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第一段
1 .Hi everyone, in this session I’ll be presenting my research about the social history of Britain during the Industrial Revolution.
大家好，在这节课中，我将展示我关于工业革命期间英国社会史的研究。
2 .I particularly looked at how ordinary lives were affected by changes that happened at that time.
我特别关注了当时发生的变化对普通生活的影响。
3 .This was a time that saw the beginning of a new phenomenon: consumerism – where buying and selling goods became a major part of ordinary people’s lives.
这个时期见证了一种新现象的开始:消费主义——买卖商品成为普通人生活的主要部分。
4 .In fact, it was in the 19th century that the quantity and quality of people’s possessions was used as an indication of the wealth of the country.
事实上，在19世纪，人们的财产的数量和质量被用来衡量一个国家的财富。
5 .Before this, the vast majority of people had very few possessions, but all that was changed by the Industrial Revolution.
在此之前，绝大多数人只有很少的财产，但这一切都被工业革命改变了。
6 .This was the era from the mid-18th to the late 19th century, when improvements in how goods were made as well as in technology triggered massive social changes that transformed life for just about everybody in several key areas.
这是18世纪中期到19世纪末的时代，在这个时代，商品制造方式和技术的进步引发了巨大的社会变革，在几个关键领域改变了几乎所有人的生活。
7 .First let’s look at manufacturing. When it comes to manufacturing, we tend to think of the Industrial Revolution in images of steam engines and coal.
首先让我们看看制造业。一提到制造业，我们就会联想到蒸汽机和煤炭的工业革命。
8 .And it’s true that the Industrial Revolution couldn’t have taken place at all if it weren’t for these new sources of power.They marked an important shift away from the traditional watermills and windmills that had dominated before this.
的确，如果没有这些新的能源，工业革命根本不可能发生。他们标志着一个重要的转变，从传统的水磨和风车，在此之前占主导地位。
9 .The most advanced industry for much of the 19th century was textiles.This meant that fashionable fabrics, and lace and ribbons were made available to everyone.
在19世纪的大部分时间里，最先进的工业是纺织业。这意味着每个人都能得到时尚的面料、蕾丝和缎带。
10 .Before the Industrial Revolution, most people made goods to sell in small workshops, often in their own homes.
在工业革命之前，大多数人在自己家里的小作坊里制造商品并出售。
11 .But enormous new machines were now being created that could produce the goods faster and on a larger scale, and these required a lot more space. So large factories were built, replacing the workshops, and forcing workers to travel to work.
但是现在大量的新机器正在被创造出来，它们可以更快更大规模地生产商品，而这些需要更多的空间。因此，大型工厂被建立起来，取代了车间，迫使工人必须乘车上班。
12 .In fact, large numbers of people migrated from villages into towns as a result.
事实上，大量的人因此从村庄迁移到城镇。
13 .As well as manufacturing, there were new technologies in transport, contributing to the growth of consumerism.
除了制造业，交通运输也出现了新技术，促进了消费主义的增长。
14 .The horse-drawn stagecoaches and carts of the 18th century, which carried very few people and goods, and travelled slowly along poorly surfaced roads, were gradually replaced by the numerous canals that were constructed.
18世纪只能运载少量人和货物，沿着粗糙的路面缓慢行驶的公共马车和运货马车，逐渐被大量的运河所取代。
15 .These were particularly important for the transportation of goods.
这些对货物运输特别重要。
16 .The canals gradually fell out of use, though, as railways were developed, becoming the main way of moving goods and people from one end of the country to the other.
然而，随着铁路的发展，运河逐渐停止使用，铁路成为将货物和人员从国家的一端运送到另一端的主要方式。
17 .And the goods they moved weren’t just coal, iron, clothes, and so on – significantly, they included newspapers, which meant that thousands of people were not only more knowledgeable about what was going on in the country, but could also read about what was available in the shops.
他们运送的货物不仅仅是煤、铁、衣服等等，更重要的是，他们还包括报纸，这意味着成千上万的人不仅更了解国内发生的事情，还能读到商店里的东西。
18 .And that encouraged them to buy more. So faster forms of transport resulted in distribution becoming far more efficient – goods could now be sold all over the country, instead of just in the local market.
这鼓励他们购买更多。因此，更快的运输方式使得配送效率大大提高——商品现在可以销往全国各地，而不仅仅是在当地市场。
19 .The third main area that saw changes that contributed to consumerism was retailing.
促进消费主义的第三个主要领域是零售业。
20 .The number and quality of shops grew rapidly, and in particular, small shops suffered as customers flocked to the growing number of department stores – a form of retailing that was new in the 19th century.
商店的数量和质量迅速增长，特别是小商店受到了一定的冲击，因为越来越多的顾客涌向百货商店——这在19世纪是一种新的零售形式。
21 .The entrepreneurs who opened these found new ways to stock them with goods, and to attract customers: for instance, improved lighting inside greatly increased the visibility of the goods for sale.
开办这些商店的企业家们找到了新的方法来在这些商店里进货，并吸引顾客:例如，改进了室内照明，大大提高了待售商品的可见性。
22 .Another development that made goods more visible from outside resulted from the use of plate glass, which made it possible for windows to be much larger than previously.
另一个发展就是使商品尽可能从外面被看见:平板玻璃的使用使得窗户比以前大得多。
23 .New ways of promoting goods were introduced, too.
推销商品的新方法也在被引入。
24 .Previously, the focus had been on informing potential customers about the availability of goods; now there was an explosion in advertising trying to persuade people to go shopping.
以前，重点是让潜在客户了解商品的可用性;现在，试图说服人们去购物的广告出现了爆炸式增长。
25 .Flanders claims that one of the great effects of the Industrial Revolution was that it created choice.
弗兰德斯声称，工业革命的一个重大影响是它创造了选择。
26 .All sorts of things that had previously been luxuries – from sugar to cutlery – became conveniences, and before long they’d turned into necessities: life without sugar or cutlery was unimaginable. Rather like mobile phones these days!
从糖到餐具，所有以前是奢侈品的东西都变成了便利品，不久它们就变成了必需品:没有糖和餐具的生活是不可想象的。就像现在的手机一样!