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Part 1
Read the text below and answer questions 1-13.
Stepwells
The ancient city of Bundi, 200 kilometres south of Jaipur, is renowned for its architecture, including its stepwells.
During the sixth and seventh centuries, the inhabitants of the modern-day states of Gujarat and Rajasthan in north-western India developed a method of gaining access to clean, fresh groundwater during the dry season for drinking, bathing, watering animals and irrigation. However, the significance of this invention – the stepwell – goes beyond its utilitarian application.
Unique to this region, stepwells are often architecturally complex and vary widely in size and shape. During their heyday, they were places of gathering, of leisure and relaxation and of worship for villagers of all but the lowest classes. Most stepwells are found dotted round the desert areas of Gujarat (where they are called vav) and Rajasthan (where they are called baori), while a few also survive in Delhi. Some were located in near villages as public spaces for the community; others were positioned beside ponds as resting places for travellers.
As their name suggests, stepwells comprise a series of stone steps descending from ground level to the water source (normally an underground aquifer) as it recedes following the rains. When the water level was high, the user needed only to descend a few steps to reach it; when it was low, several levels would have to be negotiated.
Some wells are vast, open craters with hundreds of steps paving each sloping side, often in tiers. Others are more elaborate, with long stepped passages leading to the water via several storeys. Built from stone and supported by pillars, they also included pavilions that sheltered visitors from the relentless heat. But perhaps the most impressive features are the intricate decorative sculptures that embellish many stepwells, showing activities from fighting and dancing to everyday acts such as women combing their hair or churning butter.
Down the centuries, thousands of wells were constructed throughout north-western India, but the majority have now fallen into disuse; many are derelict and dry, as groundwater has been diverted for industrial use and the wells no longer reach the water table. Their condition hasn't been helped by recent dry spells: southern Rajasthan suffered an eight-year drought between 1996 and 2004.
However, some important sites in Gujarat have recently undergone major restoration, and the state government announced in June last year that it plans to restore the stepwells throughout the state.
In Patan, the state`s ancient capital, the stepwell of Rani Ki Vav (Queen`s Stepwell) is perhaps the finest current example. It was built by Queen Udayamati during the late 11th century, but became silted up following a flood during the 13th century. But the Archaeological Survey of India began restoring it in the 1960s, and today it is in pristine condition. At 65 metres long, 20 metres wide and 27 metres deep, Rani Ki Vav features 500 sculptures carved into niches throughout the monument. Incredibly, in January 2001, this ancient structure survived an earthquake that measured 7.6 on the Richter scale.
Another example is the Surya Kund in Modhera, northern Gujarat, next to the Sun Temple, built by King Bhima I in 1026 to honour the sun god Surya. It actually resembles a tank (kund means reservoir or pond) rather than a well, but displays the hallmarks of stepwell architecture, including four sides of steps that descend to the bottom in a stunning geometrical formation. The terraces house 108 small, intricately carved shrines between the sets of steps.
Rajasthan also has a wealth of wells. The ancient city of Bundi, 200 kilometres south of Jaipur, is renowned for its architecture, including its stepwells.
One of the larger examples is Raniji Ki Baori, which was built by the queen of the region, Nathavatji, in 1699. At 46 metres deep, 20 metres wide and 40 metres long, the intricately carved monument is one of 21 baoris commissioned in the Bundi area by Nathavatji.
In the old ruined town of Abhaneri, about 95 kilometres east of Jaipur, is Chand Baori, one of India`s oldest and deepest wells; aesthetically it`s perhaps one of the most dramatic. Built in around 850 AD next to the temple of Harshat Mata, the baori comprises hundreds of zigzagging steps that run along three of its sides, steeply descending 11 storeys, resulting in a striking pattern when seen from afar. On the fourth side, verandas which are supported by ornate pillars overlook the steps.
Still in public use is Neemrana Ki Baori, located just off the Jaipur-Delhi highway. Constructed in around 1700, it is nine storeys deep, with the last two being underwater. At ground level, there are 86 colonnaded openings from where the visitor descends 170 steps to the deepest water source.
Today, following years of neglect, many of these monuments to medieval engineering have been saved by the Archaeological Survey of India, which has recognized the importance of preserving them as part of the country`s rich history. Tourists flock to wells in far-flung corners of north-western India to gaze in wonder at these architectural marvels from hundreds of years ago, which serve as a reminder of both the ingenuity and artistry of ancient civilisations and the value of water to human existence.Questions 1-5
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, writeTRUEif the statement agrees with the information given in the text.FALSEif the statement contradicts the information.NOT GIVENif there is no information on this.1 Examples of ancient stepwells can be found all over the world.
2 Stepwells had a range of functions, in addition to those related to water collection.
3 The few existing stepwells in Delhi are more attractive than those found elsewhere.
4 It took workers many years to build the stone steps characteristic of stepwells.
5 The number of steps above the water level in a stepwell altered during the course of a year.
我的答案： 1. NOT GIVEN 2. TRUE 3. NOT GIVEN 4. TRUE 5. FALSE
正确答案： 1.FALSE 2.TRUE 3.NOT GIVEN 4.NOT GIVEN 5.TRUE
查看解析
1 解析
参考译文：古时阶梯井的实例可以在全世界找到。
定位词：Examples of ancient stepwell
During the sixth and seventh centuries, the inhabitants of the modern-day states of |Gujarat and Rajasthan in north-western India developed a method of gaining ace to clean, fresh groundwater during the dry season for drinking bathing, watering animals and irrigation. However, the significance of this invention -the stepwell-goes beyond its utilitarian application. 本题是一篇文章的第一道题目，而且问题的内容和文章主题Stepwells相关，因此优先在开头段寻找。首段首句提到“印度西北部的居民发明了一种方法”，而根据文章第二句中的the significance of his invention the stepwell可以看到说的就是stepwells，因此关于古时候阶梯井“在哪儿”这件事，文中是提到的，排除NOT GIVEN。之后看是不是all over the world, 由于文章明确说到了north-western India，因此确定答案为FALSE。并且通过阅读全文,可以进一步确认实际上本文只聚焦在印度地区。
2 解析
参考译文：除了那些与水收集有关的功能，阶梯井还有许多其他功能。
定位词：those related to water collection
During their heyday, they were places of gathering, of leisure and relaxation and of worship for villagers of all but the lowest classes. 本题说到了“除了”那些与水收集有关的功能，因此重点考的是阶梯井是否有其他功能，与水收集相关的功能在文章首段已经明确提到，即 "... method of gaining access to dean, fresh groundwater during the dry season for drinking, bathing, watering animals and irrigation." 而除此之外，在文章第二段第二句提到的"places of gathering, of leisure and relaxation and of worship" 即题目中的"a range of functions"。因此本题选择TRUE。
3 解析
参考译文：德里所剩无几的阶梯井比其他地区的更引人关注。
定位词：Delhi
Most stepwells are found dotted round the desert areas of Gujarat (where they are called vav) and Rajasthan (where they are called baori), while a few also survive in Delhi. 本题目可以通过专有名词Delhi确定解题区域，题目中考到了比较关系"are more attractive than"，因此首先判断是否将Delhi 和其他地区的阶梯井进行了比较。通过阅读本段可以发现，整个段落中都没有进行这个方面的比较，因此直接选择"NOT GIVEN"。
补充：对于这类题目的解答，如果在原文中进行了比较，则需要进一步判断是more, less，还是equal, 也就是进步判断TRUE还是FALSE的过程。这道题目相对更简单，答案为NOT GIVEN。
4 解析
参考译文：工人们用许多年时间修建石阶——阶梯井的特色。
定位词：stone steps
As their name suggests, stepwells comprise a series of stone steps descending from ground level to the water source (normally an underground aquifer) as it recedes following the rains When the water level was high, the user needed only to descend a few steps to reach it; when it was low, several levels would have to be negotiated. 根据题目信息，本题首先判断“花费了多久修建”这件事是否提及，如果文中有提及，排除NOT GIVEN选项，如果确实花费了many years，则答案为TRUE，不是many years (例如文中实际提到的是few years)，则答案为FALSE。根据题目中的定位词出现的位置，可以判断本题对应文章第三段，该部分也出现了stone steps，但并没有提到关于“花费时间”的问题，因此本题直接选择"NOT GIVEN"。
5 解析
参考译文：阶梯井中水平面以上的阶梯数量在一年中有所变化。
定位词：steps, above the water level
As their name suggests, stepwells comprise a series of stone steps descending from ground level to the water source (normally an underground aquifer) as it recedes following the rains. When the water level was high, the user needed only to descend a few steps to reach it; when it was low, several levels would have to be negotiated. 本题重点考查关于“水平面以上阶梯的数量”相关的信息，文章第三段具体描述了阶梯井的形式一一从地平面向下延伸至水源，并且在最后一句对不同情况进行了对比：When the water level was high, …a few steps…; When it was low, several levels...说明在一年中随着水量的变化，水平面以上部分的阶梯数量也在变化，因此本题选择TRUE。
Questions 6-8
Answer the question below.ChooseONE WORD ONLYfrom the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 6-8 on your answer sheet.6 Which part of some stepwells provided shade for people?
7 What type of serious climatic event, which took place in southern Rajasthan, is mentioned in the article?
8 Who are frequent visitors to stepwells nowadays?
我的答案： 6. 7. 8. tourists
正确答案： 6.pavilions 7.drought 8.tourists
查看解析
6 解析
Which part of some stepwells provided shade for people?
定位词：part、provided shade
答案句：Built from stone and supported by pillars, they also included pavilions that sheltered visitors from the relentless heat.
这些建筑由石头砌成，以立柱支撑，还设有亭子，为访客遮挡难耐的酷热。
同义替换：provided shade for people = sheltered visitors from the relentless heat7 解析
What type of serious climatic event, which took place in southern Rajasthan, is mentioned in the article?
定位词：serious climatic event、southern Rajasthan
答案句：Their condition hasn't been helped by recent dry spells: southern Rajasthan suffered an eight-year drought between 1996 and 2004.
近期的干旱期让这些阶梯井的状况更是雪上加霜：拉贾斯坦邦南部在 1996 至 2004 年间遭遇了一场长达八年的干旱。
同义替换：serious climatic event = droughttook place = suffered8 解析
Who are frequent visitors to stepwells nowadays?
定位词：serious climatic event、southern Rajasthan
答案句：Their condition hasn't been helped by recent dry spells: southern Rajasthan suffered an eight-year drought between 1996 and 2004.
近期的干旱期让这些阶梯井的状况更是雪上加霜：拉贾斯坦邦南部在 1996 至 2004 年间遭遇了一场长达八年的干旱。
同义替换：serious climatic event = droughttook place = sufferedQuestions 9-13
Complete the table below.ChooseONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBERfrom the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.
9
10
11
12
13
我的答案： 9. january 10. bottom 11. rather 12. pattern 13. underwater
正确答案： 9.earthquake 10.4|four sides 11.tank 12.verandas|verandahs 13.underwater
查看解析
9 解析
定位词：Rani Ki Vav, 2001
第七段最后一句：Incredibly, in January 2001, this ancient structure survived an earthquake that measured 7.6 on the Richter scale.
根据空前空后的信息，不难判断本题应当填入名词，而空后出现了2001这一数字，因此在第七段当中找到survived an earthquake，答案应当为earthquake。
10 解析
对应词：Surya Kund geometrical pattern
第八段第二句：It actually resembles a tank (kund means reservoir or pond) rather than a well, but displays the hallmarks of stepwell architecture, including four sides of steps that descend to the bottom in a stunning geometrical formation.
本题题干形式为Steps on the _____ produce...因此空中应当填人名词，宾语为geometrical pattern。在第八段中第二句的句末可以看到geometrical formation,此处为题目的同义替换，而前面的four sides of steps可以替换题目中的steps on the 10....，因此答案为four sides，这也与题目要求中的ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER相吻合。
11 解析
对应词：Surya Kund looks more like, than a well
第八段第二句：It actually resembles a tank (kund means reservoir or pond) rather than a well, but displays the hallmarks of stepwell architecture, including four sides of steps that descend to the bottom in a stunning geometrical formation.
本题问到看上去更像______而非水井，因此原文中应当有与more like…than a well相对应的结构，并且答案为名词。在第八段第二句中，出现了resembles a tank rather than a well，此处resembles相当于题目中的like，而rather than结构也与题目对应，因此答案应当为tank。
12 解析
对应词：Chand Baori, a view of the steps
第十段最后一句：On the fourth side, verandas which are supported by ornate pillars overlook the steps. 题目所需要填入的内容出现了which引导的从句，因此可以以此为线索进行寻找，此处的provide a view of the steps与原文第十段最后一句中的overlook the steps对应。因此答案为veranda。
本题需要注意的是，原文句子中which are supported by ornate pillars是对主语verandas的修饰，主干为verandas overlook the steps，不要因为overlook the steps前出现了名词pillars 而造成失分。
13 解析
对应词：Neemrana Ki Baori, two, levels
第十一段第二句：Constructed in around 1700, it is nine storeys deep, with the last two being underwater. 本题问到的是levels的修饰语，并且有明显的提示词two，因此在第十一段的第二句中看到with the last two being underwater，答案为此处的underwater。
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Part 2
Read the text below and answer questions 14-26.
EUROPEAN TRANSPORT SYSTEMS 1990-2010
What have been the trends and what are the prospects for European transport systems?
14
A It is difficult to conceive of vigorous economic growth without an efficient transport system. Although modern information technologies can reduce the demand for physical transport by facilitating teleworking and teleservices, the requirement for transport continues to increase. There are two key factors behind this trend. For passenger transport, the determining factor is the spectacular growth in car use. The number of cars on European Union (EU) roads saw an increase of three million cars each year from 1990 to 2010, and in the next decade the EU will see a further substantial increase in its fleet.
15
B As far as goods transport is concerned, growth is due to a large extent to changes in the European economy and its system of production. In the last 20 years, as internal frontiers have been abolished, the EU has moved from a `stock` economy to a `flow` economy. This phenomenon has been emphasised by the relocation of some industries, particularly those which are labour intensive, to reduce production costs, even though the production site is hundreds or even thousands of kilometres away from the final assembly plant or away from users.
16
C The strong economic growth expected in countries which are candidates for entry to the EU will also increase transport flows, in particular road haulage traffic. In 1998, some of these countries already exported more than twice their 1990 volumes and imported more than five times their 1990 volumes. And although many candidate countries inherited a transport system which encourages rail, the distribution between modes has tipped sharply in favour of road transport since the 1990s. Between 1990 and 1998, road haulage increased by 19.4%, while during the same period rail haulage decreased by 43.5%, although – and this could benefit the enlarged EU – it is still on average at a much higher level than in existing member states.
17
D However, a new imperative – sustainable development – offers an opportunity for adapting the EU`s common transport policy. This objective, agree by the Gothenburg European Council, has to be achieved by integrating environmental considerations into Community policies, and shifting the balance between modes of transport lies at the heart of its strategy. The ambitious objective can only be fully achieved by 2020, but proposed measures are nonetheless a first essential step towards a sustainable transport system which will ideally be in place in 30 years` time, that is by 2040.
18
E In 1998, energy consumption is the transport sector was to blame for 28% of emissions of CO2, the leading greenhouse gas. According to the latest estimates, if nothing is done to reverse the traffic growth trend, CO2 emissions from transport can be expected to increase by around 50% to 1,113 billion tonnes by 2020, compared with the 739 billion tonnes recorded in 1990. Once again, road transport is the main culprit since it alone accounts for 84% of the CO2 emissions attributable to transport. Using alternative fuels and improving energy efficiency is thus both an ecological necessity and a technological challenge.
F At the same time greater efforts must be made to achieve a modal shift. Such a change cannot be achieved overnight, all the less so after over half a century of constant deterioration in favour of road. This has reached such a pitch that today rail freight services are facing marginalisation, with just 8% of market share, and with international goods trains struggling along at an average speed of 18km/h. Three possible options have emerged.
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G The first approach would consist of focusing on road transport solely through pricing. This option would not be accompanied by complementary measures in the other modes of transport. In the short term it might curb the growth in road transport through the better loading ratio of goods vehicles and occupancy rates of passenger vehicles expected as a result of the increase in the price of transport. However, the lack of measures available to revitalise other modes of transport would make it impossible for more sustainable modes of transport to take up the baton.
20
H The second approach also concentrates on road transport pricing but is accompanied by measures to increase the efficiency of the other modes (better quality of services, logistics, technology). However, this approach does not include investment in new infrastructure, nor does it guarantee better regional cohesion. It could help to achieve greater uncoupling than the first approach, bust road transport would keep the lion`s share of the market and continue to concentrate on saturated arteries, despite being the most polluting of the modes. It is therefore not enough to guarantee the necessary shift of the balance.
21
I The third approach, which is not new, comprises a series of measures ranging from pricing to revitalising alternative modes of transport and targeting investment in the trans-European network. This integrated approach would allow the market shares of the other mode to return to their 1998 levels and thus make a shift of balance. It is far more ambitious than it looks, bearing in mind the historical imbalance in favour of roads for the last fifty years, but would achieve a market break in the link between road transport growth and economic growth, without placing restrictions on the mobility of people and goods.Questions 14-21
Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs,A-I.Choose the correct heading for paragraphsA-EandG-Ifrom the list of headings below.Write the correct numberi-xiin boxes 14-21 on your answer sheet.-
I. A fresh and important long-term goal
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II. Charging for roads and improving other transport methods
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III. Changes affecting the distances goods may be transported
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IV. Taking all the steps necessary to change transport patterns
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V. The environmental costs of road transport
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VI. The escalating cost of rail transport
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VII. The need to achieve transport rebalance
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VIII. The rapid growth of private transport
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IX. Plans to develop major road networks
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X. Restricting road use through charging policies alone
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XI. Transport trends in countries awaiting EU admission
我的答案： 14. VIII 15. 16. II 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
正确答案： 14.VIII 15.III 16.XI 17.I 18.V 19.X 20.II 21.IV
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14 解析
解析：
第一段中提到 Although..， the requirement for transport continues to increase，因此对于交通运输的需求上升是很明确的，文中的 passenger transport，这与viii 选项中的 private transport 一致。文中说到了 the spectacular growth in car use，此处内容与viii选项的 rapid growth 和 private transport 一致15 解析
解析：
本段重点写了 goods transport 方面增长的原因，即 changes in the European economy and its system of production，之后对其进行了展开。最后部分说到了 even through the production site is hundreds or even thousands of kilometres away from the final assembly plant or away from users，也就是与货物运送的距离有关的变化。16 解析
解析：
从本段开头可以明确看到，这一段写的是与 countries which are candidates for entry to the EU 有关的内容，与countries awaiting EU admission 是一致的。而increase transport flows与transport trends一致17 解析
解析：
D 段首句开始提出 sustainable development，并指出这是一个 new imperative，之后提出了如何能够实现以及具体的时间预期。在本段中，首句new 与选项中的 fresh 同义替换，imperative 和之后的ambitious 都说明了其 important；通过本段后半部分的 can only be fully achieved by 2020以及 in 30 years' time, by 2040都说明了这是一个long-term goal18 解析
解析：
本段开头提到了 energy consumption in the transport sector 以及emissions of CO，说明由交通运输产生的污染很多，而随后的数据也进一步说明了这一问题，这与选项v中所说的 environmental costs对应19 解析
解析：
本文F段最后说到 Three possible options have emerged，然后G、H和I三个段落分别对三种解决方案进行分析，段落结构都是在首句提出方案的特点是什么，之后再进行展开。本段写第一种方式，即focusing on road transport solely through pricing，这与 x 选项对应，其中 solely相当于选项中的alone。20 解析
解析：
本段重点写的是第二种解决措施，首句说到 concentrates on toad transport pricing but is accompanied by measures to increase the efficiency of the other modes，也就是说在关注定价的同时，还提升其他运输方式的效率，这与i选项的内容是一致的，其中选项中 charging for roads 等于road transport pricing, improving other transport methods 等于 increase the efficiency of the other modes21 解析
解析：
本段所分析的第三种方式提到comprises a series of measures，包含一系列猎施，这与iv选项中 taking all the steps的表述是一致的。段落中的具体分析，说明这些努力就是为了make a shift of balance，也就是改变公路运输的统治地位，这与选项中的 change transport pattern 是一致的。Questions 22-26
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet, writeTRUEif the statement agrees with the information given in the text.FALSEif the statement contradicts the information.NOT GIVENif there is no information on this.22 The need for transport is growing, despite technological developments.
23 To reduce production costs, some industries have been moved closer to their relevant consumers.
24 Cars are prohibitively expensive in some EU candidate countries.
25 The Gothenburg European Council was set up 30 years ago.
26 By the end of this decade, CO2 emissions from transport are predicted to reach 739 billion tonnes.
我的答案：
正确答案： 22.TRUE 23.FALSE 24.NOT GIVEN 25.NOT GIVEN 26.FALSE
查看解析
22 解析
参考译文：交通运输需求在增长，尽管技术在发展。
定位词：need for transport, technological developments
文中第一段第二句说到Although modem information technologies can reduce the demand for physical transport by facilitating teleworking and teleservices, the requirement for transport continues to increase,本句中modern information technologies,与题目中的technological developments属于同义替换，而后面的teleworking and teleservices实际上是其具体的方式，主句中requirement for transport 相当于题目中的need for transport, 而句中increase 与题目中growing 是同义替换，因此本题属于全句的paraphrase。因此，本题答案为TRUE。
23 解析
参考译文：为了降低生产成本, 一些行业迁址到距离消费者更近的地方。
定位词：to reduce production costs, consumers
第二段最后一句中，提到了to reduce production costs, 这是题目对原文内容的原词重现，并且我们不难在段落末尾看到users, 因此题目中的问题是有提及的，答案不会是NOT GIVEN。之后判断是否如题目中所说moved closer,在原文句中关于距离的表达是the production site is hundreds or even thousands of kilometres away from the final assembly plant or away from users, 可见距离是非常远的。因此，本题答案为FALSE。
24 解析
参考译文：汽车在一些欧盟候选国家非常昂贵。
定位词：EU candidate countries prohibitively expensive
本题关注的是欧盟候选国家的汽车价格问题，定位词EU candidate countries出现在文章C段开头，而由于这处于上一题的出题位置之后，且25题的Gothenburg European Council出现在文章D段，因此可以很确定地在本段中寻找汽车价格的问题。本段重点写了欧盟候选国家运输方式变化的趋势，对于汽车价格并未提及。因此，本题答案为NOT GIVEN。
25 解析
参考译文：哥德堡欧洲理事会建立于30年前。
定位词：The Gothenburg European Council
文章D段第二句提到了The Gothenburg European Council，本题问的是其创立时间，如果提到了题目中set up的时间，那么排除NOT GIVEN，如果是题目中所言30 years ago，答案为TRUE，如果并非30 years，则答案为FALSE。考生需要注意的是，这类题目中，NOT GIVEN的意义在于题目中“这件事”是NOT GIVEN，即关于具体的建立时间未提及，而非30 years ago未提及。按照这样的解题思路，我们会发现本段中并没有写到关于该组织的建立时间，因此，本题答案直接选择NOT GIVEN即可。
26 解析
参考译文：这个十年结束时，来自交通运输的二氧化碳排放量预计达到7390亿吨。
定位词：CO2 emissions from transport
E段第二句说到According to the latest estimates, if nothing is done to reverse the traffic growth trend, CO2 emissions from transport can be expected to increase by around 50%to 1,1 13 billion tonnes by 2020, compared with the 739 billion tonnes recorded in 1990，不难发现CO2 emission 原词重现，而关于其在这个十年结束时，即2020年的排放量，文中有提及，因此排除NOT GIVEN，这个量将增长50%，达到1,1 13 billion tonnes，而非题目中所说的739 billion tonnes。因此，本题答案为FALSE。
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Part 3
Read the text below and answer questions 27-40.
The Psychology of innovation
Why are so few companies truly innovative?
Innovation is key to business survival, and companies put substantial resources into inspiring employees to develop new ideas. There are, nevertheless, people working in luxurious, state-of-the-art centres designed to stimulate innovation who find that their environment doesn't make them feel at all creative. And there are those who don't have a budget, or much space, but who innovate successfully.
For Robert B. Cialdini, Professor of Psychology at Arizona State University, one reason that companies don't succeed as often as they should is that innovation starts with recruitment. Research shows that the fit between an employee's values and a company's values makes a difference to what contribution they make and whether, two years after they join, they're still at the company. Studies at Harvard Business School show that, although some individuals may be more creative than others, almost every individual can be creative in the right circumstances.
One of the most famous photographs in the story of rock'n'roll emphasises Cialdini's news. The 1956 picture of singers Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash and Jerry Lee Lewis jamming at a piano in Sun Studios in Memphis tells a hidden story. Sun's 'million-dollar quartet' could have been a quintet. Missing from the picture is Roy Orbison, a greater natural singer than Lewis, Perkins or Cash. Sam Phillips, who owned Sun, wanted to revolutionise popular music with songs that fused black and white music, and country and blues. Presley, Cash, Perkins and Lewis instinctively understood Phillips's ambition and believed in it. Orbison wasn't inspired by the goal, and only ever achieved one hit with the Sun label.
The value fit matters, says Cialdini, because innovation is, in part, a process of change, and under that pressure we, as a species, behave differently, 'When things change, we are hard-wired to play it safe.' Managers should therefore adopt an approach that appears counter-intuitive – they should explain what stands to be lost if the company fails to seize a particular opportunity. Studies show that we invariably take more gambles when threatened with a loss than when offered a reward.
Managing innovation is a delicate art. It's easy for a company to be pulled in conflicting directions as the marketing, product development, and finance departments each get different feedback from different sets of people. And without a system which ensures collaborative exchanges within the company, it's also easy for small 'pockets of innovation' to disappear. Innovation is a contact sport. You can't brief people just by saying, 'We're going in this direction and I'm going to take you with me.
Cialdini believes that this 'follow-the-leader syndrome' is dangerous, not least because it encourages bosses to go it alone. 'It's been scientifically proven that three people will be better than one at solving problems, even if that one person is the smartest person in the field.' To prove his point, Cialdini cites an interview with molecular biologist James Watson. Watson, together with Francis Crick, discovered the structure of DNA, the genetic information carrier of all living organisms. 'When asked how they had cracked the code ahead of an array of highly accomplished rival investigators, he said something that stunned me. He said he and Crick had succeeded because they were aware that they weren't the most intelligent of the scientists pursuing the answer. The smartest scientist was called Rosalind Franklin who, Watson said, “was so intelligent she rarely sought advice”.'
Teamwork taps into one of the basic drivers of human behavior. 'The principle of social proof is so pervasive that we don't even recognise it,' says Cialdini. 'if your project is being resisted, for example, by a group of veteran employees, asked another old-timer to speak up for it.' Cialdini is not alone in advocating this strategy. Research shows that peer power, used horizontally not vertically, is much more powerful than any boss's speech.
Writing, visualizing and prototyping can stimulate the flow of new ideas. Cialdini cites scores of research papers and historical events that prove that even something as simple as writing deepens every individual's engagement in the project. It is, he says, the reason why all those competitions on breakfast cereal packets encouraged us to write in saying, in no more than 10 words: 'I like Kellogg's Corn Flakes because… .' The very act of writing makes us more likely to believe it.
Authority doesn't have to inhibit innovation but it often does. The wrong kind of leadership will lead to what Cialdini calls 'captainitis, the regrettable tendency of team members to opt out of team responsibilities that are properly theirs'. He calls it captainitis because, he says, 'crew members of multipilot aircraft exhibit a sometimes deadly passivity when the flight captain makes a clearly wrong-headed decision'. This behavior is not, he says, unique to air travel, but can happen in any workplace where the leader is overbearing.
At the other end of the scale is the 1980s Memphis design collective, a group of young designers for whom 'the only rule was that there were no rules'. This environment encouraged a free interchange of ideas, which led to more creativity with form, function, colour and materials that revolutionised attitudes to furniture design.
Many theorists believe the ideal boss should lead from behind, taking pride in collective accomplishment and giving credit where it is due. Cialdini says: 'Leaders should encourage everyone to contribute and simultaneously assure all concerned that every recommendation is important to making the right decision and will be given full attention.' The frustrating thing about innovation is that there are many approaches, but no magic formula. However, a manager who wants to create a truly innovative culture can make their job a lot easier by recognising these psychological realities.Questions 27-30
Choose the correct letterA, B, CorD.Write your answers in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.27 The example of the 'million dollar quartet' underlines the writer's point about
28 James Watson suggests that he and Francis Crick won the race to discover the DNA code because they
29 The writer mentions competitions on breakfast cereal packets as an example of how to
30 In the last paragraph, the writer suggests that it is important for employees to
我的答案：
正确答案： 27. C 28. A 29. D 30. B
查看解析
27 解析
定位词：million-dollar quarter
题目："million-dollar quartet" 的例子强调了作者关于________的观点。
A发现天赋
B作为团队工作
C有共同的目标
D做一名成功的领导者
本题问到例子的作用，已经明确写出了强调作者的观点，需要大家确定作者的观点是什么。“million-dollar quartet”的故事位于第三段，开头说到One of the most famous photographs in the story of rock'n'roll emphasises Cialdini's views，而下面的故事说的就是One of the most famous photographs in the story of rok'n'roll，因此例子强调的观点即Cialdini在之前提到的内容，也就是第段中关于the fit between an employee's values and a company's values的问题。因此需要找到与之相符合的选项，通过分析四个选项的含义，可以看到C选项中a shared objective与之含义一致，因此本题答案为C。
28 解析
定位词：James Watson, DNA code
题目：James Watson认为他和Francis Crick在发现DNA编码的竞争中胜出是因为他们________。
A意识到了他们自己的局限性
B为他们的合作关系带来了互补性的技能
C决心胜过那些比他们更为聪明的竞争者
D互相鼓励实现他们共同的抱负
本题问的是在James Watson看来，他们能够更早发现DNA编码的原因，首先需要确定这一信息位于文章第六段。文中对这一信息有比较明确的表达：When asked how they had cracked the code ahead of an array of highly accomplished rival investigators, he said something that stunned me. He said he and Crick had succeeded because they were aware that they weren't the most intelligent of the scientists pursuing the answer。此处的ahead of与题目中won the race都表达了胜出的含义，而文中也出现了because这一表示因果关系的词汇，因此原因就是文中所出现的they were aware that they weren't the most intelligent of the scientists pursuing the answer。A选项与这一内容含义相同，were conscious of与文中were aware that 是同义替换，而their own limitations 与文中they weren't the most intelligent表达了相同的含义。
29 解析
定位词：breakfast cereal packets
题目：作者提到关于早餐麦片
的竞争作为关于________的一个例子。
A激发创造性思维
B进行简洁的写作
C促进对组织的忠诚
D强化对一种观念的认同
文中关于breakfast cereal packets的描述位于原文第八段，题目问这是关于什么的例子，需要明确本段举例是具体为了什么。从文段内容来看，例子之前的句子中说到了deepens every individual's engagement in the project，而例子说到了“这就是……的原因"。随后本段最后一句中也表达了makes us more likely to believe it。因此可见是为了强化某信念，这与D选项表达的含义是一致的，因此本题答案为D。
30 解析
定位词：last paragraph
题目：在最后一段，作者认为员工非常重要。
A知道公司的目标
B感到自己的贡献受到重视
C尊重同事的成就
D理解为什么做出特定的管理决策
本题的解题位置非常明确，位于文章最后一段。题目同的是，从员工的角度讲什么是重要的，因此需要在段落中找到和员工有关的内容。本段说到Leaders should encourage everyone to contribute and simultaneously assure all concerned that every recommendation is important to making the right decision and will be given full attention，从中可以看到encourage everyone to contribute, every recommendation is important, be given full attention这些信息，也就是说员工感到自己在组织中受到重视，因此本题答案为B。
Questions 31-35
Complete each sentence with the correct ending,A-G, below.Write the correct letter,A-G, in boxes 31-35 on your answer sheet.-
A. take chances.
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B. share their ideas.
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C. become competitive.
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D. get promotion.
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E. avoid risk.
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F. ignore their duties.
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G. remain in their jobs.
31 Employees whose values match those of their employers are more likely to31
32 At times of change, people tend to32
33 If people are aware of what they might lose, they will often33
34 People working under a dominant boss are liable to34
35 Employees working in organisations with few rules are more likely to35
我的答案： 31. 32. 33. 34. 35.
正确答案： 31.G 32.E 33.A 34.F 35.B
查看解析
31 解析
题目：那些价值观与雇主价值观一致的员工更容易_______。
定位词：whose values match those of their employers
本题题干中提到了员工价值观与雇主价值观致的问题，根据题干内容，在原文第二段中可以找到对应的语句：Research shows that the fit between an employee's values and a company's values makes a difference to what contribution they make and whether, two years after they join, they’re still at the company，也就是说，这种价值观的一致程度会影响员工做出何种贡献以及两年后是否依然在公司，G选项中的remain in their jobs相当于本句中的still at the company,，因此本题答案为G。
32 解析
题目：在发生变化的时候，人们往往________。
定位词：times of change
本题问到发生变化时人们的反应，所以在文中需要先找到times of change,第四段中说到When things change, we are hard-wired to play it safe，可见发生变化时，人们的反应是谨慎行事。在选项中寻找相同含义的信息，可以看到E选项avoid risk是play it safe的同义替换，因此本题答案为E。
33 解析
题目：如果人们意识到他们可能会蒙受损失，他们通常会_______。
定位词：they might lose
本题问到人们意识到他们可能蒙受损失时会有怎样的反应，首先在文中第四段可以看到Managers should therefore adopt an approach that appears counterintuitive-they should explain what stands to be lost if the company fails to seize a particular opportunity. Studies show that we invariably take more gambles when threatened with a loss than when offered a reward, 这两句话中分别出现了lost和lose，通过分析句子可以看出第二句中we...when threatened with a loss与题目中的信息一致，因此we invariably take more gambles就是人们通常会采取的行为，在选项中寻找“冒险”这一含义，可以看到A选项中take chances符合要求，因此本题答案为A。
34 解析
题目：在支配型老板管理下工作的人很容易________。
定位词：a dominant boss
本题向到people working under a dominant boss，需要在原文中找到出处，原文中第九段开头便说到权威与创新的关系，而在之后也说到The wrong kind of leadership will lead to what Cialdini calls 'captainitis, the regrettable tendency of team members to opt out of team responsibilities that are properly theirs'. He calls it captainitis because, he says, 'crew members of multipilot aircraft exhibit a sometimes deadly passivity when the fight captain makes a clearly wrong-headed decision'. 也就是说，由于老板的支配性比较强，团队成员会出现opt out of team responsibilities的情况，选项F ignore their duties是这一表达的同义替换，因此本题答案为F。
35 解析
题目：在没有太多规则的组织中工作的员工更可能________。
定位词：organisations with few rules
本题问到没有太多规则的组织，需要首先找到在文中的问题，原文中第十段说到了the 1980s Memphis design collective, a group of young designers for whom ' the only rule was that there were no rules '，可见此处就是题目中所问的organisations with few rules，因此需要看其中的团队成员如何行事，文中写到This environment encouraged a free interchange of ideas, which led to more creativity with form, function, colour and materials that revolutionised attitudes to furniture design，所以a free interchange of ideas就是题目中所问的内容，该内容在选项中被同义替换为share their ideas，因此本题答案为B。
Questions 36-40
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet, writeYESif the statement agrees with the claims of the writer.NOif the statement contradicts the claims of the writer.NOT GIVENif it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.36 The physical surroundings in which a person works play a key role in determining their creativity.
37 Most people have the potential to be creative.
38 Teams work best when their members are of equally matched intelligence.
39 It is easier for smaller companies to be innovative.
40 A manager's approval of an idea is more persuasive than that of a colleague.
我的答案：
正确答案： 36.NO 37.YES 38.NOT GIVEN 39.NOT GIVEN 40.NO
查看解析
36 解析
参考译文：一个人工作的物理环境在其创新性上起决定作用。
定位词：physical surroundings, creativity
本题问的是工作的物理环境和其创新性的关系问题，首先判断出，在原文中首段便提及了相关的内容，因此答案为YES或NO。首段第二句描述了在非常好的工作环境下人们并没有表现出创新性的情况，luxurious, state of-the art centres designed to stimulate innovation指的就是题目中的physical surroundings，而最后的效果确是their environment doesn't make them fell at all creative，因此说明物理环境不会起到决定性作用，本题答案为NO。
37 解析
参考译文：大多数人有潜力成为具有创造力的人。
定位词：the potential to be creative
本题说到了有潜力成为具有创造力的人，该信息在原文第二段结尾处出现：Studies at Harvard Business School show that, although some individuals may be more creative than others, almost every individual can be creative in the right circumstances. 也就是说，几乎每个人在正确的环境下，都有可能变得具有创造力，这与题目中的表述是一致的，因此本题答案为YES。
38 解析
参考译文：当团队成员智力水平相当时，团队工作表现最好。
定位词：equally matched intelligence
文中对应点本题目问到当团队成员智力水平相当时，是否会使团队表现最好，首先需要在上一题出现之后的部分中寻找该内容，然后关注绝对词best，从文中可以看到，并没有出现这一信息的表达，因此本题答案为NOT GIVEN。
39 解析
参考译文：小公司更容易具备创新性。
定位词：smaller companies
文中对应点本题目问的是小公司是否更容易创新，而题目中出现了比较结构easier for... to…，因此需要关注文章是否出现了这两者间的比较。从本题目可能出题的几个段落来看，并没有针对大公司和小公司谁更容易创新的问题进行比较，因此本题答案为NOT GIVEN。
40 解析
参考译文：管理者对一个观点的评价比来自同事的评价更具说服力。
定位词：Manager's approval, a colleague
本题目就管理者对观点的评价和同事对观点的评价进行了比较，需要首先找到相关的信息并判断是否有这种比较，文章第七段提到了social proof，并举了一个例子，说明可以通过同事的帮助来解决问题，这是为了突出来自同事的评价，而在本段最后一句则说到peer power, used horizontally not vertically, is much more powerful than any boss's speech,可见题目中提到的两者之间是存在比较关系的，因此本题不是NOT GIVEN，并且题目中所说的比较关系与原文呈现的内容相反，因此本题答案为NO。
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