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第一段

1 .This lecture will be about the science of acoustics, the study of sound,

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2 .in relation to urban environments such as cities.

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3 .As an acoustic engineer myself, I think this is an area where we're likely to see great changes.

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4 .In the past, researching urban soundscapes was simple.

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5 .We measured levels of sound in decibels,

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6 .so I used to take my sound meter and I measured the noise somewhere,

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7 .and then I might ask a sample of people to say at what level the sound became annoying.

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第二段

1 .With data like this, acoustic engineers have been able to build up what we call noise maps,

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2 .maps of the sound environment.

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3 .But actually these aren't a lot of use.

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4 .What they do show is that the highest noise levels are generally on roads - well, that's not really very surprising.

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5 .But there's quite a lot going on that these maps don't show,

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6 .because they can't capture the complex way that sound varies over time.

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7 .So they ignore important issues such as the noise someone might hear from the open windows or gardens of their neighbours,

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8 .and this sort of noise can be quite significant in summer.

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9 .We don't have any databases on this sort of information.

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10 .As well as that, these records of sound levels take no account of the fact that people vary in their perceptions of noise - so someone like me with years of working in acoustics

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11 .might be very different from you in that regard.

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第三段

1 .But anyway, even though these noise maps are fairly crude,

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2 .they've been useful in providing information and raising awareness that noise matters,

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3 .we need to deal with it and so it's a Political matter.

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4 .And that's important - we need rules and regulations because noise can cause all sorts of problems.

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第四段

1 .Those of you who are city-dwellers know that things go on 24 hours a day,

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2 .so city-dwellers often suffer from interrupted sleep.

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3 .It's also known that noise can lead to a rise in levels of stress,

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4 .due to physical changes in the body affecting the composition of the blood.

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5 .And there are other problems as well,

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6 .for instance if schoolchildren don't have a quiet place to study,

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7 .their work will suffer.

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第五段

1 .Now, one problem with decibel measurement is that it doesn't differentiate between different types of noise.

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2 .Some types of sounds that most people would probably think of as nice and relaxing

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3 .might well score quite highly in decibel levels - think of the sound made by a fountain in a town square. for example.

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4 .That's not necessarily something that we'd want to control or reduce.

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5 .So maybe researchers should consider these sorts of sounds in urban design.

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6 .This is going to be tricky because just measuring decibel levels isn't going to help us here.

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7 .Instead many researchers are using social science techniques. studying people's emotional response to sound by using questionnaires and so on.

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第六段

1 .So what exactly do people want to hear in an urban environment?

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2 .Some recent interdisciplinary research has come out with results that at first sight seem contradictory - a city needs to have a sense of activity,

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3 .so it needs to be lively,

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4 .with sounds like the clack of high heels on a pavement or the hiss of a coffee machine,

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5 .but these mustn' be too intrusive,

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6 .because at the same time we need to be able to relax.

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第七段

1 .One of the major problems in achieving this will be getting architects and town planners to use the research.

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2 .Apart from studying the basics of acoustics.

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3 .these people receive very little training in this area.

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4 .But in fact they should be regarding sound as an opportunity to add to the experience of urban living,

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5 .whereas at present they tend to see it as something to be avoided or reduced as far as possible,

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6 .or something that's just a job for engineers like the street drainage system.

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第八段

1 .What's needed is for noise in cities to be regarded as an aesthetic quality,

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2 .as something that has the qualities of an art form.

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3 .If we acknowledge this,

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4 .then we urgently need to know what governs it and how designers can work with it.

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5 .We need to develop a complex understanding of many factors.

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6 .What is the relationship between sound and culture?

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7 .What can we learn from disciplines such as psychology about the way that sound interacts with human development and social relationships,

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8 .and the way that sound affects our thought and feelings?

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9 .Can we learn anything from physics about the nature of sound itself?

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第九段

1 .Today's powerful technologies can also help us.

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2 .To show us their ideas and help us to imagine the effect their buildings will have,

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3 .architects and town planners already use virtual reality - but these programs are silent.

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4 .In the future such programs could use realistic sounds,

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5 .meaning that soundscapes could be explored before being built.

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6 .So hopefully, using the best technology we can lay our hands on,

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7 .the city of the future will be a pleasure to the ears as well as the eyes.

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