考满分 ielts

C8-Test 3

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Part 1

Read the text below and answer questions 1-13.
Striking Back at Lightning With Lasers

Seldom is the weather more dramatic than when thunderstorms strike. Their electrical fury inflicts death or serious injury on around 500 people each year in the United States alone. As the clouds roll in, a leisurely round of golf can become a terrifying dice with death - out in the open, a lone golfer may be a lightning bolt's most inviting target. And there is damage to property too. Lightning damage costs American power companies more than $100 million a year.

But researchers in the United States and Japan are planning to hit back. Already in laboratory trials they have tested strategies for neutralising the power of thunderstorms, and this winter they will brave real storms, equipped with an armoury of lasers that they will be pointing towards the heavens to discharge thunderclouds before lightning can strike.

The idea of forcing storm clouds to discharge their lightning on command is not new. In the early 1960s, researchers tried firing rockets trailing wires into thunderclouds to set up an easy discharge path for the huge electric charges that these clouds generate. The technique survives to this day at a test site in Florida run by the University of Florida, with support from the Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI), based in California. EPRI, which is funded by power companies, is looking at ways to protect the United States' power grid from lightning strikes. 'We can cause the lightning to strike where we want it to using rockets,' says Ralph Bernstein, manager of lightning projects at EPRI. The rocket site is providing precise measurements of lightning voltages and allowing engineers to check how electrical equipment bears up.

Bad behaviour

But while rockets are fine for research, they cannot provide the protection from lightning strikes that everyone is looking for. The rockets cost around $1,200 each, can only be fired at a limited frequency and their failure rate is about 40 per cent. And even when they do trigger lightning, things still do not always go according to plan. 'Lightning is not perfectly well behaved,' says Bernstein. 'Occasionally, it will take a branch and go someplace it wasn't supposed to go.

And anyway, who would want to fire streams of rockets in a populated area? 'What goes up must come down,' points out Jean-Claude Diels of the University of New Mexico. Diels is leading a project, which is backed by EPRI, to try to use lasers to discharge lightning safely- and safety is a basic requirement since no one wants to put themselves or their expensive equipment at risk. With around $500,000 invested so far, a promising system is just emerging from the laboratory.

The idea began some 20 years ago, when high-powered lasers were revealing their ability to extract electrons out of atoms and create ions. If a laser could generate a line of ionisation in the air all the way up to a storm cloud, this conducting path could be used to guide lightning to Earth, before the electric field becomes strong enough to break down the air in an uncontrollable surge. To stop the laser itself being struck, it would not be pointed straight at the clouds. Instead it would be directed at a mirror, and from there into the sky. The mirror would be protected by placing lightning conductors close by. Ideally, the cloud-zapper (gun) would be cheap enough to be installed around all key power installations, and portable enough to be taken to international sporting events to beam up at brewing storm clouds.

A stumbling block

However, there is still a big stumbling block. The laser is no nifty portable: it's a monster that takes up a whole room. Diels is trying to cut down the size and says that a laser around the size of a small table is in the offing. He plans to test this more manageable system on live thunderclouds next summer.

Bernstein says that Diels's system is attracting lots of interest from the power companies. But they have not yet come up with the $5 million that EPRI says will be needed to develop a commercial system, by making the lasers yet smaller and cheaper. 'I cannot say I have money yet, but I'm working on it,' says Bernstein. He reckons that the forthcoming field tests will be the turning point - and he's hoping for good news. Bernstein predicts 'an avalanche of interest and support' if all goes well. He expects to see cloud-zappers eventually costing $50,000 to $100,000 each.

Other scientists could also benefit. With a lightning 'switch' at their fingertips, materials scientists could find out what happens when mighty currents meet matter. Diels also hopes to see the birth of 'interactive meteorology' - not just forecasting the weather but controlling it. 'If we could discharge clouds, we might affect the weather,' he says.

And perhaps, says Diels, we'll be able to confront some other meteorological menaces. 'We think we could prevent hail by inducing lightning,' he says. Thunder, the shock wave that comes from a lightning flash, is thought to be the trigger for the torrential rain that is typical of storms. A laser thunder factory could shake the moisture out of clouds, perhaps preventing the formation of the giant hailstones that threaten crops. With luck, as the storm clouds gather this winter, laser-toting researchers could, for the first time, strike back.
Questions 1-3

Choose the correct letter
A, B, C
or
D
.
Write your answers in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.

1 The main topic discussed in the text is

A .
the damage caused to US golf courses and golf players by lightning strikes.

B .
the effect of lightning on power supplies in the US and in Japan.

C .
a variety of methods used in trying to control lightning strikes.

D .
a laser technique used in trying to control lightning strikes.

2 According to the text, every year lightning

A .
does considerable damage to buildings during thunderstorms.

B .
kills or injures mainly golfers in the United States.

C .
kills or injures around 500 people throughout the world.

D .
damages more than 100 American power companies.

3 Researchers at the University of Florida and at the University of New Mexico

A .
receive funds from the same source.

B .
are using the same techniques.

C .
are employed by commercial companies.

D .
are in opposition to each other.

我的答案：

正确答案： 1. D   2. A   3. A

查看解析

1 解析

定位词：main topic
题目:本文讨论的主题是
A闪电攻击对美国高尔夫场地和高尔夫选手造成的损失。
B闪电对美国和日本电力供应的影响。
C试图用来控制闪电袭击的各种方式。
D一种试图用来控制闪电袭击的激光技术。
正确翻译后，选项A和B比较容易排除，选项C比较具有迷惑性，但是只要看看文章标题，就不难发现本文主题是laser，所以正确答案是D。

2 解析

定位词：lightning
题目:根据文章,每年闪电会
A在暴风雨期间对建筑物造成相当大的破坏。
B在美国主要导致高尔夫球手死亡或受伤。
C在全世界范围内导致500人死亡或受伤。
D破坏了100多家美国电力公司。
选项C和D中的具体数字是很好的定位词，可定位至文章第一段。文中提到，只是在美国，闪电每年就能杀伤500人，而不是世界范围内，因此排除选项C。而100这个数字在文中是100 million a year，说的是每年闪电会让电力公司损失超过一亿美元,而不是说毁掉100多家电力公司，因此排除选项D。文中提到了云层翻滚而来时在户外打高尔夫是非常危险的，并没有说每年因雷击而死伤的是高尔夫球手，因此排除选项B。文中提到：there is damage to property too. buildings属于property的范畴，因此正确答案为A。

3 解析

定位词：University of Florida, University of New Mexico
题目:佛罗里达大学和新墨西哥大学的研究员们
A有同样的资金来源。
B使用同样的技术。
C受雇于商业公司。
D互相反对。
此题是不可过多联想的典型，越直白的想法越能解题。一般来讲，带有金钱的选项应该去掉，但是此题剑走偏锋，偏偏选了带funds一词的选项A。文中有两处支持这个答案：第一处在第三段： ...with support from the Electrical Power Research Institute(EPRI)...另一处在第五段：...which is backed by EPRL..两处暗示两项研究都得到了EPRI的资助,因此答案为A。
选项B可以从文中说的一个主张用火箭，一个主张用激光来排除；选项C在文中并没有提及；选项D则是过多推理的结果，尽管使用技术不同，但是并不代表两者互相反对。

Questions 4-6

Complete the sentences below.
Choose
NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 4-6 on your answer sheet.

4 EPRI receives financial support from

5 The advantage of the technique being developed by Diels is that it can be used

6 The main difficulty associated with using the laser equipment is related to its

我的答案： 4. 5. 6.

正确答案： 4.power companies   5.safely   6.size

查看解析

4 解析

定位词：EPRI, financial, support
第三段:EPRI, which is funded by
power companies...用EPRI定位到文章第三段， EPRI第一次出现之后即指出其是由电力公司资助的，原文中的funded等同于题千中的receives financial support from，因此答案应该填power companies。注意不要写成单数。

5 解析

定位词：Diels
第五段:… try to use lasers to discharge lightning safely...
用人名Diels在文中定位到第五段，从题目看出这里应填入一个副词，所以可以在人名周围寻找use或者use的替换词，并且在其周围找带有-ly形式的词，这样正确答案safely很快就能浮出水面了。

6 解析

定位词：difficulty, laser equipment
第七段:The laser is no nifty portable: it's a monster that takes up a whole room. Diels is trying to cut down the size...
这道题目的定位稍微有一些困难，需要将difficulty一词与文章中的stumbling block联系起来，进而找到第七段中的laser一词。文中提到，该激光设备并不方便携带，它是个体积占据了一整间房间的庞然大物。看到这里，通过理解，考生们可以想到激光设备最大的问题就是体积太大，不好携带，所以正确答案是size。

Questions 7-10

Complete the summary using the list of words,
A-I
below.
Write the correct letter
A-I
in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.

A. cloud-zappers

B. atoms

C. storm clouds

D. mirrors

E. technique

F. ions

G. rockets

H. conductors

I. thunder

In this method, a laser is used to create a line of ionisation by removing electrons from 7. This laser is then directed at 8 in order to control electrical charges, a method which is less dangerous than using 9. As a protection for the lasers, the beams are aimed firstly at 10.

我的答案： 7. 8. 9. 10.

正确答案： 7.B   8.C   9.G   10.D

查看解析

7 解析

定位词：electrons
第六段:...to extract electrons out of atoms...
本题关键是要理解题目中的remove…from...与文中的extract...out of..属于同义替换，这里要表达的是从原子(atoms )中提取电荷( electrons)。故正确答案是B。

8 解析

定位词：directed at
第六段:
If a laser could generate a line of ionization in the air all the way up to a storm cloud...
注意文中generate是“产生"的意思； directed at对应文中的all the way up to，其后的a storm cloud即对应空格处要填的内容。因此正确答案是C。

9 解析

定位词：less dangerous
第五段：...who would want to fire streams of rockets in a populated area?
... try to use lasers to discharge lightning safely...
这道题比较麻烦，对于只是按照顺序寻找答案的考生，定位答案会比较困难。这里需要联系第五段中的信息，参照词库里的单词，推测出空格所在句的意思是“用激光控制闪电是比用火箭更安全( less dangerous )的方式”。正确答案是G。

10 解析

定位词：protection, aimed firstly at
第六段:To stop the laser itself being struck... Instead it would be directed at a mirror...
protection对应文中的stop...being struck；at是解题关键词，即使不知道文中的directed和题目中的aimed是同义词，也可以从词组的形式上看出来两者是同位的，其后的名词即为答案。由此可知答案是D。

Questions 11-13

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet, write
YES
if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer.
NO
if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer.
NOT GIVEN
if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.

11 Power companies have given Diels enough money to develop his laser.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

12 Obtaining money to improve the lasers will depend on tests in real storms.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

13 Weather forecasters are intensely interested in Diels's system.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

我的答案：

正确答案： 11.NO   12.YES   13.NOT GIVEN

查看解析

11 解析

参考译文：电力公司已经向Diels提供了足够的资金来研发的激光器。
定位词：Diels, money
解题关键词：have given...enough money
文中对应点：由定位词及顺序规律可以定位到第八段："I cannot say I have money yet, but I am working on it."
(“我还不能说我已经拿到钱了,但是我正在为之努力。")
看到这句话，再联系上句：Bernstein says that Diels' system is attracting lots文中对应点of interest from the power companies. But they have not yet come up with the $5 million that EPRI says will be needed to develop a commercial system....Bernstein表示“ Diels的激光系统正在引起各电力公司的厂”泛兴趣。但他们还没有准备好EPRI提出的500万美元——开发一个......的商用系统的所需资金。)这两句话足以证明Diels的系统还没有得到足够的资金支持。
答案：NO

12 解析

参考译文：获得改善激光器听需的资金依赖于在真正的暴风雨中进行的试验。
定位词：obtaining money, tests in real storms
解题关键词：tests in real storms
文中对应第八段：第11题对应的原文下一句提到: He reckons that the forthcoming field tests will be the turning point..其中turning point是“转折点”的意思，联系上题中说到的，目前该项目还没有拿到钱，可知这句话的意思是field tests就是得到资金的转折点。field tests = tests in real storms
答案：YES

13 解析

参考译文：天气预报员们对Diels的系统设备特别感兴趣
定位词：Diels, weather forecasters
解题关键词：intensely interested
这是一道典型的完全未提及的题目，interest 一词出现在第八段的末尾，而weather forecasters这两个词也仅在第九段最后两句中出现：...not just forecasting the weather but controlling...而具体内容则完全不相干。
答案：NOT GIVEN
Part 2

Read the text below and answer questions 14-26.
The Nature of Genius

There has always been an interest in geniuses and prodigies. The word 'genius', from the Latin gens (= family) and the term 'genius', meaning 'begetter', comes from the early Roman cult of a divinity as the head of the family. In its earliest form, genius was concerned with the ability of the head of the family, the paterfamilias, to perpetuate himself. Gradually, genius came to represent a person's characteristics and thence an individual's highest attributes derived from his 'genius' or guiding spirit. Today, people still look to stars or genes, astrology or genetics, in the hope of finding the source of exceptional abilities or personal characteristics.

The concept of genius and of gifts has become part of our folk culture, and attitudes are ambivalent towards them. We envy the gifted and mistrust them. In the mythology of giftedness, it is popularly believed that if people are talented in one area, they must be defective in another, that intellectuals are impractical, that prodigies burn too brightly too soon and burn out, that gifted people are eccentric, that they are physical weaklings, that there's a thin line between genius and madness, that genius runs in families, that the gifted are so clever they don't need special help, that giftedness is the same as having a high IQ, that some races are more intelligent or musical or mathematical than others, that genius goes unrecognised and unrewarded, that adversity makes men wise or that people with gifts have a responsibility to use them. Language has been enriched with such terms as 'highbrow', 'egghead', 'blue-stocking', 'wiseacre', 'know-all', 'boffin' and, for many, 'intellectual' is a term of denigration.

The nineteenth century saw considerable interest in the nature of genius, and produced not a few studies of famous prodigies. Perhaps for us today, two of the most significant aspects of most of these studies of genius are the frequency with which early encouragement and teaching by parents and tutors had beneficial effects on the intellectual, artistic or musical development of the children but caused great difficulties of adjustment later in their lives, and the frequency with which abilities went unrecognised by teachers and schools. However, the difficulty with the evidence produced by these studies, fascinating as they are in collecting together anecdotes and apparent similarities and exceptions, is that they are not what we would today call norm-referenced. In other words, when, for instance, information is collated about early illnesses, methods of upbringing, schooling, etc. , we must also take into account information from other historical sources about how common or exceptional these were at the time. For instance, infant mortality was high and life expectancy much shorter than today, home tutoring was common in the families of the nobility and wealthy, bullying and corporal punishment were common at the best independent schools and, for the most part, the cases studied were members of the privileged classes. It was only with the growth of paediatrics and psychology in the twentieth century that studies could be carried out on a more objective, if still not always very scientific, basis.

Geniuses, however they are defined, are but the peaks which stand out through the mist of history and are visible to the particular observer from his or her particular vantage point. Change the observers and the vantage points, clear away some of the mist, and a different lot of peaks appear. Genius is a term we apply to those whom we recognise for their outstanding achievements and who stand near the end of the continuum of human abilities which reaches back through the mundane and mediocre to the incapable. There is still much truth in Dr Samuel Johnson's observation, 'The true genius is a mind of large general powers, accidentally determined to some particular direction'. We may disagree with the 'general', for we doubt if all musicians of genius could have become scientists of genius or vice versa, but there is no doubting the accidental determination which nurtured or triggered their gifts into those channels into which they have poured their powers so successfully. Along the continuum of abilities are hundreds of thousands of gifted men and women, boys and girls.

What we appreciate, enjoy or marvel at in the works of genius or the achievements of prodigies are the manifestations of skills or abilities which are similar to, but so much superior to, our own. But that their minds are not different from our own is demonstrated by the fact that the hard-won discoveries of scientists like Kepler or Einstein become the commonplace knowledge of schoolchildren and the once outrageous shapes and colours of an artist like Paul Klee so soon appear on the fabrics we wear. This does not minimise the supremacy of their achievements, which outstrip our own as the sub-four-minute milers outstrip our jogging.

To think of geniuses and the gifted as having uniquely different brains is only reasonable if we accept that each human brain is uniquely different. The purpose of instruction is to make us even more different from one another, and in the process of being educated we can learn from the achievements of those more gifted than ourselves. But before we try to emulate geniuses or encourage our children to do so we should note that some of the things we learn from them may prove unpalatable. We may envy their achievements and fame, but we should also recognise the price they may have paid in terms of perseverance, single-mindedness, dedication, restrictions on their personal lives, the demands upon their energies and time, and how often they had to display great courage to preserve their integrity or to make their way to the top.

Genius and giftedness are relative descriptive terms of no real substance. We may, at best, give them some precision by defining them and placing them in a context but, whatever we do, we should never delude ourselves into believing that gifted children or geniuses are different from the rest of humanity, save in the degree to which they have developed the performance of their abilities.
Questions 14-18

Choose
FIVE
letters,
A-K
.
Write the correct letters in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
NB
Your answers may be given in any order.

14-18 Below are listed some popular beliefs about genius and giftedness.

Which FIVE of these beliefs are reported by the writer of the text?

A.
Truly gifted people are talented in all areas.

B.
The talents of geniuses are soon exhausted.

C.
Gifted people should use their gifts.

D.
A genius appears once in every generation.

E.
Genius can be easily destroyed by discouragement.

F.
Genius is inherited.

G.
Gifted people are very hard to live with.

H.
People never appreciate true genius.

I.
Geniuses are natural leaders.

J.
Gifted people develop their greatness through difficulties.

K.
Genius will always reveal itself.

我的答案： 14-18

正确答案： 14-18 B C F H J

查看解析

14 解析

A
真正的天才在各个领域都有才华。
与...it is popularly believed that if people are talented in one area, they |must be defective in another....相矛盾。

B
天才的才能会很快耗尽。
与...prodigies burn too brightly too soon and burn out这句话一致；burn out是“耗尽”的意思，等同于exhausted。故选项B正确。

C
天才应该应用他们的天赋。
对应文中...people with gifts have a responsibility to use them。故选项C正确。

D
每代人中出一个天才。
文中提到...that genius runs in families，指出天赋是遗传的，但是并没有精确到每一代人就出一个天才。题目属于过度推断。

E
天才会被挫折轻易摧毁。
其实这一点在文章中没有提到，如果非要加以联系的话，可能..that adversity makes men wise，逆境出英才这句话会产生误导作用，但并不等同于英才为挫折所毁。

F
天赋是遗传的。
文中说..genius runs in families，指天才是遗传的。看到这个选项，就更能体会选项D的错误所在了。故选项F正确。

G
天才很难相处。
有的考生对文中eccentric这个词比较敏感，这个词是指人行为”古怪的“，但是并不等同于难相处。显然，这道题在混淆概念。词汇量大但又记得不够精准的同学可能会在这里吃亏。

H
人们从不欣赏真正的天才。
对应文中的..genius goes unrecognised and unrewarded，即天才不受认同也得不到相应的回报，故选项H正确。

I
天才是天生的领导者。
文中没有提到有关“领导者”的内容。

J
天才于困境中实现卓越。
对应文中的...adversity makes men wise，故选项正确。

K
天赋总能显现出来。
完全没有提到。

Questions 19-26

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 19-26 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE
if the statement agrees with the information given in the text.
FALSE
if the statement contradicts the information.
NOT GIVEN
if there is no information on this.

19 Nineteenth-century studies of the nature of genius failed to take into account the uniqueness of the person's upbringing.

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

20 Nineteenth-century studies of genius lacked both objectivity and a proper scientific approach.

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

21 A true genius has general powers capable of excellence in any area.

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

22 The skills of ordinary individuals are in essence the same as the skills of prodigies.

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

23 The ease with which truly great ideas are accepted and taken for granted fails to lessen their significance.

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

24 Giftedness and genius deserve proper scientific research into their true nature so that all talent may be retained for the human race.

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

25 Geniuses often pay a high price to achieve greatness.

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

26 To be a genius is worth the high personal cost.

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

我的答案：

正确答案： 19.TRUE   20.TRUE   21.FALSE   22.TRUE   23.TRUE   24.NOT GIVEN   25.TRUE   26.NOT GIVEN

查看解析

19 解析

参考译文：9世纪关于天才本质的研究未曾考虑到每个人生长环境的独特性。
定位词：nineteen-century, studies
解题关键词：failed to, uniqueness of the person's upbringing
文中对应第三段:However, the difficulty with the evidence produced by these studies, fascinating as they are in collecting together anecdotes and apparent similarities and exceptions, is that they are not what we would today call norm-referenced. In other words, when, for instance, information is collated about early illnesses, methods of upbringing schooling etc, we must also take into account information from other historical sources about how common or exceptional these were at the time.但是，想要利用这些研究得出的证据也有一定困难，因为它们不符合我们今天所谓的常模参照。换句话说，比如当我们在搜集有关早期疾病、养育方式、学校教育等信息时，我们也要考虑到在其他的历史资料中所记载的、关于这种情况在当时有多么普遍或不寻常的信息。
本题并不能利用nineteen-century的定位来轻松解决问题。本题需要通读第三段，在考场上，这无疑是个折磨人的过程。正确翻译之后，判定答案是TRUE。建议词汇量较小的考生使用全TRUE法解决此题。
答案：TRUE

20 解析

参考译文：19世纪关于天才的研究既缺乏客观性也缺少一种恰当的科研方式。
定位词：nineteen century, objectivity
解题关键词：lacked, both...and...
文中对应第三段未句:It was only with the growth of paediatrics and psychology in the twentieth century that studies could be carried out on a more objective, if sill not always very scientific, basis.
直到20世纪，随着儿科学和心理学的发展，相关研究才得以在更加客观的基础上进行——尽管依然并不总是很科学。
通过本句首先可以推测出19世纪关于天才的研究缺乏客观性，然后通过if sill not always very scientific得知，连20世纪有关天才的研究都并不总是很科学，那么就更别提19世纪的研究了，因此可以推测出本题正确答案是TRUE。
答案：TRUE

21 解析

参考译文：一个真正的天才是在任何领域都能出类拔萃的通才。
定位词：general powers, area
解题关键词：any area
本题的描述过于绝对,而绝对词正是选择FALSE的主要判断依据。如果题目中出现如all/always/any/never/none/every这样过于绝对的词，那么该题答案基本就是FALSE了。此题定位于文章的第四段：
We may disagree with the 'general', for we doubt if all musicians of genius could have become scientists of genius or vice versa...
但我们可能会对“各方面”这一点有所保留，因为我们怀疑是否所有的天才音乐家都可以成为天才科学家，反之亦然。
这句话表明了作者对于所谓全能型天才的质疑，正好与题干的表述相反，故答案应该是FALSE。
答案：FALSE

22 解析

参考译文：普通人的技能与神童的技能在本质上是相同的。
定位词：skills, ordinary individuals, prodigies
解题关键词：the same as
文中对应第五段首句:What we appreciate, enjoy or marvel at in the works of genius or the achievements of prodigies are the manifestations of skills or abilities which are similar to, but so much superior to, our own.
天才的作品或神童的成就令人欣赏、喜爱和惊叹之处在于其体现了他们的技能和本领，这些技能和本领虽然与我们的相似，但远远高于我们的水平。
这句话说明了天才的技能与普通人相似，只不过更高超而已。有的考生可能认为更高超就是不同，因而选FALSE；其实这是一种逻辑谬误。从句型结构上可以看出，but so much superior to是以插人语的形式出现的，并不是该句论述的重点，重点还是在similar to上，等同于题目中的the same as，所以答案应该选择TRUE。
答案：TRUE

23 解析

参考译文：真正伟大的思想可以被轻松接受,甚至得不到重视，但是这无损它们的重要性。
定位词：great ideas
解题关键词：fail to, lessen their significance
文中对应第五段后两句:But that their minds are not different from our own is demonstrated by the fact that the hard-won discoveries of scientists like Kepler or Einstein become the commonplace knowledge of school children and the once outrageous shapes and colours of an artist like Paul Klee so soon appear on the fabrics we wear. This does not minimise the supremacy of their achievements...然而事实可以证明他们的智力和我们的并非迥然不同，比如，像Kepler和Einstein这样的科学家历尽艰辛所取得的科学发现现已成为学童的常识性知识;像Paul Klee这样的画家所创造的曾经非比寻常的形状和颜色很快就出现在了我们穿着的面料上。当然，这并没有降低天才成就的价值。
作者先是举出数个例子来说明天才伟大的思想或者作品已经成为日常生活中司空见惯的东西，这就对应了题目的前半句the ease... 接着又提出This does not minimise the supremacy of their achievements，正好对应题干后半句。因此此题选TRUE。当然，如果比较纠结于翻译的话，最好的方法就是先放下，最后全TRUE之。
答案：TRUE

24 解析

参考译文：人们应当恰当地研究天赋和天才的真正本质以便为人类保留所有的才能。
定位词：giftedness, genius, scientific research
解题关键词：deserve, retained
文中对应这道题目定位点在第六段开头的geniuses and the gifted，但是比较隐蔽，难以正确定位。
建议如果找不到此题位置，最好的方法就是直接做下一题目，然后用顺序出题原则反推回这道题目。在锁定范围内如果找不到该题所述内容，则此题答案为NOT GIVEN。
答案：NOT GIVEN

25 解析

参考译文：为了获得卓越成就,天才往往付出了高昂代价。
定位词：pay a high price
解题关键词：pay a high price
文中对应第六段:...but we should also recognise the price they may have paid in terms of perseverance...
这句话以及接下来的内容明确说明了天才在成为天才的道路上所付出的高昂代价，是本题中最容易判断的一道题目。
答案：TRUE

26 解析

参考译文：成为天才值得付出高昂的个人代价。
定位词：high personal cost
解题关键词：worth
文中对应...but we should also recognise the price they may have paid in terms of perseverance, single-mindedness, dedication, restrictions on their personal lives, the demands upon their energies and time, and how often they had to display great courage to preserve their integrity or to make their way to the top...
但是也应该看到他们为此所付出的代价，看到他们的锲而不舍，专心致志，献身精神，自我约束，他们对自已时间和精力的严格要求，以及多少次他们不得不表现出极大的勇气来保持自身的正直或艰难地走成功。
这些都是天才为了成为天才而付出的个人代价，但是观其周遭，没有任何一个评述讲到这种个人付出值还是不值。典型的文中无此信息型题目。
答案：NOT GIVEN
Part 3

Read the text below and answer questions 27-40.
HOW DOES THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK TICK?

AOur life span is restricted. Everyone accepted this as “biological” obvious. 'Nothing lives forever!' However, in this statement we think of artificially produced, technical objects, products which are subjected to natural wear and tear during use. This leads to the result that at some time or other the object stops working and is unusable ('death' in the biological sense). But are the wear and tear and loss of function of technical objects and the death of living organism really similar or comparable?
27
BOur 'dead' products are 'static', closed systems. It is always the basic materials which constitutes the object and which, in the natural course of things, is worn down and becomes 'older'. Ageing in this case must occur according to the laws of physical chemistry and of thermodynamics. Although the same law holds for a living organism, the result of this law is not inexorable in the same way. At least as long as the biological system has the ability to renew itself it could actually become older without aging; an organism is an open, dynamic system through which new materials continuously flows. Destruction of old material and formation of new material are thus in permanent dynamic equilibrium. The material of which the organism is formed changes continuously. Thus our bodies continuously exchange old substance for new, just like the spring which more or less maintains its form and movement, but in which the water molecules are always different.
28
CThus aging and death should not be seen inevitable, particularly as the organism possesses many mechanisms for repair. It is not, in principle, necessary for a biological system to age and die. Nevertheless, a restricted life span, ageing and death are the characteristics of life. The reason for this is easy to recognise: in nature, the organisms either adapt or are regularly replaced by new types. Because of the changes of genetic material (mutations) these have new characteristics and in the course of their individual lives they are tested for optimal or better adaption to the environmental conditions. Immortality would disturb this system – it needs room for new and better life. This is the basic problem of evolution.
29
DEvery organism has a life span which is highly characteristic. There are striking differences life span between different species, but within one species the parameter is relatively constant. For example, the average duration of human life has hardly changed in thousands of years. Although more and more people attain an advanced age as a result of the developments in better medical care and better nutrition, the characteristic upper limit for most remains 80 years. A further argument against the simple wear and tear theory is the observation that the time within which organism age lies between a few days (even a few hours for unicellular organisms) and several thousand years, with mammoth trees.
30
EIf a life span is genetically determined biological characteristic, it is logically necessary to propose the existence of an internal clock, which in some way measures and controls the ageing process and which finally determines the death as the last step in a fixed programme. Like the life span, the metabolic rate has for different organisms a fixed mathematical relationship to the body mass. In comparison to the life span this relationship is 'inverted': the larger the organism, the lower its metabolic rate. Again this relationship is valid not only for birds, but also, similarly on average within the systematic unit, for all other organisms (plants, animals, unicellular organisms).
31
FAnimals which behave 'frugally' with energy become particularly old, for example, crocodiles and tortoises. Parrots and birds of prey are often held chained up. Thus they are not able to 'experience life' and so they attain a high life span in captivity. Animals which save energy by hibernation or lethargy (e.g. bats or hedgehogs) live much longer than those which are always active. The metabolic rate of mice can be reduced by a very low consumption of food (hunger diet). They can live twice as long as their well-fed comrades. Women become distinctly (about 10 percent) older than men. If you exam the metabolic rate of the two sexes you establish that the higher male metabolic rate roughly accounts for the lower male life span. That means that they live life 'energetically' – more intensively, but not for as long.
32
GIt follows from the above that sparing use of energy reserves should tend to extend life. Extreme high performance sports may lead to optimal cardiovascular performance, but they quite certainly do not prolong life. Relaxation lowers the metabolic rate, as does adequate sleep and in general an equable and balanced personality. Each of us can develop his or her own 'energy saving programme' with a little self-observation, critical self-control and, above all, logical consistency. Experience will show that to live in this way not only increases the life span but is also very healthy. This final aspect should not be forgotten.
Questions 27-32

Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs,
A-G
.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs
B-G
from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number
i-x
in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.

I. The biological clock

II. Why dying is beneficial

III. The ageing process of men and women

IV. Prolonging your life

V. Limitations of life span

VI. Modes of development of different species

VII. A stable life span despite improvements

VIII. Energy consumption

IX. Fundamental differences in ageing of objects

X. Repair of genetic material

我的答案： 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.

正确答案： 27.IX   28.II   29.VII   30.I   31.VIII   32.IV

查看解析

27 解析

定位词：fundamental differences,objects,organisms
B段前半段:Our 'dead' products are ' static', closed systems. It is always the basic material which constitutes the object and which, in the natural course of things, is worn down and becomes ' older'... Although the same law holds for a living organism, the result of this law is not inexorable in the same way.   要想弄清楚这一段的意思，至少要阅读前半段，才能明白作者是在对object变旧的过程和生物体衰老的过程做对比。通过is not inexorable in the same way猜测出是对应答案中的fundamental differences。正确答案为ix。

28 解析

定位词：dying, beneficial
C段第三、四句:Nevertheless, a restricted life span, ageing, and then death are basic characteristics of life. The reason for this is easy to recognise...   首先在C段找到表达转折意义的副词nevertheless，一般段落大意都藏在转折词后面；接着发现the reason for this，这就可以对应选项ii中的why；接着读下去发现提到了死亡是必要的，immortality会扰乱整个生态系统，这样就可以进行选择了。正确答案是ii。

29 解析

定位词：stable, despite improvements
D段第二、第四句:but within one species the parameter is relatively constant. Although more and more people attain an advanced age as a result of developments in medical care and better nutrition, the characteristic upper limit for most remains 80 years.
本段指出，每个生物体都有极具特色的寿命；不同物种之间的寿命有很大差别，但同一物种中，这个参数相对恒定，这就是选项vi中所提到的a stable life span；接下来的although则可以对应Heading中的despite,，improvement 对应句中的developments in medical care and better nutrition。这样就和Heading的意思完全吻合了。正确答案是vi。

30 解析

定位词：biological clock
E段首句:...it is logically necessary to propose the existence of an internal clock, which in some way measures and controls the ageing process and which finally I determines death as the last step in a fixed programme.   本段首句中提到：如果寿命是一个由基因决定的生物特征，那么我们就有必要提出这样一个观点，那就是生物体内存在一个内部时钟。这是文章第一次提到生物钟这样一个概念。正确答案是i。

31 解析

定位词：energy consumption
F段第一、四句及末句:Animals which behave 'frugally' with energy...
Animals which save energy by hibernation or lethargy ...
That means that they live life energetically'—more intensively, but not for as long.   通读全段，感到几乎在每一句中都存在的energy一词向你呼喊:选我吧。这样的段落无法从某一句话中弄明白作者到底在讲什么，但是也没有必要过于精细地通读全段。只需要浮光掠影扫过全段,捡拾几个高频词，就能够猜测出段落大意。
个别考生可能会选iii，因为他们只看到在该段中提到男、女新陈代谢比率的不同，但却没有注意到这一段除了提到男、女，还提到了乌龟、鳄鱼等，出项并没有涵盖全段要表达的意思。正确答案是viii。

32 解析

定位词：prolonging
G段首句:It follows from the above that sparing use of energy reserves should tend to extend life.   Heading中的prolong一词等同于本段首句中的extend。句意为：”从上面的讨论可以，看出，节约使用我们的能量储备应该可以延长寿命o“正确答案是iv。

Questions 33-36

Complete the notes below.
Choose
NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 33-36 on your answer sheet.

•Objects age in accordance with principles of and of

•Through mutations, organisms can better to the environment

• would pose a serious problem for the theory of evolution

我的答案： 33. 34. 35. 36.

正确答案： 33.physical chemistry,thermodynamics   34.physical chemistry,thermodynamics   35.adapt   36.immortality

查看解析

33 解析

定位词：objects
文中对应B段第三句:Ageing in this case must occur according to the laws of physical chemistry and of thermodynamics.
题目:物品变旧的过程依据_____和______ 法则。
并列的两处空格中需填名词。首先到文中寻找objects一词，可以在B段顺利找到，然后请注意寻找并列关系连接词and，很快可以发现正确答案。答案为physical chemistry (and ) thermodynamics。

34 解析

定位词：objects
文中对应B段第三句:Ageing in this case must occur according to the laws of physical chemistry and of thermodynamics.
题目:物品变旧的过程依据_____和______ 法则。
并列的两处空格中需填名词。首先到文中寻找objects一词，可以在B段顺利找到，然后请注意寻找并列关系连接词and，很快可以发现正确答案。答案为physical chemistry (and ) thermodynamics。

35 解析

定位词：mutations, organisms
文中对应C段第五句:Because of changes in the genetic material (mutations) these have new characteristics and in the course of their individual lives they are tested for optimal or better adaptation to the environmental conditions.   首先通过mutations一词将此题在文章中定位，虽然寻找过程不容易，但是一定要相信自己能找到。定位之后寻找空后关键字better to,根据空格前的情态动词can推测空格处只能填一个动词，而且是原型，还要能和to搭配。这么一来，这句话里只有一个对应词比较合适:adaptation，将其变形为动词即可。答案为adapt。

36 解析

定位词：evolution theory
文中对应C段末句:Immortality would disturb this system ——it needs room for new and better life. This is the basic problem of evolution.   空格处要填人的是会对进化论带来严重问题的内容，可通过evolution进行定位。注意disturb一词意思是“干扰、扰乱”，对应题目中的pose a serious problem for，因此答案为immortality。

Questions 37-40

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet, write
YES
if the statement agrees with the views of the writer.
NO
if the statement contradicts the views of the writer.
NOT GIVEN
if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.

37 The wear and tear theory applies to both artificial objects and biological systems.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

38 In principle, it is possible for a biological system to become older without ageing.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

39 Within seven years, about 90 per cent of a human body is replaced as new.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

40 Conserving energy may help to extend a human's life.

YES

NO

NOT GIVEN

我的答案：

正确答案： 37.NO   38.YES   39.NOT GIVEN   40.YES

查看解析

37 解析

参考译文：自然磨损理论既适用于人造物品也适用于生物系统。
定位词：the wear and tear theory
解题关键词：both... and...
文中对应B段:Our 'dead' products are ' static', closed systems. It is always the basic material which constitutes the object and which, in the natural course of things, is worm down and becomes ‘older'. Ageing in this case must occur according to the laws of physical chemistry and of thermodynamics, Although the same law holds for a living organism, the result of this law is not inexorable in the same way.
我们所谓“死掉”的产品是指一些“静态的”封闭的系统。构成物体的基本材料总是会在自然过程中逐漸磨损，变得“老化”。根据物理化学和热力学的规律，在这种情况下老化是必然的。虽然相同的规律也适用于生物体，但这一规律并不会以同样的方式产生不可抗拒的结果。
A段提出问题，B段解答问题。通过上面三句话得知：对于生物体而言，死亡并非不可阻挡的，因此自然磨损理论对于生物体来讲，当然就不太适用了。
inexorable在解题中起着关键作用。
答案：NO

38 解析

定位词：older, ageing
解题关键词：possible
文中对应B段:At least as long as a biological system has the ability to renew itself it could actually become older without ageing ..
至少只要一个生物系统有能力自我更新，它就确实能够不断成长但不会老......
这句话与题目中的叙述完全吻合，故答案应该是YES。而且即使考生找不到这个对应句，也可以通过题目中的passible一词猜测出正确答案是YES。
一般含有possible, probable, likely的表述都会选YES或者TRUE。
答案：YES

39 解析

参考译文：在七年之内，人体约90%的细胞都会更新换代。
定位词：seven years, 90 percent
解题关键词：replaced
此题也是一道脑残题目典型。一般数字都是比较关键的定位词；但这里不管是seven years是90%，在原文中都找不到；好不容易找到个10%，还风马牛不相及。最后发现文中根
本没有提到，这才恍然大悟，这就是个完全NOT GIVEN的句子。
答案：NOT GIVEN

40 解析

参考译文：节约能量有助于延年益寿。
定位词：energy
解题关键词：extend human's life
文中对应G段:It follows from the above that sparing use of energy reserves should tend to extend life.
从上面的讨论可以看出，节约使用我们的能量储备应该可以延长寿命。
此题考点与上面的List of Headings中的32题是重复的，不难找到；而且题目本身带有may这样模棱两可的表达。带有may, could, can等词的题目一般选YES或者TRUE。
答案：YES

Review

Part 1

Part 2

Part 3

考满分 ielts

C8-Test 3

Part 1

1 解析

2 解析

3 解析

4 解析

5 解析

6 解析

7 解析

8 解析

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10 解析

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12 解析

13 解析

Part 2

14 解析

19 解析

20 解析

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22 解析

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24 解析

25 解析

26 解析

Part 3

27 解析

28 解析

29 解析

30 解析

31 解析

32 解析

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34 解析

35 解析

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39 解析

40 解析