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第一段
1 .TAMARA: Shall we go through the notes we’ve made from our research into loneliness now, Dev?
塔玛拉：我们现在来看看我们关于孤独的研究笔记吧，德夫？
2 .DEV: OK, Tamara. It’s been a real eye-opener. I had no idea that loneliness has been increasing steadily for the last twenty years.
德夫：好的，塔玛拉。这真是让人大开眼界。我完全不知道孤独在过去二十年里一直在增加。
3 .TAMARA: I know. And it’s the same all over the world – the downside of a modern lifestyle I guess.
塔玛拉：我知道。而且全世界都是这样——我猜这是现代生活方式带来的负面影响。
4 .DEV: Did you come to any conclusions about what the reasons for the increase are?
德夫：你有没有得出孤独为什么增加的结论？
5 .TAMARA: Well, I’d assumed it was mainly an issue for the elderly – but in fact it’s something which affects young people just as much.
塔玛拉：我本来以为这主要是老年人的问题——但实际上，年轻人也同样受到影响。
6 .DEV: Mmm. So nothing really to do with longer lifespans. What about social media? In my case, far from making me feel isolated, it actually does the opposite.
德夫：嗯。所以这与寿命延长无关。那社交媒体呢？对我来说，社交媒体不仅没有让我感到孤立，恰恰相反。
7 .TAMARA: It definitely does more good than harm. I’d say loneliness has a lot to do with the way cities are designed – people living in high-rise flats with not much opportunity to speak to their neighbours.
塔玛拉：它肯定利大于弊。我认为孤独与城市设计有很大关系——人们住在高层公寓里，几乎没有机会与邻居交谈。
8 .DEV: I think you’re right.
德夫：我觉得你说得对。
9 .TAMARA: Another possible reason is that people are having fewer children and don’t live in large extended family groups.
塔玛拉：另一个可能的原因是人们生育的孩子越来越少，不再生活在大家庭中。
10 .DEV: But, in this country anyway, that all changed decades ago and yet loneliness is a more recent problem.
德夫：但是，至少在这个国家，这种情况几十年前就已经改变了，而孤独却是最近才出现的问题。
11 .TAMARA: I suppose so. A more plausible explanation is that people are having to move around for work and often end up living miles away from their family and friends.
塔玛拉：我想也是。一个更合理的解释是人们为了工作不得不搬来搬去，往往最终住在离家人和朋友很远的地方。
12 .DEV: That’s true.
德夫：这是真的。
13 .TAMARA: Looking at the studies on health risks and loneliness, there are claims that loneliness has as much impact as smoking 15 cigarettes a day.
塔玛拉：看看关于健康风险和孤独的研究，有人声称孤独的影响相当于每天吸15支香烟。
14 .DEV: Or similar to the risks caused by obesity. But I’m not sure there’s enough evidence for some of these claims.
德夫：或者类似于肥胖带来的风险。但我不确定这些说法是否有足够的证据支持。
15 .TAMARA: Well – what about that one in Finland which showed that loneliness increased the risk of cancer by about ten per cent? And those findings have been supported by other studies too.
塔玛拉：那么——芬兰的那项研究呢？它显示孤独会增加约10%的癌症风险。而其他研究也支持这些发现。
16 .DEV: You’re right about that one. I was actually thinking of the studies on dementia. Some found no association between loneliness and dementia and others found the opposite.
德夫：你说得对。我其实在想关于痴呆症的研究。有些研究发现孤独与痴呆症没有关联，而其他研究则发现相反的结果。
17 .TAMARA: Not exactly reliable then. There’s been a lot of research on cardiovascular disease and whether loneliness contributes to that.
塔玛拉：那就不太可靠了。关于心血管疾病和孤独是否会导致心血管疾病的研究也很多。
18 .DEV: Yes, I read that it was hard to reach a judgement as the definition of loneliness varied quite a lot and the responses from participants were too subjective. But there’s no doubt that loneliness contributes to a weakened immune system.
德夫：是的，我读到很难得出结论，因为孤独的定义差异很大，参与者的回答也太主观了。但毫无疑问，孤独会导致免疫系统减弱。
19 .TAMARA: Unquestionably. The data on that is sound.
塔玛拉：毫无疑问。这方面的数据是可靠的。
20 .DEV: What did you think about the evolutionary theory of loneliness?
德夫：你对孤独的进化理论怎么看？
21 .TAMARA: Well, I thought the idea that loneliness evolved because it motivated people to be with other people quite convincing. Survival often depended on group cooperation.
塔玛拉：嗯，我觉得孤独进化的原因是它促使人们与他人在一起，这个观点很有说服力。生存往往依赖于群体合作。
22 .DEV: But I don’t think there’s enough evidence to claim that there must be a group of neurons in our brains which influence social behaviour, by making us feel bad when we’re alone.
德夫：但我不认为有足够的证据表明我们大脑中一定有一组神经元会通过让我们感到孤独来影响社交行为。
23 .TAMARA: There are a few studies which support the theory but not conclusively enough. More evidence is needed.
塔玛拉：有一些研究支持这个理论，但还不够有说服力。还需要更多的证据。
24 .DEV: Mmm. And anyway, this theory’s not really useful when it comes to solving the problem of loneliness today.
德夫：嗯。而且无论如何，这个理论对解决今天的孤独问题并没有太大帮助。
25 .TAMARA: True.
塔玛拉：确实。
26 .DEV: Should we look at the relationship between loneliness and mental health now?
德夫：我们现在来看看孤独与心理健康的关系吧？
27 .TAMARA: OK. So, loneliness and depression are clearly related and that’s been recognised by various governments around the world. But unlike depression, loneliness has no recognised clinical form.
塔玛拉：好的。孤独和抑郁显然是相关的，这已经被世界各国政府认可。但与抑郁不同，孤独没有公认的临床形式。
28 .DEV: There’s no available diagnosis or effective treatment – and that’s not likely to change.
德夫：没有可用的诊断方法或有效的治疗方法——而且这种情况不太可能改变。
29 .TAMARA: I don’t think so either. I was thinking we should start our presentation with an example from our own experience. I’d like to talk about how lonely I was when I started university. Being away from home for the first time and all that.
塔玛拉：我也这么认为。我在想我们应该用我们自己的经历作为演讲的开头。我想谈谈我刚上大学时有多孤独。第一次离家等等。
30 .DEV: Good idea. Everyone will be able to relate to that – although a lot of students were probably too embarrassed to admit to it.
德夫：好主意。每个人都能与此产生共鸣——尽管很多学生可能太尴尬而不愿承认。
31 .TAMARA: Yeah. We could discuss ways of dealing with loneliness as well. Like just talking to strangers.
塔玛拉：是啊。我们也可以讨论应对孤独的方法。比如与陌生人交谈。
32 .DEV: Loads of studies have shown that interactions with shop assistants and bar staff make people feel more optimistic and relaxed.
德夫：很多研究表明，与店员和酒吧服务员的互动会让人感到更乐观和放松。
33 .TAMARA: I don’t know about that but it must make people feel more connected with their community.
塔玛拉：我不确定，但这肯定会让人感到与社区更加联系在一起。
34 .DEV: True. Although you need to be a certain kind of person to be able to just strike up a conversation.
德夫：确实。虽然你需要是那种能够随时随地与人交谈的人。
35 .TAMARA: Good point. We should say something about solitude and how being alone and being lonely aren’t the same thing. It’s strange the way some people can’t stand being by themselves while others love it.
塔玛拉：好点子。我们应该说一下独处和孤独不是一回事。有些人不能忍受独处，而另一些人则喜欢独处，这很奇怪。
36 .DEV: Yeah. The research shows a certain amount of solitude is beneficial for well-being, which I appreciate – but being alone isn’t something I actually like. I’d never choose to go on holiday alone, for example.
德夫：是的。研究表明，适量的独处对健康有益，我能理解这一点——但独处并不是我喜欢的事情。例如，我绝不会选择一个人去度假。
37 .TAMARA: Me neither.
塔玛拉：我也不会。
38 .DEV: Well let’s not …
德夫：好的让我们...