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第一段
1 .Good afternoon I As you know... it's Environment Week,
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2 .and that seems like a good time to focus on one of the most special places in the world ... the Ross Sea,
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3 .and its associated fishing industry, which is largely focussed on the Antarctic toothfish.
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第二段
1 .Now ... back in 2008,
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2 .this part of the Antarctic, that is the Ross Sea - which by the way makes up only about 3% of the Southern Ocean - was rated as being the 'least-changed environmet' s on the planet.
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3 . In fact,it's been described by one source as 'a living laboratory, a link with evolution' and it teems with fascinating and unusual sea and mammal life.
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4 .So there have been urgent pleas for the Ross Sea to be given some kind of permanent protection.
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第三段
1 .What are the issues facing the area, then?
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2 .Well, aside from the huge problem of global warming that threatens all of the Antarctic oceans and the ice cap,
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3 .most of these are associated with the fishing vessels that come into the Ross Sea.
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4 .As well as the usual things like general rubbish and sewage pollution from these boats,
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5 .the most significant potential danger is an oil and diesel spill from a fishing boat that is either damaged or sunk due to the thick ice.
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6 .In January 2012, a Korean fishing vessel caught fire in the Ross Sea,
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7 .with the loss of at least three lives - although luckily an oil spill was averted.
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8 .In late 2011, another Korean ship, the In Sung Number 1, sank with 22 lives lost,
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9 .although the rest of the crew were saved by other fishing boats in the area.
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第四段
1 .Again, in December 2011, another vessel, the Sparta,
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2 .caused an international furore when It was holed and stranded in pack ice in the Southern Ocean - that one was Russian.
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3 .New Zealand planes had to fly missions to drop off water pumps and other essential equipment and supplies to the ship - ah... remember that the crews of such flights are put at extreme risk on such long flights,
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4 .as the weather can become stormy at very short notice.
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5 .All in all, it was a miracle that this ship was able to be repaired and moved from the area without a significant leakage of fuel.
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6 .So, apart from the potential for environmental problems from the boats, and the danger to fishermen working in this hostile environment,
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7 .there's also the matter of the cost and danger of providing support in a crisis.
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第五段
1 .And ...you know...there's a lot of pressure on the fishing crews to make the most of the brief weather window during which boats can operate so far south,
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2 .so they tend to keep fishing no matter what the weather is like ...
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3 .which means that errors of judgement are more likely.
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4 .The officially authorised fishing fleet has a quota or limit and each boat is hoping to get the biggest share possible of the total allowable catch.
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5 .Then, of course, there are the illegal boats - that means the boats operating without permits - they just try to catch as much as possible regardless - and the vessels may not even be In a suitable condition to be operating in these icy southern waters.
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第六段
1 .Consequently, a key issue is the decimation of the species.
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2 .Now, how much do we know about this particular fish? The Antarctic toothfish inhabit very cold Antarctic seas, usually between 200 metres to two kilometres deep.
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3 .They are large creatures...
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4 .rather ugly... and they are slow-growing.
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5 .Although they live up to approximately fifty years,
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6 .it seems they only reach sexual maturity after about sixteen years.
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7 .Also, very little is yet known about their life cycle - things like where they spawn,
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8 .or what happens to the young ones before they are ready to breed.
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9 .We do know that the adult fish are near the top of the food chain - but we need to know much more about the juvenile forms - things like: what they look like,
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10 .where they spend those early years and ... ah... what sort of predators go after them.
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第七段
1 .OK - so the fishing season in the Ross Sea spans December to February.
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2 .It's estimated that close to three and a half thousand tonnes of Antarctic toothfish have been taken annually since the fishery opened in 1996 - this represents approximately one hundred thousand fish per year.
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3 .I must add, though, that in the last couple of years overall catches have been reduced due to overfishing and the decline in total fish numbers.
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4 .There's no record, of course, of the numbers of fish caught by illegal fishing boats.
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第八段
1 .Um... those in the Antarctic toothfish industry claim that the short fishing season and the difficulties faced by the boats in this inhospitable climate
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2 .provide their own natural limits on fishing.
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3 .They say that the industry is concerned to preserve fish stocks,
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4 .and they assert that, with careful management and monitoring, the fishery is sustainable. However,
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5 .others dispute that this is the case,
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6 .especially given the distances involved and the difficulties faced in trying to manage and monitor fishing boats in such a remote location.
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第九段
1 .In the Ross Sea area,
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2 .a conservative estimate suggests that fish stocks have declined by about 20 per cent over the past 16 years.
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3 .But in fact there is not enough accurate research to support such claims ...
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4 .the figure could be even higher.
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5 .Leading scientists who specialise in this issue are calling for a Marine Protection Area,
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6 .or MPA, with a total ban on fishing,
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7 .but so far this has not been achieved.
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8 .Right - so that's an introduction.
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9 .Now, let' s watch a short video before we discuss your next assignment...
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