of relatively inexpensive transportation. The creation of the commercial airline industry following the Second World War and the subsequent development of the jet aircraft in the 1950s signaled the rapid growth and expansion of international travel. This growth led to the development of major new industry: tourism. In turn, international tourism became the concern of a number of world governments since it not only provided new employment opportunities but also produced a means of earning foreign exchange.
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C Tourism today has grown significantly in both economic and social importance. In most industrialised countries over the past few years the fastest growth has been seen in the area of services. One of the largest segments of the service industry, although largely unrecognized as an entity in some of these countries, is travel and tourism. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (1992), 'Travel and tourism is the largest industry in the world on virtually any economic measure including value-added capital investment, employment and tax contributions'. In 1992, the industry's gross output was estimated to be $3.5 trillion, over 12 per cent of all consumer spending. The travel and tourism industry is the world's largest employer with almost 130 million jobs, or almost 7 per cent of all employees. This industry is the world's leading industrial contributor, producing over 6 per cent of the world's gross national product and accounting for capital investment in excess of $422 billion in direct, indirect and personal taxes each year. Thus, tourism has a profound impact both on the world economy and, because of the educative effect of travel and the effects on employment, on society itself.
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D However, the major problems of the travel and tourism industry that have hidden, or obscured, its economic impact are the diversity and fragmentation of the industry itself. The travel industry includes: hotels, motels and other types of accommodation; restaurants and other food services; transportation services and facilities; amusements, attractions and other leisure facilities; gift shops and a large number of other enterprises. Since many of these businesses also serve local residents, the impact of spending by visitors can easily be overlooked or underestimated. In addition, Meis (1992) points out that the tourism industry involves concepts that have remained amorphous to both analysts and decision makers. Moreover, in all nations this problem has made it difficult for the industry to develop any type of reliable or credible tourism information base in order to estimate the contribution it makes to regional, national and global economies. However, the nature of this very diversity makes travel and tourism ideal vehicles for economic development in a wide variety of countries, regions or communities.
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E Once the exclusive province of the wealthy, travel and tourism have become an institutionalized way of life for most of the population. In fact, McIntosh and Goeldner (1990) suggest that tourism has become the largest commodity in international trade for many nations and, for a significant number of other countries, it ranks second or third. For example, tourism is the major source of income in Bermuda, Greece, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and most Caribbean countries. In addition, Hawkins and Ritchie, quoting from data published by the American Express Company, suggest that the travel and tourism industry is the number one ranked employer in the Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, France, (the former) West Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Singapore, the United Kingdom and the United States. However, because of problems of definition, which directly affect statistical measurement, it is not possible with any degree of certainty to provide precise, valid or reliable data about the extent of world-wide tourism participation or its economic impact. In many cases, similar difficulties arise when attempts are made to measure domestic tourism.Questions 1-4
Reading Passage 1 has five paragraphs,A-E.Choose the correct heading for paragraphsB-Efrom the list of headings below.Write the correct numberi-viiin boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.-
I. Economic and social significance of tourism
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II. The development of mass tourism
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III. Travel for the wealthy
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IV. Earning foreign exchange through tourism
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V. Difficulty in recognizing the economic effects of tourism
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VI. The contribution of air travel to tourism
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VII. The world impact of tourism
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VIII. The history of travel
我的答案： 1. 2. 3. 4.
正确答案： 1.II 2.I 3.V 4.VII
查看解析
1 解析
参考译文：大众旅游业的发展
定位词：development, mass
B段：实际上，本段第一句话就开宗明义，点明此段主要谈及tourism in the mass form，我们今天所熟知的大众旅游是20世纪的产物，接下来各句逐步展开，分别提到它的源起、促成因素、发展过程和影响等。
需要特别注意的是，本段中两次提及“飞行”在大众旅游业的发展中所起作用，因此vi项“航空旅行对旅游业的贡献”容易被误选为正确答案。但浏览完全段内容后就不难看出: “航空旅行”只是大众旅游业发展进程中的许多因素之一，并不能代表本段的主旨内容，因此vi项是在以偏概全。正确选项为ii。
2 解析
参考译文：旅游观光业在经济和社会方面的重要性
定位词：economic, social, significance
C段：本段是一个极其规则的“总分总”结构的段落。段首第一句话提纲挈领地指出“今日的旅游业在经济和社会方面都已成为举足轻重的因素”，段尾最后一句话又重申“旅游业对经济和社会本身都具有深远影响力”。中间部分则是举出种种数据的实例来支持这一论点，对于考生来说，选出正确答案i项应当不是难事。
3 解析
参考译文：认证旅游业所具经济影响力的困难性
定位词：difficulty, recognising, economic effects
D段：本段的解题难度依然不高，因为基本遵循了“总分”+“过渡句开启下段内容"的常见划段模式。段首第一句即点明了：旅游业自身的多样性和分化性造成了很难评估其影响力的问题。接下来的行文分别给出了具体解说并引用人言来支持此论点。结尾句话锋一转指出：虽然这些属性造成了问题，但同时也是机遇。这句话为下文继续论述旅游业的优势开启了话端。纵观全段内容，主体在于强调此行业的问题，因此正确答案为v。
4 解析
参考译文：旅游观光业在全球的影响力
定位词：world impact
E段：此篇的选择段落大意题从总体上说都不困难，E段仍然沿用了“总分”的段落结构，段首的两句即点明主旨：旅游观光已经成为大多数人的生活方式之一，此行业在大多数国家中的重要性排名都可跻身前三。接下来段落列举了大量国家名称作为佐证，强调旅游业在全球范围内的巨大影响。正确答案为vi。
Questions 5-10
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 5-10 on your answer sheet, writeTRUEif the statement agrees with the information given in the text.FALSEif the statement contradicts the information.NOT GIVENif there is no information on this.5 The largest employment figures in the world are found in the travel and tourism industry.
6 Tourism contributes over six per cent of the Australian gross national product.
7 Tourism has a social impact because it promotes recreation.
8 Two main features of the travel and tourism industry make its economic significance difficult to ascertain.
9 Visitor spending is always greater than the spending of residents in tourist areas.
10 It is easy to show statistically how tourism affects individual economies.
我的答案：
正确答案： 5.TRUE 6.NOT GIVEN 7.NOT GIVEN 8.TRUE 9.NOT GIVEN 10.FALSE
查看解析
5 解析
译文：全球最大的就业数字出现在旅游观光业（即旅游观光业的从业人数是全球所有行业中排名第一的）。
定位词：Largest employment figures, world
C段：The travel and tourism industry is the world's largest employer with almost 130 million jobs, or almost 7 per cent of all employees.
其实这道题只需看懂题干就不难定位，题目只是把原文中的largest employer替换为largest employment figures，答案为TRUE。employer 在本篇文章中并非广大考生所熟悉的“雇主”之意，而是借用了构词法employ+er的方式，以表示“发出雇用动作者”，结合文意，准确的理解为“雇佣行业”。
6 解析
译文：旅游业对澳大利亚国民生产总值的贡献超过了6%。
定位词：six per cent, Australian gross national product
C段：This industry is the world's leading industrial contributor, producing over 6 per cent of the world's gross national product and...
“6%”不难定位，就在文中C段紧跟第5题后面的位置，且还是比较醒目的阿拉伯数字“6”，但认真看过全句后会发现，这个旅游业对国民生产总值6%的贡献是就全球范围而言，原文中并未明确说到在全球的每一个国家都超过了6%。更加谨慎的考生可能会继续向下追踪两句，但再无信息提及“澳大利亚”或“国民生产总值”，因此答案为NOT GIVEN。这是一道典型的“缩小原文所指范围”的题目，相当于原文说“他是中国人”而题干说“他是北京人”，两者既不相同也不矛盾，属于“there is no information on this"的范畴。
7 解析
译文：旅游业由于宣传推广娱乐休闲而有着社会影响力。
定位词：social impact, promotes recreation
C段：Thus, tourism has a profound impact both on the world economy and, because of the educative effect of travel and the effects on employment, on society itself.
此句确实提到了旅游业具有影响社会的力量，也给出了原因是“教育”和“就业”，但“宣传推广娱乐休闲”与此二者并非同类的相似关系，也非相反的矛盾关系，所以答案是NOT GIVEN。
8 解析
译文：旅游观光业有两个主要特点使得其在经济上的重要性很难得到确认。
定位词：Two main features, economic significance, difficult to ascertain
D段：However, the major problems of the travel and tourism industry that have hidden, or obscured, its economic impact are the diversity and fragmentation of the industry itself.
要正确解答此题，主要需看懂句子主干major problems are diversity and fragmentation，如果不认识“多样性”和“分化性”这两个词，并不影响解题。这是一道常见的同义替换类型的TRUE。
9 解析
译文：在旅游区，游客总是比本地居民消费得更多。
定位词：Visitor spending, always greater, residents
D段：Since many of these businesses also serve local residents, the impact of spending by visitors can easily be overlooked or underestimated.
题干中的Visitor spending回到原文只是稍微改换了顺序变成spending by visitors，定位并不困难。但是原文也并没有将游客消费与本地居民消费进行比较，所以答案为NOT GIVEN。
10 解析
译文：很容易用数据来显示旅游业是如何影响到各国经济的。
定位词：easy, statistically, affects, individual economies
E段：However, because of problems of definition, which directly affect statistical measurement, it is not possible with any degree of certainty to provide precise, valid or reliable data about the extent of world-wide tourism participation or its economic impact.
本题的难点一来自于对题干中individual economies的理解，二来自对应原文的长难句理解。economy 本身是个抽象名词，指“经济”这一领域，world economy当然指“全球经济”这个总体范围，而individual economy却不能简单地累加其中文意思变成“个体经济”，而是指各个国家自己的经济，组合起来也就是原文中world-wide tourism在全球范围内对每一个国家的economic impact。本句的详细解析可以参见前文，大意为很难就其经济影响提供可靠数据，与题干相矛盾，因此答案为FALSE。
Questions 11-13
Complete the sentence below.ChooseNO MORE THAN THREE WORDSfrom the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.11 In Greece, tourism is the most important .
12 The travel and tourism industry in Jamaica is the major .
13 The problems associated with measuring international tourism are often reflected in the measurement of .
我的答案： 11. 12. 13.
正确答案： 11.source of income|industry 12.employer 13.domestic tourism
查看解析
11 解析
定位词：Greece
For example, tourism is the major source of income in Bermuda, Greece, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and most Caribbean countries.通过定位词很容易找到文中定位句，此句中的major对应most important，所以答案为source of income。
12 解析
定位词：Jamaica
In addition, Hawkins and Ritchie, quoting from data published by the American Express Company, suggest that the travel and tourism industry is the number one ranked employer in the Bahamas, Brazil, ..., Jamaica, Japan, Singapore, the United Kingdom and the United States.同样依据Jamaica这个定位词很好找到原句，number one ranked对应题干中的major，答案为employer。再次温馨提示：在本文中 “employer”不可理解为“雇主”，而是指需要发生雇佣关系的行业。
13 解析
定位词：Problems, measuring international tourism, reflected, measurement
However, because of problems of definition, which directly affect statistical measurement, it is not possible with any degree of certainty to provide precise, valid or reliable data about the extent of world-wide tourism participation or its economic impact. In many cases, similar difficulties arise when attempts are made to measure domestic tourism.此题的定位由于缩小了范围而并不困难，但要成功锁定正确答案则要稍费一番周折。原文中表述“很难衡量国际旅游业影响”的那一句并没有提及这些问题还在哪里被反映了出来，需要考生在确认此句没有正确答案后当机立断，果断再向下看一句，才能顺利找到measure后面的正确答案domestic tourism。
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Part 2
Read the text below and answer questions 14-26.
Autumn leaves
Canadian writer Jay Ingram investigates the mystery of why leaves turn red in the fall
AOne of the most captivating natural events of the year in many areas throughout North America is the turning of the leaves in the fall. The colours are magnificent, but the question of exactly why some trees turn yellow or orange, and others red or purple, is something which has long puzzled scientists.
BSummer leaves are green because they are full of chlorophyll, the molecule that captures sunlight and converts that energy into new building materials for the tree. As fall approaches in the northern hemisphere, the amount of solar energy available declines considerably. For many trees – evergreen conifers being an exception – the best strategy is to abandon photosynthesis* until the spring. So rather than maintaining the now redundant leaves throughout the winter, the tree saves its precious resources and discards them. But before letting its leaves go, the tree dismantles their chlorophyll molecules and ships their valuable nitrogen back into the twigs. As chlorophyll is depleted, other colours that have been dominated by it throughout the summer begin to be revealed. This unmasking explains the autumn colours of yellow and orange, but not the brilliant reds and purples of trees such as the maple or sumac.
CThe source of the red is widely known: it is created by anthocyanins, water-soluble plant pigments reflecting the red to blue range of the visible spectrum. They belong to a class of sugar-based chemical compounds also known as flavonoids. What's puzzling is that anthocyanins are actually newly minted, made in the leaves at the same time as the tree is preparing to drop them. But it is hard to make sense of the manufacture of anthocyanins – why should a tree bother making new chemicals in its leaves when it's already scrambling to withdraw and preserve the ones already there?
Dome theories about anthocyanins have argued that they might act as a chemical defence against attacks by insects or fungi, or that they might attract fruit-eating birds or increase a leaf's tolerance to freezing. However there are problems with each of these theories, including the fact that leaves are red for such a relatively short period that the expense of energy needed to manufacture the anthocyanins would outweigh any anti-fungal or anti-herbivore activity achieved.
EIt has also been proposed that trees may produce vivid red colours to convince herbivorous insects that they are healthy and robust and would be easily able to mount chemical defences against infestation. If insects paid attention to such advertisements, they might be prompted to lay their eggs on a duller, and presumably less resistant host. The flaw in this theory lies in the lack of proof to support it. No one has as yet ascertained whether more robust trees sport the brightest leaves, or whether insects make choices according to colour intensity.
FPerhaps the most plausible suggestion as to why leaves would go to the trouble of making anthocyanins when they're busy packing up for the winter is the theory known as the 'light screen' hypothesis. It sounds paradoxical, because the idea behind this hypothesis is that the red pigment is made in autumn leaves to protect chlorophyll, the light-absorbing chemical, from too much light. Why does chlorophyll need protection when it is the natural world's supreme light absorber? Why protect chlorophyll at a time when the tree is breaking it down to salvage as much of it as possible?
GChlorophyll, although exquisitely evolved to capture the energy of sunlight, can sometimes be overwhelmed by it, especially in situations of drought, low temperatures, or nutrient deficiency. Moreover, the problem of oversensitivity to light is even more acute in the fall, when the leaf is busy preparing for winter by dismantling its internal machinery. The energy absorbed by the chlorophyll molecules of the unstable autumn leaf is not immediately channelled into useful products and processes, as it would be in an intact summer leaf. The weakened fall leaf then becomes vulnerable to the highly destructive effects of the oxygen created by the excited chlorophyll molecules.
HEven if you had never suspected that this is what was going on when leaves turn red, there are clues out there. One is straightforward: on many trees, the leaves that are the reddest are those on the side of the tree which gets most sun. Not only that, but the red is brighter on the upper side of the leaf. It has also been recognized for decades that the best conditions for intense red colours are dry, sunny days and cool nights, conditions that nicely match those that make leaves susceptible to excess light. And finally, trees such as maples usually get much redder the more north you travel in the northern hemisphere. It's colder there, they're more stressed, their chlorophyll is more sensitive and it needs more sunblock.
IWhat is still not fully understood, however, is why some trees resort to producing red pigments while others don't bother, and simply reveal their orange or yellow hues. Do these trees have other means at their disposal to prevent overexposure to light in autumn? Their story, though not as spectacular to the eye, will surely turn out to be as subtle and as complex.Questions 14-18
Reading Passage 3 has nine paragraphs,A-I.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letterA-Iin boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.NBYou may use any letter more than once.A B C D E F G H I 14.a description of the substance responsible for the red colouration of leaves 15.the reason why trees drop their leaves in autumn 16.some evidence to confirm a theory about the purpose of the red leaves 17.an explanation of the function of chlorophyll 18.a suggestion that the red colouration in leaves could serve as a warning signal 我的答案： 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
正确答案： 14.C 15.B 16.H 17.B 18.E
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14 解析
译文：对一种导致树叶变红的物质的描述。
定位词：Substance, responsible for the red colouration
C段首句：The source of the red is widely known: it is created by anthocyanins, water-soluble plant pigments reflecting the red to blue range of the visible spectrum.
此题干并不难懂，在文中的位置又是全文比较靠前段落的首句，只需认真读懂题目的意思即可较轻松地找到。还需提醒考生注意的是：虽然这类型题目考查对细节的理解，但并非要求考生非得把题干和对应原文字字都读懂不可。比如此题原文中的“花青素”、“色素”和“光谱”等专业性词汇，即使并不认识也不影响考生对整个句子主干的理解。在此还是要强调一下：句子的整体结构比任何某个单独生词更重要，阅读句子时需要多留心句子的主干结构，即“主谓宾”/“主系表”以及各从句的成分关系。
15 解析
译文：树木到了秋天会落叶的原因。
定位词：Reason, drop…leaves
B段第二、三、四句：As fall approaches in the northern hemisphere, the amount of solar energy available declines considerably. For many trees...the best strategy is to abandon photosynthesis until the spring. So rather than maintaining the now redundant leaves throughout the winter, the tree saves its precious resources and discards them.
此题的定位处很靠前，在文章的B段，有两种解题的切人方式。如果对discard这个词不存在认知障碍，则可以直接在第四句中看到tee…discands them是题干中trees drop...leaves的同义替换，直接得出答案。不认识discard这个词的考生，则可以通过结合本段第二、三、四句的叙述逻辑来推导答案：秋天到来光能减弱→许多树木因此选择放弃光合作用(abandon这个词肯定是认识的)→因此树木不留着树叶而是discards them，也可解题。
16 解析
译文：一些证据可以证实关于树叶变红的目的的一个理论。
定位词：Evidence to confirm, purpose of the red leaves
H段第一句：Even if you had never suspected that this is what was going on when leaves turn red, there are clues out there.
此题的难度一部分来源于定位比较靠后，但无论原文定位句还是题干都并不难理解。即使H段第一句没有太明白，接下来的内容都是使用各种实例来进行细节方面的解释，进一步支持首句论点。要在考场上轻松应对这种位置靠后的定位搭配题，最本质的准备方法就是平时加大英文阅读量、从根本上提升自己的阅读速度。
17 解析
译文：对叶绿素功能的解释。
定位词：Function of chlorophyll
B段第一句：…chlorophyll, the molecule that captures sunlight and converts that energy into newbuilding materials for the tree.
此题难度不高，考生也不需要认识“叶绿素”这个相对生解的单词，看懂题干是在解释“某种东西是用来做什么的”即可。
18 解析
译文：一种意见认为树叶变红可以作为一个预警信号。
定位词：Red colouration, warning signal
E段第一、二句：It has also been proposed that trees may produce vivid red colours to convince herbivorous insects that they are healthy and robust and would be easily able to mount chemical defences against infestation. If insects paid attention to such advertisements, they might be prompted to lay their eggs on a duller, and presumably less resistant host.
此题需要考生对warning一词有相对灵活的认识，除了“警告”之外还可以指“提醒、提示”，原文E段中树叶变红是为了告诉昆虫“此处树木健康，能防御你们，别来产卵”，正是一种警示。
Questions 19-22
Complete the notes below.ChooseONE WORD ONLYfrom the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.19 The most vividly coloured red leaves are found on the side of the tree facing the .
20 The surfaces of leaves contain the most red pigment.
21 Red leaves are most abundant when daytime weather conditions are and sunny.
22 The intensity of the red colour of leaves increases as you go further .
我的答案： 19. 20. 21. 22.
正确答案： 19.sun|light 20.upper 21.dry 22.north
查看解析
19 解析
题干： The most vividly coloured red leaves are found on the side of the tree facing the ______.
定位词： most vividly coloured red leaves、side of the tree
原文答案句：
H段：One is straightforward: on many trees, the leaves that are the reddest are those on the side of the tree which gets most sun.
翻译： 其中一个线索很直接：在许多树上，叶子最红的是面向阳光最多那一侧的叶子。
解析： “the leaves that are the reddest” 对应 “the most vividly coloured red leaves”；“on the side of the tree which gets most sun” 对应题干问的“side of the tree facing the ______”，所以空格填 sun。
同义替换：
the reddest → most vividly coloured red leaves
the side of the tree which gets most sun → side of the tree facing the sun
答案： sun
20 解析
题干： The ______ surfaces of leaves contain the most red pigment.
定位词： surfaces of leaves、most red pigment
原文答案句：
H段：Not only that, but the red is brighter on the upper side of the leaf.
翻译： 不仅如此，叶子上表面的红色更鲜艳。
解析： “red is brighter” 对应 “contain the most red pigment”；“upper side of the leaf” 对应题干问的“______ surfaces of leaves”，所以空格填 upper。
同义替换：
red is brighter → contain the most red pigment
upper side of the leaf → upper surfaces of leaves
答案： upper
21 解析
题干： Red leaves are most abundant when daytime weather conditions are ______ and sunny.
定位词： Red leaves most abundant、daytime weather conditions
原文答案句：
H段：It has also been recognized for decades that the best conditions for intense red colours are dry, sunny days and cool nights.
翻译： 几十年来人们也认识到，产生浓烈红色的最佳条件是干燥晴朗的白天和凉爽的夜晚。
解析： “the best conditions for intense red colours” 对应 “red leaves are most abundant”；题干已经给出 “and sunny”，并列词前面需要填一个和 sunny 并列的白天天气条件，对应原文的 dry days。
同义替换：
best conditions → most abundant
dry, sunny days → daytime weather conditions are dry and sunny
答案： dry
22 解析
题干： The intensity of the red colour of leaves increases as you go further ______.
定位词： intensity of the red colour increases、further
原文答案句：
H段最后一句：trees such as maples usually get much redder the more north you travel in the northern hemisphere.
翻译： 比如枫树这类树，通常越往北走，叶子就越红。
解析： “get much redder” 对应 “intensity of the red colour increases”；“the more north you travel” 对应 “as you go further ______”，空格填 north。
同义替换：
get much redder → intensity of red colour increases
the more north you travel → go further north
答案： north
Questions 23-25
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 23-25 on your answer sheet, writeTRUEif the statement agrees with the information given in the text.FALSEif the statement contradicts the information.NOT GIVENif there is no information on this.23 It is likely that the red pigments help to protect the leaf from freezing temperatures.
24 The 'light screen' hypothesis would initially seem to contradict what is known about chlorophyll.
25 Leaves which turn colours other than red are more likely to be damaged by sunlight.
我的答案： 23. TRUE
正确答案： 23.FALSE 24.TRUE 25.NOT GIVEN
查看解析
23 解析
译文：红色素很有可能有助于保护树叶不受冰冻低温的伤害。
定位词：likely, protect, freezing temperatures
D段第一和二句：Some theories about anthocyanins have argued that they might increase a leaf's tolerance to freezing. However, there are problems with each of these theories, including the fact that leaves arc red for such a relatively short period that the expense of energy needed tomanu1facture the anthocyanins would outweigh any anti-fungal or anti-herbivore activity achieved.
此题具有一定难度，需要考生细心并耐心看完D段前两个句子才能正确作答。第一句先提出若干理论假设，其中之一确实认为红色素的功能是增加树叶的抗冻耐受力，如果只看此句极易误选为TRUE。第二句话笔锋一转，指出这些理论都各有问题，换言之，这些可能都并非树叶变红的真正原因，否定了上一句话的内容，与题干表述相抵触。因此答案为FALSE。
24 解析
译文：“光屏障”理论乍一看来似乎与我们对叶绿素的所知相矛盾。
定位词：'light screen' hypothesis, contradict
F段第一、二句：… the 'light screen' hypothesis. It sounds paradoxical, because…此题定位极容易，但考查考生对于paradoxical（似是而非的，悖论的）这个替换了题干中所使用的contradict的词汇的认知。原文和题干都在说这种理论好像初看来是自相矛盾的，所以答案为TRUE。若考生确实不认识paradoxical这个词，如能耐心看完后面的两句话，也可大致推导出这里要表达的正是“有矛盾”这个意思，依然有可能正确作答。温馨提示单词量不够，用耐心补上。
25 解析
译文：树叶如果不变成红色而是变成其他颜色，则更容易受到阳光的破坏。
定位词：other than red, damaged by sunlight
题目： Leaves which turn colours other than red are more likely to be damaged by sunlight.原文没有任何内容提及这条信息，答案为NOT GIVEN。
Questions 26
Choose the correct letterA, B, CorD.Write your answers in boxes 26 on your answer sheet.26 For which of the following questions does the writer offer an explanation?
我的答案： 26. D
正确答案： 26. B
查看解析
26 解析
A
译文：为什么针叶树在冬天依然长青
定位词：conifers, remain green in winter
B段第三句：For many trees—evergreen conifers being an exception—the best strategy is to abandon photosynthesis until the spring
请注意本题的题干问：以下哪个问题是作者给出了解释的？换言之，仅仅提到选项所表述的内容是不够的，原文中必须还需给出之所以如此的原因才是正确答案。本选项只是简单提及针叶树到了冬天不会落叶，并没有给出其原理。
B
译文：树叶在秋天是如何变为橙色和黄色的
定位词：turn orange and yellow
B段最后两句：As chlorophyll is depleted, other colours that have been dominated by it throughout the summer begin to be revealed. This unmasking explains the autumn colours of yellow and orange…
此处明确给出了树叶之所以变成橙黄二色，是因为这些颜色先前被叶绿素压制着；而进入秋天，叶绿素逐渐消耗，于是这些颜色显露出来。因此，本题正确答案为B项。
C
译文：食草性的昆虫如何选择用来产卵的树木
定位词：herbivorous insects, choose, lay their eggs
E段最后一句：No one has as yet ascertained whether more robust trees sport the brightest leaves, or whether insects make choices according to colour intensity.
原文明确指出还从未有人确认过昆虫是如何选择树木来产卵的，直接与C项所说的内容相矛盾。
D
译文：为什么花青素只局限在某些树木中
定位词：anthocyanins, restricted to certain trees-What is still not fully understood, however, is why some trees resort to producing red pigments while others don’t bother, and simply reveal their orange or yellow hues.
原文中此句并没有直接提及“花青素”一词，但考生读到这里应当已经明白这个不认识的单词即是树叶变为红紫色的原因。本句说现在还不能完全理解为什么有的树叶要变红（制造花青素）而另一些树木不变红（不制造花青素），直接与D项所说的内容相矛盾。
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Part 3
Read the text below and answer questions 27-40.
Beyond the blue horizon
Ancient voyagers who settled the far-flung islands of the Pacific Ocean
An important archaeological discovery on the island of Éfaté in the Pacific archipelago of Vanuatu has revealed traces of an ancient seafaring people, the distant ancestors of today's Polynesians. The site came to light only by chance. An agricultural worker, digging in the grounds of a derelict plantation, scraped open a grave – the first of dozens in a burial ground some 3,000 years ago. It is the oldest cemetery ever fund in the Pacific islands, and it harbors the remains of an ancient people archaeologists call the Lapita.
They were daring blue-water adventurers who used basic canoes to rove across the ocean. But they were not just explorers. They were also pioneers who carried with them everything they would need to build new lives – their livestock, taro seedlings and stone tools. Within the span of several centuries, the Lapita stretched the boundaries of their world from the jungle-clad volcanoes of Papua New Guinea to the loneliest coral outliers of Tonga.
The Lapita left precious few clues about themselves, but Éfaté expands the volume of data available to researchers dramatically. The remains of 62 individuals have been uncovered so far, and archaeologists were also thrilled to find six complete Lapita pots. Other items included a Lapita burial urn with modeled birds arranged on the rim as though peering down at the human remains sealed inside. 'It's an important discovery,' says Matthew Spriggs, professor of archaeology at the Australian National University and head of the international team digging up the site, 'for it conclusively identifies the remains as Lapita.'
DNA teased from these human remains may help answer one of the most puzzling questions in Pacific anthropology: did all Pacific islanders spring from one source or many? Was there only one outward migration from a single point in Asia, or several from different points? 'This represents the best opportunity we've had yet,' says Spriggs, 'to find out who the Lapita actually were, where they came from, and who their closest descendants are today.'
There is one stubborn question for which archaeology has yet to provide any answers: how did the Lapita accomplish the ancient equivalent of a moon landing, many times over? No-one has found one of their canoes or any rigging, which could reveal how the canoes were sailed. Nor do the oral histories and traditions of later Polynesians offer any insights, for they turn into myths long before they reach as far back in time as the Lapita.
'All we can say for certain is that the Lapita find canoes that were capable of ocean voyages, and they had the ability to sail them,' says Geoff Irwin, a professor of archaeology at the University of Auckland. Those sailing skills, he says, were developed and passed down over thousands of years by earlier mariners who worked their way through the archipelagoes of the western Pacific, making short crossings to nearly islands. The real adventure didn't begin, however, until their Lapita descendants sailed out of sight of land, with empty horizons on every side. This must have been as difficult for them as landing on the moon is for us today. Certainly it distinguished them from their ancestors, but what gave them the courage to launch out on such risky voyages?
The Lapita's thrust into the Pacific was eastward, against the prevailing trade winds, Irwin notes. Those nagging headwinds, he argues, may have been the key to their success. 'They could sail out for days into the unknown and assess the area, secure in the knowledge that if they didn't find anything, they could turn about and catch a swift ride back on the trade winds. This is what would have made the whole thing work.' Once out there, skilled seafarers would have detected abundant leads to follow to land: seabirds, coconuts and twigs carried out to sea by the tides, and the afternoon pile-up of clouds on the horizon which often indicates an island in the distance.
For returning explorers, successful or not, the geography of their own archipelagoes would have provided a safety net. Without this to go by, overshooting their home ports, getting lost and sailing off into eternity would have been all too easy. Vanuatu, for example, stretches more than 500 miles in a northwest-southeast trend, its scores of intervisible islands forming a backstop for mariners riding the trade winds home.
All this presupposes one essential detail, says Atholl Anderson, professor of prehistory at the Australian National University: the Lapita had mastered the advanced art of sailing against the wind. 'And there's no proof they could do any such thing,' Anderson says. 'There has been this assumption they did, and people have built canoes to re-create those early voyages based on that assumption. But nobody has any idea what their canoes looked like or how they were rigged.'
Rather than give all the credit to human skill, Anderson invokes the winds of chance. El Niño, the same climate disruption that affects the Pacific today, may have helped scatter the Lapita, Anderson suggests. He points out that climate data obtained from slow-growing corals around the Pacific indicate a series of unusually frequent El Niños around the time of the Lapita expansion. By reversing the regular east-to-west flow of the trade winds for weeks at a time, these 'super El Niños' might have taken the Lapita on long unplanned voyages.
However they did it, the Lapita spread themselves a third of the way across the Pacific, then called it quits for reasons known only to them. Ahead lay the vast emptiness of the central Pacific and perhaps they were too thinly stretched to venture farther. They probably never numbered more than a few thousand in total, and in their rapid migration eastward they encountered hundreds of islands – more than 300 in Fiji alone.Questions 27-31
Complete the summary using the list of words and phrases,A-Jbelow.Write the correct letterA-Jin boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.-
A. proof
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B. plantation
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C. harbor
-
D. bones
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E. data
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F. archaeological discovery
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G. burial urn
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H. source
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I. animals
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J. maps
A 3,000-year-old burial ground of seafaring people called the Lapita has been found on an abandoned 27on the Pacific island of Éfaté. The cemetery, which is a significant 28, was uncovered accidentally by an agricultural worker.
The Lapita explored and colonized many Pacific islands over several centuries. They took many things with them on their voyages including 29 and tools.
The burial ground increases the amount of information about the Lapita available to scientists. A team of researchers, led by Matthew Spriggs from the Australian National University, are helping with the excavation of the site. Spriggs believes the 30 which was found at the site is very important since it confirms that the 31 found inside are Lapita.我的答案： 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.
正确答案： 27.B 28.F 29.I 30.G 31.D
查看解析
27 解析
定位词：3,000-year-old, burial ground, abandoned
第一段第三句：An agricultural worker, digging in the grounds of a derelict plantation, scraped open a grave—the first of dozens in a burial ground some 3,000 years old.本题的定位十分容易，题干考查的是在太平洋埃法特岛上的一个被废弃的什么地方发现了Lapita人足有3,000年历史的一个墓园。文章第一段第一句就十分显眼地出现了Efate 这个专有名词。但考生一定要牢记此处所需寻找的信息必定是一个被废弃的名词性内容，而本句没有相关信息。一直定位到第三句中的derelict这个abandon的同义替换词时，可得答案为B: plantation。
28 解析
定位词：cemetery, significant, uncovered accidentally, agricultural worker
第一段前三句：An important archaeological discovery…has revealed traces of an ancient sea faring people…The site came to light only by chance. An agricultural worker…本题的难点在于答案位置处于上一题之前，出现了乱序。但由于寻找27题时已经阅读过本段前两句，且原文中important与题干中significant, by chance与accidentally替换难度并不大，所以综合难度并不高。答案为F: archaeological discovery。
29 解析
定位词：many things with them, including
第二段第三句：They were also pioneers who carried with them everything they would need to build new lives—their livestock, taro seedlings and stone tools.本题的定位十分容易，题干中的tools在原文中没有被替换，仍是stone tools。Lapita 人随身携带了三类东西，其中tools 是题干已知信息不可选，于是只有livestock和taro seedlings这两个备选信息。而观察备选的选项可知，taro seedlings没有出现，所以答案为I: animals。
30 解析
定位词：Spriggs believes, found at the site, very important
第三段第三、四句：Other items included a Lapita burial urn... 'It's an important discovery,' says Matthew Spriggs… , 'for it conclusively identifies there mains as Lapita.'本题定位时需要注意：大写人名Spriggs所在的句子中，指出了it指代的对象是十分重要的发现，考生寻找代词所指代的对象时需要在上文的句子中去寻找，而不是继续读下文。答案为G: burial urn。
31 解析
定位词：since, confirms, found inside, Lapita
第三段第四句：...'for it conclusively identifies the remains as Lapita.'本题的答案与第30题的答案有一定的联系。题干说Spriggs之所以认为这个burial urn很重要，是因为它确认了里面的什么东西是属于Lapita人的，换言之，第31题提及的东西是装在第30题提及的东西里面被发掘出来的，需注意做第30题时不要误选了bones这样一个迷惑项。此题正确答案为D: bones。
Questions 32-35
Choose the correct letterA, B, CorD.Write your answers in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet.32 According to the writer, there are difficulties explaining how the Lapita accomplished their journeys because
33 According to the sixth paragraph, what was extraordinary about the Lapita?
34 What does 'This' refer to in the seventh paragraph?
35 According to the eighth paragraph, how was the geography of the region significant?
我的答案：
正确答案： 32. C 33. A 34. D 35. C
查看解析
32 解析
译文：在作者看来，要解释Lapita人是如何完成他们那些航海壮举的，存在着若干困难，原因是
定位词：difficulties, how, Lapita, accomplished their journeys
第五段：…how did the Lapita accomplish the ancient equivalent of a moon landing, many times over? No-one has found one of their canoes or any rigging, which could reveal how the canoes were sailed.
原文中对于Lapita人如何在他们那个遥远的时代完成类似今日登月壮举的描述是先以设问句开启，然后再回答“没有人找到过证据以说明他们如何操纵独木舟航行”，言下之意是“缺乏证据支持”，因此正确答案为C。A项说“已经发现的那些独木舟提供了相对比较少的信息”，与原文中提到的“还未发现过任何独木舟”相矛盾。B项说考古学家对这一领域表现出的兴趣十分有限，D项说技术进步改变了人们看待这些成就的方式，文中并未提及这两项信息。
33 解析
译文：根据第六段内容，Lapita人的非比寻常之处是什么？
定位词：six paragraph, extraordinary about
第六段：The real adventure didn't begin, however, until their Lapita descendants sailed out of sight of land, with empty horizons on every side. This must have been as difficult for them as landing on the moon is for us today. Certainly it distinguished them from their ancestors…
根据本段信息，Lapita 人的祖先就已掌握和发展了航海技术，但直到Lapita人这里才开始敢于向四周看不到陆地的外海航行，这是他们区别于其祖先的地方，所以正确答案为选项A。B项说他们的文化传承不鼓励他们表达恐惧，这在原文中完全没有提及；C项说他们能够制造可以承受航海旅行的独木舟，然而这项技术其祖先就已掌握，并非将他们区别于其祖先的特征；D项说他们的航海技术是一代传一代的，此选项错误原理与C项相同。
34 解析
译文：第七段中的“这”指的是什么？
定位词：' This ', seven paragraph
第七段：' They could sail out for days into the unknown and assess the area, secure in the knowledge that if they didn't find anything, they could turn about and catch a swift ride back on the trade winds. This is what would have made the whole thing work. '
此处的This需要联系上一句的内容整体来看，指的是Lapita人之所以敢于放心远航的原因。正确答案应为选项D。A项说Lapita人的航海才华；B项说Lapita人搜寻陆地迹象的能力；C项说Lapita人对于当地地区的全面了解和知识。这三项都不是原文中This指代的内容。
35 解析
译文：根据第八段内容，当地的地理条件具有何种重要性？
定位词：eighth paragraph, geography of the region, significant
第八段：For returning explorers, successful or not, the geography of their own archipelagoes would have provided a safety net. Without this to go by, overshooting their home ports, getting lost and sailing off into eternity would have been all too easy.
根据本段内容，其定居群岛的地理条件为其提供了一张安全网络，否则他们就很容易航行得太远、迷途而归家无期。因此正确答案为选项C。A项说它在Lapita人的文化中扮演了重要角色；B项说它意味着此处海域上风暴会相对较少；D项说它使得大量岛屿都适合居住。这三项的内容在本段中均未提及。
Questions 36-40
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet, writeYESif the statement agrees with the views of the writer.NOif the statement contradicts the views of the writer.NOT GIVENif it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.36 It is now clear that the Lapita could sail into a prevailing wind.
37 Extreme climate conditions may have played a role in Lapita migration.
38 The Lapita learnt to predict the duration of El Niños.
39 It remains unclear why the Lapita halted their expansion across the Pacific.
40 It is likely that the majority of Lapita settled on Fiji.
我的答案：
正确答案： 36.NO 37.YES 38.NOT GIVEN 39.YES 40.NOT GIVEN
查看解析
36 解析
译文：现在已确定无疑Lapita人能够顶风航行。
定位词：clear, could said, prevailing wind
第九段：...the Lapita had mastered the advanced art of sailing against the wind. 'And there's no proof they could do any such thing,'…
原文明确说到没有证据显示他们已经掌握了顶风行驶的技术，题干与之相矛盾，因此答案为NO。
37 解析
译文：极端气候条件也许在Lapita 人的航海迁徙中起到了作用。
定位词：Extreme climate, played a role
第十段：El Niño, the same climate disruption that affects the Pacific today, may have helped scatter the Lapita, ...climate data...indicate a series of unusually frequent EI Niños around the time of the Lapita expansion.
即使不知道E Nino是“厄尔尼诺”，考生也可从同位语中的climate disruption推断出这是一种天气现象。原文中不但提及此气候条件也许对Lapita人四散到各处去起了帮助作用，而且还在下文中进一步举例来支持这一看法：他们进行探索的时期正好就是一系列频繁得非比寻常的厄尔尼诺现象活跃的时期。相当于同义改写了题干内容，因此答案为YES。
38 解析
译文：Lapita人学会了预测厄尔尼诺延续的时间。
定位词：predict, duration, EL Ninos
文章第十段中确实提及了厄尔尼诺现象，并有理论认为此种气候条件可能是Lapita人在太平洋广袤海面上四处探索的助力因素之一，但是没有任何相关信息说Lapita人会预测此种天气的持续时长，因此答案为NOT GIVEN。
39 解析
译文：Lapita人为何终止了他们在太平洋上的探索，原因还不清楚。
定位词：remains unclear, why, halted
第十一段：However they did it, the Lapita spread themselves a third of the way across the Pacific, then called it quits for reasons known only to them.本题主要考查考生对halt （表示“停止”）这个单词的认知和call it quits （也表示“停止”）这个固定搭配的理解，二者都是在说Lapita人停止探索的原因未知，是同义表述，因此答案为YES。
40 解析
译文：很可能大部分Lapita人都定居在了斐济。
定位词：majority, settled, Fiji
文章最后一句话只是举例指出斐济有超过300个岛屿，并没有提到大部分Lapita 人在此定居的相关信息，因此答案为NOT GIVEN。
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