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1 .We’ve been looking at different types of conflicts that may arise between wildlife and humans at the boundaries of protected areas such as national parks and animal sanctuaries.
我们一直在研究在保护区边界，比如国家公园和野生动物保护区附近，人类与野生动物之间可能出现的不同类型的冲突。
2 .I’d like to illustrate this by telling you about some research that I’ve been involved in recently in the central African country of Zambia in the area around the Chembe Bird Sanctuary, which contains over three hundred of the listed birds of Zambia.
我想通过最近我在赞比亚参与的一项研究来说明这个问题。这项研究是在赞比亚中部地区的一个名叫彻姆贝鸟类保护区（Chembe Bird Sanctuary）的地方进行的。这个保护区拥有超过300种被列入保护名录的赞比亚鸟类。
3 .These include a number of birds of prey, such as eagles, hawks and owls, that live by hunting and killing other birds and animals.
其中包括许多猛禽，例如鹰、隼和猫头鹰，它们以捕猎其他鸟类和动物为生。
4 .Now, most of the people living in the local communities near to the bird sanctuary are small-scale farmers, and these birds of prey provide important social and ecological benefits to them.
目前居住在保护区附近的社区居民大多是小规模农民，而这些猛禽为他们提供了重要的社会和生态效益。
5 .For example, a lot of damage can be caused to farmers’ crops by rodents such as rats, which would consume the crops as they grow in the fields as well as after harvesting if they weren’t hunted and killed by the birds.
例如，老鼠等啮齿类动物会对农作物造成严重破坏，如果这些鸟类不进行捕猎，老鼠不仅会在庄稼生长期间吃掉作物，在收获后也会继续破坏粮食。
6 .And the predatory habits of these birds also protect farmers in other ways.
此外，这些猛禽的捕食行为还能从其他方面保护农民的利益。
7 .For example, a major danger to rural workers is snakes, whose bite may be dangerous or even fatal, and birds of prey have a major role in keeping their populations under control.
比如，农村工人面临的一个主要危险是蛇咬伤，这种伤害可能是致命的。而猛禽在控制蛇的数量方面起着关键作用。
8 .Local people have always been aware of these benefits and for years, even before the sanctuary was opened in 1973, the birds played a key role in the culture of the region.
当地居民一直都知道这些好处，甚至早在1973年保护区建立之前，这些鸟类就在当地的区域文化中扮演了重要角色。
9 .However, more recently, the sanctuary and its birds have also become increasingly important to the community in economic terms, because at present, after a relatively slow start, tourism has become an important source of revenue for them.
然而，近年来，这些鸟类对社区来说也变得越来越具有经济上的意义。因为尽管旅游业起步较慢，但现在已经成为当地的重要收入来源之一。
10 .However, although these birds of prey are protected by the government, their numbers are falling.
然而，尽管这些猛禽受到政府的法律保护，它们的数量却在下降。
11 .Some of these deaths are accidental.
其中一些死亡是意外造成的。
12 .Fatalities occur when birds alight on roads to catch and eat their prey, and are hit by fast-moving traffic.
当鸟类落在道路上捕捉并进食猎物时，可能会被高速行驶的车辆撞死。
13 .Drivers in Zambia have to take special care at night, as birds may regard the quieter roads as safe places to sleep.
赞比亚的司机们晚上尤其需要小心，因为鸟类可能把夜间安静的道路当作安全的栖息地。
14 .Accidental deaths may also occur if these birds fly close to high-voltage power lines, as they may be electrocuted.
此外，当这些鸟飞近高压电线时也可能发生意外触电身亡的情况。
15 .This is a particular danger in the heavy rain which can occur in the region in the months from December to April.
这一点在每年12月至4月该地区降雨量较大的时候尤为危险。
16 .And local farmers also pose a threat to these birds.
当地的农民也对这些猛禽构成了威胁。
17 .As well as growing crops, small-scale farmers in the area also rear chickens.
除了种植农作物，该地区的农民还饲养鸡。
18 .These provide food for the farmers’ families, as well as being an important source of income.
这些鸡为农民家庭提供食物的同时，也是重要的收入来源。
19 .But they’re also an easy target for birds of prey, and so farmers may shoot these birds, which is illegal but understandable, or they may poison the birds, which again is illegal and can have negative effects on the ecosystem.
但这些鸡很容易成为猛禽的攻击目标，因此有些农民会非法射杀这些鸟类——虽然可以理解——或者投毒，这同样违法，并且会对整个生态系统造成负面影响。
20 .So how else can farmers protect their chickens from birds of prey?
那么农民有没有其他办法可以保护他们的鸡免受猛禽侵害呢？
21 .Some people believe that to prevent the predators from settling near the area where the chickens are kept it’s best to keep this area free from vegetation.
有些人认为，为了防止猛禽靠近鸡的活动区域，最好将这一带清理干净，不留下任何植被。
22 .But in fact this is counter-productive as it means the chickens have no cover to hide in and they’ll be easier for the birds to see.
但实际上这样做适得其反，因为没有遮蔽物，鸡就没有地方躲藏，反而更容易被猛禽发现。
23 .Another possibility would be to prevent the chickens from going outside at all, and to keep them safe from predators inside a building, but this would cost far too much to be a practical solution.
另一个方法是不让鸡出门，而是把它们关在建筑物内以确保安全，但这成本太高，不太现实。
24 .Nearly all the farmers reported that they spent a lot of time and effort trying to frighten off the birds of prey without actually harming them.
几乎所有受访的农民都表示，他们会花很多时间和精力试图吓跑猛禽，而又不真正伤害它们。
25 .Most of the farmers had at least one dog, and said this was a big help at scaring away the predators.
大多数农民家里至少有一只狗，他们表示狗对于驱赶这些捕食者很有帮助。
26 .Some of the farmers also reported that during the breeding season, when the chickens were particularly vulnerable, they encouraged their children to watch over the chickens and to hit pans with a metal spoon so that the resulting noise would succeed in driving away birds that were trying to seize the young chicks.
还有一些农民提到，在繁殖季节，尤其是小鸡最脆弱的时候，他们会叫孩子们看守鸡群，并用金属勺子敲打锅具制造噪音，以此来吓走想抓小鸡的猛禽。
27 .None of these methods was a hundred per cent effective, so as a result, the village people told us that rather than just using one method, they were forced to use a combination for them to have any effect.
然而，这些方法都没有百分之百的效果。因此，村民们告诉我们，与其单独使用某一种方法，他们通常会选择多种方法结合使用，才能起到一定的效果。
28 .And even so, these birds of prey remain a major threat to the chickens’ survival and cause considerable economic loss to farmers.
即便如此，这些猛禽仍然是鸡生存的主要威胁，给农民带来了巨大的经济损失。
29 .So we looked at the possibility of a longer-term solution to …
所以我们看了下一个长期解决方案的可行性...